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* Ryan Clark, 22, a [[senior]] from [[Martinez, Georgia|Martinez]], [[Georgia]] (a suburb of [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]]), triple-majoring in Biology, English, and Psychology. A resident advisor at the West Ambler Johnston Hall Dormitory, Clark was killed in the dormitory as he rushed over to investigate what was going on and came upon the shooter.<ref name="roatimes_clark">[http://www.roanoke.com/vtvictims/wb/113342 Coroner confirms student’s death], ''The Roanoke Times''</ref>
* Ryan Clark, 22, a [[senior]] from [[Martinez, Georgia|Martinez]], [[Georgia]] (a suburb of [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]]), triple-majoring in Biology, English, and Psychology. A resident advisor at the West Ambler Johnston Hall Dormitory, Clark was killed in the dormitory as he rushed over to investigate what was going on and came upon the shooter.<ref name="roatimes_clark">[http://www.roanoke.com/vtvictims/wb/113342 Coroner confirms student’s death], ''The Roanoke Times''</ref>
* Emily J. Hilscher, 19, a [[freshman]] from [[Woodville, Virginia|Woodville]] in [[Rappahannock County, Virginia]].<ref name="NYtimes Victims">{{cite news | first = John | last = Broder | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/17/us/17virginia.html | title = 32 Shot Dead on Virginia Tech Campus | publisher = [[New York Times]] | accessdate = 2007-04-17}}</ref>The first victim, she was Cho's supposed girlfriend. He shot her when he discovered that she had been cheating on him.<ref name="roatimes_clark">[http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/jealous-boyfriend-on-rampage/2007/04/18/1176696845509.html Jealous boyfriend guns down 32], ''The Sydney Morning Herald''</ref>
* Emily J. Hilscher, 19, a [[freshman]] from [[Woodville, Virginia|Woodville]] in [[Rappahannock County, Virginia]].<ref name="NYtimes Victims">{{cite news | first = John | last = Broder | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/17/us/17virginia.html | title = 32 Shot Dead on Virginia Tech Campus | publisher = [[New York Times]] | accessdate = 2007-04-17}}</ref>


===Second shooting: Norris Hall Engineering Building===
===Second shooting: Norris Hall Engineering Building===

Revision as of 19:23, 17 April 2007

The Virginia Tech Massacre
Norris Hall, where 31 of the 33 deaths occurred, including that of the shooter.
LocationBlacksburg, Virginia, United States
DateApril 16, 2007
7:15 a.m. and 9:00 a.m.–9:30 a.m. (EDT)
TargetVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)
Attack type
School shooting, mass murder, murder-suicide, massacre, spree killer
Deaths33[1]
Injured17[2]
PerpetratorsCho Seung-hui
MotiveUnknown

The Virginia Tech massacre was a school shooting committed by Cho Seung-hui, a 23-year-old resident alien from South Korea, who made two attacks at two different time periods and locations on April 16, 2007, on the campus of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. Government officials, the university, and most news sources have confirmed the deaths of 33 people including Cho,[3][4][5][6][7] making it the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history.[1][5][8] Cho is reported by authorities as being solely responsible for killing all 32 people[9] before committing suicide.[10][11]

Description of events

File:Virginia massacre.jpg
Cellular phone camera footage showing pupils taking cover.

The first shooting occurred at around 7:15 a.m. EDT in West Ambler Johnston Hall, a co-ed dormitory that houses 895 students. A woman, Emily J. Hilscher of Woodville, Virginia, and a male resident assistant, Ryan C. Clark of Augusta, Georgia, were killed.[12][13] Authorities identified a "person of interest" in the first shooting, who is cooperating with them. According to the Washington Post, this "person of interest" was the boyfriend of the woman in the dorm and was released after cooperating.[4]

About two hours after the initial shootings, shots were reported in a classroom at Norris Hall, an engineering and science building.[2][14] A ballistics test shows that the same gun was used in both campus shootings.[15]

An eyewitness told the student newspaper, the Collegiate Times, that a shooter shot about nineteen people attending a German class in Norris Hall including the professor.[16][17][18] Only four people emerged unscathed from the German class, with the rest either being killed or wounded. Erin Sheehan, one of the four, said the shooter "peeked in twice, earlier in the lesson, like he was looking for someone, somebody, before he started shooting."

Twenty-seven gunshots can be heard in video footage captured with a cell phone, later broadcast on many news outlets.[19]

Student Nikolas Macko described to BBC News his experience at the center of the shootings. He had been attending a math class and heard gunshots in the hallway. Three people in the classroom barricaded themselves inside the room using a table. At one point, Macko said, the shooter even attempted to break down the door of the classroom and then shot twice into the room; one shot hit a podium and the other went out the window. The shooter reloaded and shot into the door again but the bullet did not penetrate into the room. He stated there were "many, many shots" fired.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

High winds prevented emergency medical services from using helicopters for the evacuations.[20] Victims injured in the event were treated at Montgomery Regional Hospital in Blacksburg, Carilion New River Valley Medical Center in Radford, Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital in Roanoke, and Lewis-Gale Medical Center in Salem.[5][21]

Cho Seung-hui

File:Ht vatech cho 070417 sp.jpg
Cho Seung-hui
Main article: Cho Seung-hui

Background

The shooter was identified as a 23-year old Virginia Tech student, Cho Seung-hui,[10] a South Korean living in Virginia as a United States Permanent Resident. He arrived in the US as an 8-year-old child in 1992 with his family.[22] He was an undergraduate student in his senior year, majoring in English. A spokesman for Virginia Tech has described him as a loner, stating that the school is having difficulty finding information about him.[23] Cho lived in Harper Hall.[24]

Possible motive

The motives of the shooter remain unclear, although the British newspaper Daily Mail reported that the shooter at the dormitory "was said to have quarreled in a dormitory with his girlfriend, whom he believed had been seeing another man. An RA was called but the shooter produced a gun and killed both his girlfriend and the RA."[25] However, this information is contradicted by a report in the Washington Post, which seems to indicate that the assailant was not the girl's boyfriend.[4]

In a note left in his dorm room he laid out a list of grievances in which he railed against "rich kids," "debauchery" and "deceitful charlatans" on campus.[26] The words "Ismail Ax", possibly as alias, were found written on his arm in red ink.[27][28]

Professor Carolyn Rude, chairwoman of the university's English department, said she did not personally know the shooter, but she said she spoke with Lucinda Roy, the department's director of creative writing, who had Cho in one of her classes and described him as "troubled." Dr. Roy published an "Op-Ed piece in the New York Times",the morning of April 17 2007, without realizing that one of her students was the shooter.

"There was some concern about him," Rude said. "Sometimes, in creative writing, people reveal things and you never know if it's creative or if they're describing things, if they're imagining things or just how real it might be. But we're all alert to not ignore things like this."

She said Cho was referred to the counseling service, but she said she did not know when, or what the outcome was. Rude refused to release any of his writings or his grades, citing privacy laws.[29] The website The Smoking Gun has obtained a copy of a play by Cho titled "Richard McBeef." The short play explores graphic themes such as pedophilia, violence with chainsaws, and ends with the title character delivering "a fatal blow" to his thirteen year old stepson. [4]

A student speaking to Times Now said that the first gunshots were heard when classes were in progress. "We heard about thirty gunshots in the morning. The shooter appeared to be Asian and was looking for his girlfriend," the student said.[30] However, a relationship between any of the victims and the shooter has not yet been established.

Preparation

Officials believe he used a 9mm Glock 19 and a .22 caliber Walther P22 handgun. [31] Cho purchased the 9mm Glock 19 on March 13, 2007, and the .22 handgun possibly the weekend prior to the shooting.[32]According to former FBI agent Brad Garrett, "This was no spur of the moment crime. He's been thinking about this since at least the time he bought the first gun."[32]

One of the guns was used in both incidents. An official added that Cho was "heavily armed and wearing a vest."[33][34][35][36] Permanent legal residents of the United States who are 21 years of age or older are eligible to purchase handguns provided they have not been convicted of any felonies or have other disqualifications.[37] Virginia Tech, like other Virginia public universities is a designated gun free zone by the state legislature. [38]

Fatalities

This is a partial list and only includes victims who have been specifically named in the media.

First shooting: West Ambler Johnston Hall Dormitory

Both of these victims were students.

Second shooting: Norris Hall Engineering Building

Students

Faculty

[5]

  • G. V. Loganathan, 51, Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering.[43][6]

School response

Virginia Tech canceled classes for the rest of the week and closed Norris Hall for the remainder of the semester, and asked off-campus visitors not to come onto the campus.[53] The school is offering counseling assistance for students and faculty and has scheduled an assembly for Tuesday, April 17, 2007. Additionally, the Red Cross has dispatched several dozen crisis counselors to Blacksburg to help Virginia Tech students cope with the tragedy that their school has endured.[53]

Students from Graham High School in Bluefield, Virginia, members of the school's art club, were attending a field trip to Virginia Tech's Art Department while the shootings took place. Some 44 students were forced to take shelter immediately in a lower level in a classroom in Shank Hall.[citation needed]

Virginia Tech President Charles Steger stated at the first news conference that authorities initially believed the first shooting at the West Ambler Johnston dormitory was a domestic dispute and that the shooter had left campus.[54]

Steger indicated in a second press conference at around 5pm EST on the day of the attack that several thousand students were already on their way to class:

You have to remember that of the 26,000 [students] that we have, only about 9,000 are on campus. When the classes start at 8:00 A.M., thousands of people are in transit. The question is, where do you keep them where it is most safe? We concluded that the incident at the dormitory was domestic in nature. These other events occurred two hours later.

Steger further noted:

It is very difficult, because we are an open society and an open campus. We have 26,000 people here. The best thing that we can do is to have people report anything that they saw that was suspicious. We obviously cannot have an armed guard in front of every classroom every day of the year. …What we try to determine is are they kept out of harm’s way by staying in the dorms or staying in the academic buildings. We send out communications by e-mail, we have an emergency alert system to get the word to our students as quickly as we can. With 11,000 people driving in to campus, it is extremely difficult if not impossible to get the word out instantaneously.

Student response

Some Virginia Tech students questioned why the school had not been locked down after the first shooting.[55] Once students knew what was happening, some resorted to using websites such as Facebook and MySpace to communicate with their family and peers about their condition.[35] Others used more traditional means of communication such as the telephone. The school first informed students via e-mail at 9:26 AM, over two hours after the first shooting, warning them of the danger and canceling classes.[56] Numerous Facebook groups also were created on April 16, 2007 to honor the victims and their families. An overwhelming response was immediately seen with thousands of Facebook users joining groups offering their prayers and condolences. Many pictures were also created with the Virginia Tech logo and another university's logo beneath it with the words "Today, we are all Hokies."

Law enforcement response

After the second attack, the Virginia Tech Police, along with the Blacksburg Police Department, Montgomery County Sheriff's Office and the Virginia State Police immediately responded to this event following their active shooter protocols. Local SWAT teams were activated and responded.[57] In addition to the Virginia Tech campus police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has joined the investigation. Bureau spokesman Richard Kolko stated there was no immediate evidence to suggest a terrorist incident, but that the agency is exploring all avenues.[56] The Virginia State Police are also investigating.[56] The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) immediately responded to the incident with 10 agents on-scene identifying the weapons and performing forensics.[58]

Government response

Virginia's U.S. Senators John Warner and Jim Webb have both offered their condolences.[59] Virginia Governor Tim Kaine is returning early from a trip to Tokyo, Japan.[56] Kaine later declared a "state of emergency" in Virginia, which allows the governor to immediately deploy state personnel, equipment, and other resources to help out in the aftermath of a tragedy.[60]

The U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate observed a moment of silence in remembrance of the victims. Immediately following the news of the tragedy, White House spokesman said President George W. Bush was horrified by the rampage and offered his prayers to the victims and the people of Virginia. In response to a direct question regarding gun issues, Deputy White House Press Secretary Dana Perino said "The president believes that there is a right for people to bear arms, but that all laws must be followed."[61] President George W. Bush stated that the nation was "shocked and saddened" by the shooting but that Americans have the right to bear arms. He added "schools should be places of safety and sanctuary and learning. When that sanctuary is violated, the impact is felt in every American classroom and every American community." He also pledged assistance to law enforcement and the local community.[62] President Bush and his wife Laura will also attend the convocation at Virginia Tech on Tuesday.[63]

Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Patrick Leahy postponed by two days the scheduled April 17 testimony of Attorney General Alberto Gonzales concerning the firings of eight United States prosecutors.[64] In a statement, Gonzales said that the Justice Department would provide support and assistance to the local authorities and victims as long as they were needed.[65]

The Senate approved a resolution on Monday night extending condolences to the victims of the shooting.[66] President Bush ordered the White House flag lowered to half staff and requested all flags be so lowered until sundown on Sunday, April 22.[63]

International reaction

Template:List to prose (section)  Australia - Prime Minister John Howard has extended his sympathies to the victims' families while decrying what he described as a 'negative gun culture' in the United States.[67]

 Canada - Deputy opposition leader Michael Ignatieff commented in the House of Commons: "Such a senseless act leaves Canadians stunned and horrified. We extend our sympathy to the families and loved ones of those who lost their lives and to the students and staff of the university whose lives have been altered forever by this tragedy. We renew our commitment, wherever we are, to reduce gun violence in our homes, on our streets and on our campuses."[68] Also, Gérald Tremblay, mayor of Montréal, Canada, sent a letter of condolence to his counterpart in Blacksburg in the light of shootings that had happened in Montréal including one at École Polytechnique de Montréal in 1989, and most recently at Dawson College on September 13, 2006.[69]

 European Union - German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who currently holds the European Union's rotating presidency, expressed her sympathy to US President George W. Bush and the American people in light of the shooting.[70] Kurt Beck, head of Merkel's coalition partner said he had absorbed the news "with deep sadness" and added that greater gun control could "limit ... the level of armament" in US society.[71]

 Iran - A spokesman for the Foreign Ministry condemned the act and expressed his nation's deepest condolences over the tragedy.[72]

 Germany - German Chancellor Angela Merkel expressed her condolences to the individuals and their families.[73]

 Japan - On April 17, the spokesman of the government, Yasuhisa Shiozaki, expressed its sincerest condolences to the more than 30 people who died.[74]

 Mexico - President Felipe Calderón sent a letter to President Bush with his most sincere condolences for the shooting at Virginia Tech.[75]

 People's Republic of China - "China is shocked by the shootings in Virginia and expresses deep condolences to those who lost loved ones and those who were injured," Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao said. Earlier Tuesday, Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing sent a telegram to U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, expressing shock and condolences as well.[76]

 South Korea - The South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun expressed his deepest condolences, saying, "I was so shocked and it was so unthinkable, and I would like to express, on behalf of South Korean people, our deep condolences to the families of the innocent victims and to those who injured" right after the Virginia news. After the further news that the killer was identified as a South Korean student, he again expressed South Koreans' sincerest condolences on Tuesday night (Korean time) to the victims and to their families, and to all US citizens.[77][78] The foreign Minister also mentioned that safety measures have been establised for the safety of Koreans living in the US. He appeared to be referring to the possibility of reprisal attacks against Korean communities within the United States.[79]

 United Kingdom - On April 16, Queen Elizabeth II was reported to be shocked and saddened at the shootings. The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh have a pre-planned two-day visit to Virginia on May 3 and May 4, 2007.[80] Prime Minister Tony Blair spoke of the "terrible loss of innocent lives", saying, "I would like to express, on behalf of Britain and the British people, our profound sadness at what has happened and to send the American people, and most especially of course the families of the victims, our sympathy and our prayers."[81]

Timeline

All times are in Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-4).

Tuesday, March 13

One of the guns used in the shooting, a Glock 9 millimeter handgun, is purchased by the shooter.[82][83]

Monday, April 2 and Friday, April 13

On April 2 a bomb threat to Torgersen Hall is called in anonymously. On April 13 a bomb threat to Torgersen, Durham, and Whittemore halls is also called in anonymously .[84] An additional bomb threat, this time to engineering school buildings, was found at the shooting scene at Norris Hall. [85] Virginia Tech police chief Wendell Flinchum has stated that the bomb threats are not linked to the April 16 massacre.[86]

Monday, April 16

File:VATech map shootings.jpg
Locations of the shootings
  • 7:15 a.m.: A 9-1-1 emergency call to Virginia Tech Police reports a shooting at West Ambler Johnston Hall, leaving one person dead and one injured.[87][88][89] The second person later died.
  • 7:30 a.m.: Investigators were following up on leads concerning a person of interest in relation to the double homicide. Investigators from VT PD and Blacksburg PD were actively following up on various leads. Meanwhile, Cho returns to his dorm room to re-load and leave a "disturbing note"[7]
  • 8:00 a.m.: Classes begin.
  • 8:25 a.m.: Virginia Tech leadership team meets to develop a plan on how to notify students of the homicide. Meanwhile, police stop the unidentified "person of interest" in a vehicle off-campus and detain him for questioning.
  • 9:00 a.m.: Virginia Tech leadership team is briefed on the latest events in the ongoing dormitory homicide investigation.
  • 9:05 a.m.: Cho seen in Norris Hall, an Engineering building[8]. Doors are chained shut from the inside to prevent escape.
  • 9:15 a.m.: While the "person of interest" was being interrogated by investigators, shots are fired in Norris Hall.[9]
  • 9:26 a.m.: Emails go out to campus staff, faculty, and students saying there has been a shooting on campus (in reference to the Dorm shooting).[4]
  • 9:45 a.m.: Students in the engineering building Norris Hall call police to report more shots have been fired.[90] Cho kills 30 more people before turning the gun on himself. Police have breached the barricaded doors, but the shooter is dead before police arrive.
  • 9:50 a.m.: An e-mail announcing: "A gunman is loose on campus. Stay in buildings until further notice. Stay away from all windows" is sent to all Virginia Tech email addresses. Loudspeakers broadcast a similar message.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).
  • 12:00 p.m.: At a press conference, authorities said there may have been more than 21 people killed and 28 injured.[91]
  • 2:30 p.m.: AP reports at least 31 killed, including shooter.
  • 3:40 p.m.: Virginia Tech confirms 22 dead.[citation needed]
  • 4:01 p.m.: President Bush speaks from the White House regarding the shooting.[92]
  • 4:40 p.m.: The school holds a press conference with updates on the day's events.[53]
  • 4:42 p.m.: Virginia Tech confirms 33 dead including the shooter.[53]
  • 7:30 p.m.: Third press conference. A final confirmation that there have been 31 deaths at Norris Hall, including the shooter. (mp3)

Tuesday, April 17

  • 9:15 a.m.: Virginia Tech Police Department releases name of shooter as Cho Seung-Hui and confirms the death toll of 33.[53]
  • 9:30 a.m.: Virginia Tech announces that classes would be canceled "for the remainder of the week to allow students the time they need to grieve and seek assistance as needed."[53]
  • 2:00 p.m.: A convocation ceremony is held for the University community at the Cassell Coliseum. Speakers included (in order) Virginia Tech VP for Student Affairs Zenobia L. Hikes, Virginia Tech President Charles W. Steger, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine (who had returned from Japan), President George W. Bush, as well as local religious leaders (representing the Muslim, Buddhist, Jewish, and Christian communities), Provost Dr. Mark G. McNamee, Dean of Students Tom Brown, Counselor Dr. Christopher Flynn, and poet and Professor Nikki Giovanni. First Lady Laura Bush was also in attendance. One person seated behind the President and First Lady apparently fainted during a moment of silence, causing medical personnel to assist them out of the coliseum. The ceremony was concluded by all in attendance chanting "We are Hokies!" and "Let's go Hokies!"

Historical context

With a death toll of 33,[1] this is the deadliest single-perpetrator civilian shooting in United States history, surpassing the Luby's massacre of 1991 in which 24 people were killed.[1]

The incident is also the deadliest school shooting incident in the United States, surpassing the 15 deaths[1] of the Columbine High School massacre of 1999 and the 16 deaths[1] of the University of Texas shooting of 1966. It is the second deadliest school-related killing in U.S. history, behind the 1927 Bath School disaster which claimed 45 lives through the use of explosives, including 38 school children.[1]

Issues

Gun control debate

Officials have described finding a purchase receipt for at least one of the guns used in the assault[93] and note that permanent residents in Virginia may legally purchase firearms with proof of residency.[94]

Virginia Tech has a policy forbidding unauthorized possession or storage of firearms on campus, even by state licensed concealed weapons permit holders. This policy has been challenged in recent years. In April of 2005, a student licensed to carry a concealed weapon, who was carrying a firearm on campus, was told he could not. Though no criminal charges were filed, the university internal judicial affairs system could have responded with anything from a reprimand to an expulsion; no details are available on the outcome in this case due to student confidentiality. University spokesman Larry Hincker, in response to challenges over the authority of the university to enforce such a policy, said "We think we have the right to adhere to and enforce that policy because, in the end, we think it's a common-sense policy for the protection of students, staff and faculty as well as guests and visitors"[95].

Virginia HB 1572, intended to prohibit public universities from making "rules or regulations limiting or abridging the ability of a student who possesses a valid concealed handgun permit ... from lawfully carrying a concealed handgun" was introduced into the Virginia House of Representatives by delegate Todd Gilbert. The university opposed the bill, which died in subcommittee in January of 2006. Spokesman Larry Hincker responded "I'm sure the university community is appreciative of the General Assembly's actions because this will help parents, students, faculty and visitors feel safe on our campus."[96]

The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, an American gun control group said that it was easy for an individual to get powerful weapons and called for "common-sense actions to prevent tragedies like this from continuing to occur".[97] The New York Times ran an editorial calling for more gun control.[98] On the other side of the issue, gun rights commentators contrasted the Virginia Tech massacre with the Appalachian School of Law shooting, which occured in Virginia in 2002. In that case, a shooter was stopped by two students using their personal firearms.[99]

Furthermore, Virginia has a 30-day waiting period that the shooter apparently was willing to wait through, buying his second gun, a .22 caliber, one month after his Glock 19. [100]

Violent Media

Within hours of the shooting, Jack Thompson appeared via telephone on Fox News linking the incident, along with Columbine and other shootings, to violent video games.[101] Later that night, Dr. Phil McGraw appeared on CNN's Larry King Live and also pointed blame towards violent video games.[102] Currently it is unknown whether Cho actually played any violent video games or even if he immersed himself in violent media.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g This total includes the murderer, except for Columbine High School massacre, where it includes two murderers. In the University of Texas shooting, different sources claim 15, 16 or 17 victim deaths.
  2. ^ a b c "Gunman killed after deadly Virginia Tech rampage". CNN. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  3. ^ Va. Tech president: Gunman was one of our students, USA TODAY, April 17, 2007
  4. ^ a b c d Pierre, Robert (April 16, 2007). "33 Dead in Virginia Tech Shootings, At Least 24 Injured". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-04-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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  13. ^ First shooting victim name as Ryan Clark Daily Mail
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  21. ^ "Rampage Strains Area Hospitals". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
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  28. ^ 2.26 Taboo Items
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  31. ^ First Gun Bought March 13; No 'Spur of the Moment' Crime
  32. ^ a b "First Gun Bought March 13; No 'Spur of the Moment' Crime".
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  35. ^ a b "ABC News Massacre at Virginia Tech: 33 Confirmed Dead". ABC. Retrieved 2007-04-16. Cite error: The named reference "ABC" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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  37. ^ wtopnews
  38. ^ Virginia Gun Owners Coalition, Findlaw caselaw regarding Virginia public universities and gun possession, Free Republic article regarding legality of gun free zones, FoxNews.com article citing gun free zones., Virginia Public Health law regarding gun free zones
  39. ^ Coroner confirms student’s death, The Roanoke Times
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  53. ^ a b c d e f Tragedy at Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech University Website, Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  54. ^ Kurz, Jr., Hank. "Questions Raised on Va. Tech Security." Washington Post, Associated Press report. April 16, 2006, retrieved on 2006-04-16.
  55. ^ "Virginia Tech Shooting Press Conference: 33 Dead, Anger, Questions". Post Chronicle. 2007-04-16. Retrieved 2007-04-16. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ a b c d Fox News. "Virginia Tech Campus Reels From Shooting That Leaves at Least 32 Dead". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |access date= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ The Red and Black, University of Georgia. "University students express shock in response to slayings at Va. Tech".
  58. ^ My Fox Washington DC. "Bush Calls Virginia Tech Shooting 'Terrible Tragedy'".
  59. ^ KWTX News. "Visibly Shaken Virginia Senator Says Shootings Have Touched The Nation". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |access date= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ Governor declares state of emergency The Associated Press
  61. ^ Sue Lindsey, AP writer. "Gunman kills 32 in Virginia Tech rampage".
  62. ^ Bush statement on VT shootings, White House, April 16, 2007
  63. ^ a b Riechman, Deb (2007-04-17). "Bush to Speak at Virginia Tech Service". Forbes.
  64. ^ Gonzales hearing postponed, SFGate.com, April 16, 2007
  65. ^ Gonzales offers support, CBS News, April 16, 2007
  66. ^ "President Bush says shootings at Virginia Tech affect all students", WHDH-TV, April 16, 2007
  67. ^ Doorstop Interview - Lowood Show Hall - Lowood, Prime Minister of Australia Homepage, 2007-04-17.
  68. ^ "39th Parliament, 1st Session, Edited Hansard • Number 133", April 16, 2007
  69. ^ "Dawson College students offer advice to Virginia survivors", CBC News.
  70. ^ Europe Offers Condolences for US University Shooting Victims, DW-World.de, April 17
  71. ^ World Leaders Express Sympathy, Call For Gun Control Spiegel, April 17, 2007.
  72. ^ "Iran condemns Virginia shooting", Ministry of foreign affairs, Islamic Republic of Iran, April 17, 2007
  73. ^ [2]
  74. ^ Virginia governor, in Japan, says it's too early to blame school in shooting rampage, Mainichi Daily News, April 17
  75. ^ "Mexico condemns Virginia shootings"
  76. ^ Xinhua News Agency
  77. ^ "Korea fears prejudice with shooting link". Chron.com. April 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  78. ^ "총기 난사' 범인, 한국계 23세 조승희 (The killer is Cho Seung-hui, a South Korean)" (in Korean). Chosunilbo. April 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  79. ^ "Seoul expresses shock as gunman identified as Korean", ChannelNewsAsia.com, April 18, 2007
  80. ^ "Queen 'shocked' at US shootings", BBC News, April 16, 2007
  81. ^ "Blair's 'sadness' at US shootings", BBC News, April 17, 2007
  82. ^ [3]
  83. ^ Killer's Note: 'You Caused Me to Do This', ABC News, April 17, 2007
  84. ^ Bomb threat closes Torgersen Hall, Virginia Tech News, April 2, 2007
  85. ^ Shooting victims at Tech massacre named, The Roanoke Times, April 17, 2007
  86. ^ Police: Virginia Tech shooter an English major, 23, CNN.com, April 17,2007.
  87. ^ At least one dead in campus shooting, WDBJ7 Roanoke. April 16, 2007
  88. ^ Front page, Collegiate Times, April 16, 2007
  89. ^ Larry Hincker. "Shooting at Virginia Tech", Virginia Tech bulletin, April 16, 2007.
  90. ^ Timeline of Virginia Tech Shooting Spree WDBJ7
  91. ^ Virginia Tech Authorities Confirm 20 Fatalities, WDBJ, April 16 2007
  92. ^ "Bush 'horrified, concerned' by Virginia Tech massacre", Chicago Tribune, April 16, 2007.
  93. ^ "Gunman ID'd as student; tests tie same gun to both attacks". New York Newsday. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  94. ^ "Shooter Identified as Cho Seung-Hui". ABC News. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  95. ^ Virginia Tech's ban on guns may draw legal fire
  96. ^ Gun bill gets shot down by panel
  97. ^ News Release: Nation Again Grieves Over A Tragedy Of Monumental Proportions, CNN, April 17.
  98. ^ Eight Years After Columbine, New York Times, April 17.
  99. ^ "Virginia Tech Shooting -- Gun Bans Are The Problem, Not The Solution" by Ed Isler, The Conservative Voice, April 16, 2007, acccessed April 17, 2007.
  100. ^ http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/04/first_gun_bough.html
  101. ^ http://kotaku.com/gaming/feature/feature-dissecting-jacks-lies-252914.php
  102. ^ http://gamepolitics.com/2007/04/17/dr-phil-blames-video-games-for-virginia-tech-massacre/

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