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* [[Erlangen]], Germany was declared ''judenfrei'' in 1944. |
* [[Erlangen]], Germany was declared ''judenfrei'' in 1944. |
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==Modern usage== |
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=== Israeli–Palestinian conflict === |
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In the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], a fear among many Israelis which has been reflected by Israeli government officials such as [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] is that the proposed removal of Israeli Jewish settlements in the West Bank according to the wishes of Palestinian officials is tantamount to rendering these areas ''judenrein'', or clean of Jews. |
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On July 9, 2009, Benjamin Netanyahu, in a discussion with the German foreign minister [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] is reported to have said, using the Israeli term for the area, "[[Judea and Samaria Area|Judea and Samaria]] cannot be ''judenrein'', commenting on the Palestinian demand to remove the [[Israeli settlements in the West Bank]]."<ref>{{cite news |agency=Reuters and DPA |date=July 9, 2009 |title=German FM: Settlements Remain Obstacle to Peace; Frank-Walter Steinmeier says is encouraged by Israel's acceptance of a two-state solution |newspaper=Haaretz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/german-fm-settlements-remain-obstacle-to-peace-1.279664}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-palestinians-judenrein-idUSTRE5685LP20090709|title=Judenrein! Israel adopts Nazi term to back settlers |first=Dan|last=Williams |work=Reuters |date=July 9, 2009}}</ref> |
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===Islamic world=== |
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{{See also|Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran}} |
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The depopulation of the Jewish communities from Arab and Muslim countries of the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] was described as the result of an effort to make these countries ''judenrein'' or ''judenfrei''. Dr. Peter Schotten wrote on the matter, saying "Arab states responded ruthlessly to [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|the lost war]] and to the newly displaced Arab refugees by undertaking systematic and bold oppressive measures against their Jewish citizens. Their citizenship was stripped, arrests and detentions took place, religious restrictions were imposed, freedom of movement was curtailed, assets were frozen and property seized, employment opportunities were closed off and [[Zionism]] was criminalized."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishideas.org/article/great-escape-how-and-why-most-arab-states-became-judenfrei|title=The Great Escape: How and Why Most Arab States Became Judenfrei - jewishideas.org|website=www.jewishideas.org}}</ref> Lyn Julius wrote in the ''[[The Jewish Journal (Boston North)|Jewish Journal]]'', "Only three years after the end of [[World War II]], the members of the [[Arab League]] were bent on emulating the Nazis. They set about making the Arab Middle East ''judenrein'' (free of Jews). They applied [[Nuremberg Laws|Nuremberg]]-style laws, criminalizing Zionism, freezing Jewish bank accounts, instituting quotas, imposing restrictions on jobs and movement. The result was the mass exodus and [[wikt:spoliation|spoliation]] of a million Jews."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jewishjournal.org/2018/02/08/arab-anti-semitism-and-the-nazis/|title=Arab anti-Semitism, and the Nazis|first=Lyn|last=Julius|work=Jewish Journal|date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> |
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[[Saudi Arabia]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Libya]], [[Sudan]], and [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web |last=David |first=Jono |date=2007 |title=MALAYSIA, Penang. Modi Mordecai; the last permanent Jewish resident of Penang (passed away on July 15, 2011, aged 89). (2007) |url=https://jewishphotolibrary.smugmug.com/ASIA/ASIAsoutheast/MALAYSIA/MYPenangModiMordecai/i-MRN5X5r |access-date=2018-03-17 |publisher=HaChayim HaYehudim Jewish Photo Library}}</ref> are believed to have no remaining Jewish population. {{citation needed|date=May 2022}} |
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[[Afghanistan]] is believed to have no Jewish population left, after the last two known remaining Jews, [[Zablon Simintov]] and his cousin Tova Moradi left in September and October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-last-last-jew-simentov-relative-flees-afghanistan-after-taliban-takeover/ |title=The last, last Jew? Simentov relative flees Afghanistan after Taliban takeover |last1=Zion |first1=Ilan Ben |last2=Semini |first2=Llazar |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=29 November 2021 |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> Before the [[2021 Taliban offensive|2021 Taliban resurgence]], Zablon maintained and cared for Afghanistan's only synagogue in the capital of [[Kabul]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-16 |title=The last Jew in Afghanistan - World Blog - msnbc.com |url=http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/06/14/1140379.aspx |access-date=2022-04-01 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616004253/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/06/14/1140379.aspx |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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[[Asmara]], [[Eritrea]], is believed to have a single native Jewish resident left: Sami Cohen, who runs an import-export business and attends to the [[Asmara Synagogue]].<ref>{{cite web |
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|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4955088.stm |
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|title = Asmara's last Jew recalls 'good old days' |
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|publisher = [[BBC News]] |
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|date = 2006-04-30 |
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|access-date=2006-09-26 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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|url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3246419,00.html |
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|title = Eritrea's last native Jew tends graves, remembers |
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|newspaper = Ynetnews |
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|agency = [[Reuters]] |
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|date = 2006-05-02 |
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|access-date = 2006-09-26 |
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}}</ref> |
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On July 13, 2020, it was reported that the last Jews in [[Yemen]] are captives of the [[Houthi]] militia of the [[Kharif District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://baltimorejewishlife.com/news/news-detail.php?SECTION_ID=3&ARTICLE_ID=133047 |title=Report: Houthis Arrest Yemen's Last Remaining Jews In A Bid To Ethnically Cleanse The Country |work=Baltimore Jewish Life |date=13 July 2020 |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> In March 2021, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' reported that the remaining Jewish population in Yemen consists of four people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/almost-all-remaining-jews-in-yemen-deported-saudi-media-663486 |title = Almost all remaining Jews in Yemen deported - Saudi media |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |first=Tzvi |last=Joffre|date=29 March 2021|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> In March 2022 the [[United Nations|UN]] reports there is just 1 Jew left in Yemen<ref name="Jewish Chronicle March 14, 2021">[https://www.thejc.com/news/world/only-three-jews-are-left-in-iraq-1.513200 Jewish Chronicle March 14,2021]</ref>IN 2024 There were only 6 living Jews left in Yemen but as of 16 June 2024 there are only 5 left because On 16 June 2024 Yihye Ben-Yosef, one of the last Jews in Yemen; [Ben-Yosef refused to leave the Arhab district of Yemen with the rest of his community] has passed away in the Arhab region and was buried by non-Jews.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/391615|title=Watch One of Yemen’s last Jews has passed away|date=July 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>[https://www.jewishrefugees.org.uk/2024/06/muslims-bury-one-of-the-last-jews-in-yemen.html Last Jews in Yemen]</ref> |
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In Egypt, it is estimated the country has 3 known Jews remaining as of 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/2029523/bde-one-of-the-last-jews-in-egypt-passes-away.html |title=BDE: One Of The Last Jews In Egypt Passes Away |work=The Yeshiva World |date=17 November 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> |
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In Iraq, it is estimated the country has 3-4 known Jews remaining as of 2021<ref name="Jewish Chronicle March 14, 2021"/> |
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[[Turkey]] (15,000 in 2021),<ref name="pop2021">{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/jewish-population-by-country|title=Jewish Population by Country 2023|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> [[Iran]] (8,500 in 2021), [[Morocco]] (2,100 in 2021), [[Tunisia]] (1,000 in 2021), [[Armenia]] (300-500), [[Algeria]] (200 in 2021),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-of-algeria|title=Jews of Algeria|date=|website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref> [[Ethiopia]] (100 in 2021),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-of-the-world#africa|title=jewish-population-of-the-world|date=|website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref>[[Lebanon]] (20 in 2024), [[Zambia]] (11 in 2024) have also seen huge declines in Jewish population. Officially, there are no Jews in [[Kurdistan]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/c9398d18-71fd-49ae-aab8-ef79ed8af035|title=Dismissal of Jewish representative 'administrative,' unrelated to Baghdad: KRG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/use-of-jewish-issue-by-krg-official-may-cause-confusion-and-damage-436499|title=Publicity seeking Kurdish official brings back memories of Jewish Kurd aliya fiasco|date=December 7, 2015|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com}}</ref> however, the sending of [[Hanukkah]] kits to Jews to Arab countries and regions, including [[Kurdistan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.israel365news.com/350083/hundreds-of-hanukkah-kits-sent-to-jews-living-in-arab-countries/|title=Hundreds of Hanukkah kits sent to Jews living in Arab countries|date=December 2, 2021}}</ref> indicate there may be Jewish remnants there. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 13:41, 24 July 2024
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Judenfrei (German: [ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaɪ], "free of Jews") and judenrein (German: [ˈjuːdn̩ˌʁaɪn], "clean of Jews") are terms of Nazi origin to designate an area that has been "cleansed" of Jews during The Holocaust.[1] While judenfrei refers merely to "freeing" an area of all of its Jewish inhabitants, the term judenrein (literally "clean of Jews") has the even stronger connotation that any trace of Jewish blood had been removed as an alleged impurity in the minds of the criminal perpetrators.[2] These terms of racial discrimination and racial abuse are intrinsic to Nazi anti-Semitism and were used by the Nazis in Germany before World War II and in occupied countries such as Poland in 1939. Judenfrei describes the local Jewish population having been removed from a town, region, or country by forced evacuation during the Holocaust, though many Jews were hidden by local people. Removal methods included forced re-housing in Nazi ghettos especially in eastern Europe, and forced removal or Resettlement to the East by German troops, often to their deaths. Most Jews were identified from late 1941 by the yellow badge as a result of pressure from Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler.
Following the defeat of Germany in 1945, some attempts have been made to attract Jewish people back to Germany, as well as reconstruct synagogues destroyed during and after Kristallnacht. The terms judenrein and judenfrei have since been used in the persecution of global Jewish communities or the nation of Israel.
Locations declared judenfrei
Establishments, villages, cities, and regions were declared judenfrei or judenrein after they were apparently cleared of Jews. However, some Jewish people survived by being hidden and sheltered by friendly neighbours. In Berlin, they were known as "submariners" since they seemed to have disappeared (under the waves). Many survived the end of the war, hence becoming Holocaust survivors.
- Gelnhausen, Germany and Calw, Germany – reported judenfrei on November 1, 1938, by propaganda newspaper Kinzigwacht after their synagogues were closed and remaining local Jews forced to leave the towns.[3]
- German-occupied Bydgoszcz (Poland) – reported judenfrei in December 1939.[citation needed]
- German-annexed Alsace – reported judenrein by Robert Heinrich Wagner in July 1940.[4]
- Banat, German-occupied territory of Serbia – reported judenfrei on 19 August 1941 in Völkische Beobachter (lit. People's Observer).[5] On 20 August 1941 Banat was declared judenfrei by its German administrators.[6]
- German-occupied Luxembourg – reported judenfrei by the press on October 17, 1941.[7]
- German-occupied Estonia – December 1941.[8] Reported as judenfrei at the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942.[9]
- Independent State of Croatia – Declared judenfrei by Interior Minister Andrija Artuković in February 1942 but Germany suspected that this was not true and the authorities from Berlin sent Franz Abromeit to assess the situation. After that, the Ustaše were under pressure to finish the job. In April 1942 two hundred Jews from Osijek were deported to Jasenovac, while 2,800 were sent to Auschwitz.[10] The Gestapo organized the deportation to Auschwitz of the last Croatian Jews in May 1943, 1,700 from Zagreb and 2,500 from other parts of the NDH.[11][12]: 107 German diplomat Siegfried Kasche pronounced Croatia judenfrei in a message to Berlin on 18 April 1944, stating that "Croatia is one of the countries in which the Jewish problem has been solved".[13][14]
- German-occupied territory of Serbia / Belgrade – May 1942, reported in the SS-Standartenführer Emanuel Schäfer cable sent to the Reich Security Main Office in Berlin; Schäfer was the Der Befehlshaber der SIPO und des SD head at that time in Belgrade,[15][16][17][18] while in June 1942 he reported to his supervisors that "Serbien ist Judenfrei" (lit. "Serbia is free of Jews").[12]: 3 In August 1942, Harald Turner reported to the German commander in the Balkans that Serbia was the first European territory where the "Jewish problem" was solved.[19][20]: 118
- Vienna – reported judenfrei by Alois Brunner on October 9, 1942.
- Berlin, Germany – May 19, 1943.[21]
- Erlangen, Germany was declared judenfrei in 1944.
See also
References
- ^ Scheffler, Wolfgang (2007). "Judenrein". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2 ed.). Thomson Gale.
- ^ "Aryanization: Judenrein & Judenfrei". shoaheducation.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
- ^ "'Gelnhausen endlich judenfrei': Zur Geschichte der Juden während der Nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung" ['Gelnhausen finally free of Jews': On the History of the Jews during the Nazi persecution] (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007.
- ^ Blumenkranz, Bernhard; Catane, Moshe (2007). "Alsace". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2 ed.). Thomson Gale.
- ^ Drndić, Daša (2009). April u Berlinu. Fraktura. p. 24. ISBN 978-953-266-095-1.
Njemački list Völkische Beobachter objavio je 19. kolovoza 1941. da je Banat konačno Juden frei.
- ^ Muth, Thorsten (2009). Das Judentum: Geschichte und Kultur. Pressel. p. 452. ISBN 978-3-937950-28-0.
Am 20. August konnte die deutsche Führung das Banat für Judenfrei" erklären.
- ^ "Commémoration de la Shoah au Luxembourg" [Commemoration of the Shoah in Luxembourg] (in French). Government of Luxembourg. July 3, 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
- ^ "Extract from Report by Einsatzgruppe A". Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Partial Translation of Document 2273-PS Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 944–949
- ^ "Estonian Jews". Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. sourced to Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 1990.
- ^ Subotić, Jelena (2019). Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-50174-241-5.
- ^ Bulajić, Milan (2002). Jasenovac: the Jewish Serbian holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945). Fund for Genocide Research. p. 222. ISBN 9788641902211.
- ^ a b Subotić, Jelena (2019). Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501742415.
- ^ Jewish History of Yugoslavia, porges.net; accessed 5 May 2016.
- ^ "Povijest Židova Jugoslavije" (in French). Porges.net. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
- ^ Lituchy, Barry M. (2006). Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies. Jasenovac Research Institute. pp. xxxiii. ISBN 978-0-97534-320-3.
- ^ Manoschek, Walter (1995). "Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42. Walter de Gruyter. p. 184. ISBN 9783486561371.
- ^ Lebel, G'eni (2007). Until "the Final Solution": The Jews in Belgrade 1521 - 1942. Avotaynu. p. 329. ISBN 9781886223332.
- ^ Herbert, Ulrich; Schildt, Axel (1998). Kriegsende in Europa. Klartext. p. 149. ISBN 9783884745113.
- ^ John K. Cox; (2002) The History of Serbia p. 92-93; Greenwood, ISBN 0313312907
- ^ Prusin, Alexander (2017). Serbia Under the Swastika: A World War II Occupation. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09961-8.
- ^ "Was war am 19. Mai 1943" [What was on May 19, 1943] (in German). chroniknet.