Swamp Thing

For other uses, see Swamp Thing (disambiguation).

Swamp Thing
File:Swampthing93totleben.jpg Swamp Thing (vol. 2) #93, March 1990. Art by John Totleben
Publication information
Publisher	Vertigo imprint of DC Comics
First appearance	(Alex Olsen): House of Secrets #92 (1971) (Alec Holland): Swamp Thing #1 (1972)
Created by	Len Wein Berni Wrightson
In-story information
Alter ego	Alec Holland
Team affiliations	Parliament of Trees, Stones, Flames, Waves, and Vapors The Parliament of Worlds
Notable aliases	Green Man, Bon Gumbo, Prime Founder, Holland-Mind.
Abilities	Super Strength Regeneration Control over plantlife and other natural elements.

The Swamp Thing is a fictional character created by Len Wein and Bernie Wrightson for DC Comics, and featured in a long-running horror-fantasy comic book series of the same name. The character is a humanoid mass of vegetable matter who fights to protect his swamp home, the environment in general, and humanity from various supernatural or terroristic threats. The series was continued by a number of writers, notably Alan Moore, whose reinvention of the character was particularly influential. Under his pen, the character became a psychologically complex creature immersed in an auto-referential journey to determine his capabilities, the degree of his "humanity", and his place in the world.

Origin of the character

A fan dressed as Swamp Thing, with creator Len Wein, at CONvergence 2005

The Swamp Thing character first appeared in House of Secrets #92 (June-July 1971), with the name Alex Olsen. The comic is set in the early 20th Century, when scientist Alex Olsen is caught in a lab explosion caused by his co-worker, Damian Ridge, who intended to kill him to gain the hand of Olsen's wife Linda. Olsen is physically altered by chemicals and the forces within the swamp. He morphs into a monstrous creature who kills Ridge before the latter can murder Linda. Unable to make Linda realize his true identity, the Swamp Thing sadly ambles to his boggy home.

After the success of the short story in the House of Secrets comic, the original creators were asked to write an ongoing series, depicting a more heroic, more contemporary creature. Swamp Thing #1 (1st series, October-November 1972, by Wein and Wrightson) was then started, changing the time frame to the 1970s, and relating a completely different origin for the frightfully foliaged character. The writers renamed his human alter-ego Alec Holland, a scientist working on a secret bio-restorative formula ("that can make forests out of deserts") in the Louisiana swamps. Holland is killed by a bomb planted by agents of the mysterious Mr. E (Nathan Ellery), who wants the formula. Splashed with burning chemicals in the massive fire, Holland runs from the lab and falls into the muck-filled swamp, after which a creature resembling a humanoid plant appears some time later. The creature, called Swamp Thing, was originally conceived as Alec Holland mutating into a vegetable-like creature, a "muck-encrusted mockery of a man". However, under writer Alan Moore, Swamp Thing was reinvented as an elemental entity created upon the death of Alec Holland, with Holland's memory and personality intact. He is described as "a plant that thought it was Alec Holland, a plant that was trying its level best to be Alec Holland."

The major difference between the first and second Swamp Thing is that the latter not only appears more muscular than shambling, but possesses the power of speech, although initially with great physical difficulty. Alex Olsen's speech impediment is a major reason why his wife could not recognize him. During Swamp Thing #33, Alan Moore attempted to reconcile the two versions of Swamp Thing with the revelation that there have been many previous incarnations of Swamp Thing prior to the death and "rebirth" of the Alec Holland incarnation. Three others are notable: Albert Hollerer and Aaron Hayley appeared in the Swamp Thing: Roots graphic novel (1998) set in the 1940s, and Alan Hallman, the Swamp Thing of the 1950s and 1960s, introduced in Vol. 2 #102 (December 1990) and eventually, after being corrupted by the Gray, killed by Holland. As a result, Holland is known as Swamp Thing IV by the editors of the DCU Guide. The principal two Swamp Things are also connected in that Holland's first wife is Linda Ridge, a descendant of Damian Ridge.

Publication history

The Swamp Thing has appeared in four comic book series to date, including several Specials, and has crossed over into other DC titles.

First series

The first Swamp Thing series ran for 24 issues, from 1972 to 1976. Len Wein was the writer for the first 13 issues before David Michelinie and Gerry Conway finished up the series. Of particular note, famed horror artist Berni Wrightson drew the first ten issues of the series while Nestor Redondo drew the remaining fourteen issues. Swamp Thing fought against evil as he sought the men who murdered his wife and caused his monstrous transformation, as well as searching for a means to transform back to human form.

Swamp Thing has since fought many villains, most notably the mad Dr. Anton Arcane. Though they only met twice during the first series, Arcane and his obsession with gaining immortality, aided by his nightmarish army Un-Men and the tragic Patchwork Man (Arcane's brother Gregori Arcane, who after a land mine explosion was rebuilt as a Frankenstein-type creature by his brother). They became Swamp Thing's archnemeses, even as Swamp Thing developed a close bond with Arcane's niece Abigail Arcane. Also involved in the conflict was Swamp Thing's close friend turned enemy Matthew Cable, a federal agent who mistakenly believed Swamp Thing responsible for the deaths of Alec and Linda Holland.

Despite Wein's writing the first thirteen issues, only the first ten issues of the original Swamp Thing series have been collected in any shape or form, primarily due to the popularity of Wrightson's artwork, stopping rather than concluding the story arc. Wein ended his run as writer by having Swamp Thing reveal his identity to Matt Cable and ultimately avenging the death of his wife by defeating Nathan Ellery.

David Michelinie / Gerry Conway / David Anthony Kraft

As sales figures plummeted towards the end of the series, the writers attempted to revive interest by introducing fantasy creatures, sci-fi aliens, and even Alec Holland's brother, Edward, (a plot point ignored by later writers) into the picture.

The appearance of Holland's brother toward the end of the series marked a series of plot developments, designed to provide the series with a happy ending, which generated much controversy. In Swamp Thing #23, Alec finally regains his humanity and while the creature was on the cover of the 24th and final issue of the series (albeit transforming into human), Holland appeared as human throughout the interior story. The cover illustration showed a yellow muscular creature (Thrudvang) beating up Swamp Thing; the interior showed Holland imagining Swamp Thing beating up Thrudvang, in similar positions but with roles reversed-- the issue itself depicting Holland and his new love interest (and his brother's research assistant) running away from Thrudvang. A battle between Swamp Thing and Hawkman was promised for the next issue, but actually occurred in vol. 2 #58.

During the short-lived revivial of Challengers of the Unknown, also by Gerry Conway, Swamp Thing returned as Alec Holland, without continually producing and self-medicating with bio-restorative formula, reverted back into the form of Swamp Thing and along with the Challengers of the Unknown, encountered the supernatural being known as Deadman (though they were unaware of Deadman's presence), a fact that would confirm the post-Wein Swamp Thing stories existence in DCU continuity years later when Deadman and Swamp Thing met again during Alan Moore's run as writer. Swamp Thing also appeared with Superman in DC Comics Presents and with Batman in The Brave and the Bold. In the former, by Steve Englehart, he tried in vain to stop Superman from committing what he perceived as genocide (using a compound developed by S.T.A.R. Labs) to sixty Solomon Grundys living in the sewers of Metropolis.

Second series

Martin Pasko/Dan Mishkin

In May 1982, DC Comics revived the Swamp Thing series after the mild success of the Wes Craven film of the same name. The title, called "Saga of the Swamp Thing", featured in "Saga of the Swamp Thing" Annual #1, was a comic book adaptation of the Craven movie. Now written by Martin Pasko, the book loosely picked up after Swamp Thing's appearance in "Challengers of the Unknown", with the character wandering around the swamps of Louisiana as something of an urban legend that was feared by locals.

Martin Pasko's main arc depicted Swamp Thing roaming the globe, trying to stop a young girl (and possible Anti-Christ) named Karen Clancy from destroying the world. The series also featured back-up stories involving the Phantom Stranger by Mike W. Barr that led to a collaboration in a guest run by Dan Mishkin that featured a scientist who transformed himself into a silicon creature. The primary artist for the bulk of Pasko's run was Tom Yeates, but towards the end of the run, he was replaced with Stephen R. Bissette and John Totleben (who began by inking Yeates's pencils) -- two-thirds of the creative team in the Moore era. Bissette and Totleben, who had known Yeates at the Joe Kubert School of Cartoon and Graphic Art, had been ghosting various pages for Yeates, and were given the assignment on Pasko's recommendation.

In issue #6, editor Len Wein declared, in response to a published letter, that Alec never had a brother and that every Swamp Thing series story after issue #21 never happened. The letter, however, questioned why Swamp Thing had reverted, which had already been explained in the Challengers of the Unknown run. A later column pointed this out, so they said they would not deliberately contradict it, even though they would still go from the assumption that it never happened.

The arrival of the two came as Pasko, who wrote the second Brave and the Bold team-up shortly before he began the series, resurrected plotlines from the original series. Abigail Arcane and Matt Cable were brought back and shown to be married, though this development had a darker side: Cable had been tortured via repeated electro-shock treatment by his black-ops superiors over his decision to stop working for the government in order to marry Abigail. The electro-shock treatment caused permanent brain damage for Matt, resulting in him being unable to work and, ironically, granting him psychic ability in the form of being able to create lifelike mental illusions. Pasko also resurrected Anton Arcane, now a grotesque half-spider/half-human hybrid with an army of insect-type Un-Men who ultimately cannibalized their creator after Swamp Thing was forced to kill Arcane.

Pasko left the book with issue 19, which featured the (third) death of Arcane, the second of which, from vol. 1 #10, was reprinted in vol. 2 # 18. He would be replaced by British writer Alan Moore.

Alan Moore

Swamp Thing (vol. 2) #21, February 1984, art by Tom Yeates.

Alan Moore's first issue of Swamp Thing swept aside the supporting cast introduced by Pasko for his run as writer a year and a half earlier. Moore brought the Sunderland Corporation (a villainous group out to gain the secrets of Alec Holland's research for themselves) to the forefront, as they hunted Swamp Thing down and "killed" him in a hail of bullets.

As Swamp Thing was heading for cancellation due to low sales, DC editorial agreed to give Moore (at the time a relatively unknown writer whose previous work included several stories for 2000AD, Warrior and Marvel UK) free rein to revamp the title and the character any way he saw fit. Moore decided to retcon Swamp Thing's origin to make him a true monster as opposed to a human transformed into a monster.

For Saga of the Swamp Thing #21, Moore penned the famous story "The Anatomy Lesson", which had obscure super-villain Jason "Floronic Man" Woodrue autopsy Swamp Thing's body and discover that Swamp Thing's body was only superficially human, its organs little more than crude, nonfunctional, vegetable-based imitations of their human counterparts, meaning that there was no way Swamp Thing could have been human. This meant the Swamp Thing was not Alec Holland, but only thought that it was: Holland had indeed died in the fire, and the swamp vegetation had absorbed his mind, knowledge, memories, and skills and created a new sentient being that believed itself to be Alec Holland. Alec Holland would never be human again because he never was human to start with. Woodrue also concluded that, despite the autopsy, Swamp Thing was still alive and in a deep coma due to the bullet wounds and imprisonment in cold-storage.

Moore would later reveal, in an attempt to connect the original one-off Swamp Thing story from "House of Secrets" to the main Swamp Thing canon, that there had been dozens, perhaps even hundreds of Swamp Things since the dawn of mankind and that all versions of the creature were supposed to be the "defenders" of the Parliament of Trees, an elemental community also known as "the Green" that represented all plant life on Earth.

Swamp Thing went catatonic due to the shock of discovering what he really was, killing Sunderland and going deep into the Green, which is the dimension that connects all plant life. Woodrue went insane after attempting to connect to The Green through Swamp Thing, and Abby had to revive Swamp Thing in order to stop Woodrue after he killed an entire village. He returned to the swamps of Louisiana, and encountered Jason Blood, The Demon, then gave a final burial for Alec Holland.

Matthew Cable, gravely hurt in the previous storyline, was revealed to have been possessed by Anton Arcane, and Abby unwittingly had an incestuous relationship with him. After a fight, Cable was thrown into a coma, and Abby's soul delivered to hell. In the second Swamp Thing Annual, modelled on Dante's Inferno, Swamp Thing followed Abigail, encountering classic DC characters such as Deadman, The Spectre, Etrigan, and The Phantom Stranger en route, and eventually rescued her. A few months after this, Moore had Swamp Thing encounter Superman a second time, in DC Comics Presents #85.

The relationship between Swamp Thing and Abby deepened, and in issue #34 ("Rites of Spring") the two confessed that they loved each other since they met, and "made love" though a hallucinogenic experience brought on when Abby ate a tuber produced by Swamp Thing's body. The controversial relationship between plant and human would culminate in Abby being arrested later for breaking the laws of nature and conducting a sexual relationship with a nonhuman. Abby ultimately fled to Gotham City, leading to this story arc featuring the fourth encounter between Swamp Thing and Batman. Before that, the "American Gothic" storyline introduced the character John Constantine (later to star in his own comic Hellblazer) in issues #37-50, where Swamp Thing had to travel to several parts of America, encountering several archetypal horror monsters, including werewolves and zombies, but modernized with relevance to current issues. The "American Gothic" storyline ended with a crossover to Crisis on Infinite Earths, where Swamp Thing had to solve the battle between Good (Light) and Evil (Darkness). He also met the Parliament of Trees in issue #47, which was where Earth Elementals like him lay to rest after they have walked the Earth, and it was here Moore solved the continuity problem of the first and second Swamp Thing: the first Swamp Thing, Alex Olsen, was a part of the Parliament, as are Man-Thing and The Heap.

Although Abby was eventually released (Batman pointed out that there were probably several non-humans, such as Superman, Metamorpho, and the Martian Manhunter, partaking in relationships with human beings), Swamp Thing was ambushed by soldiers using a weapon designed by Lex Luthor. Luthor's weapon destroyed Swamp Thing's body, leaving him presumed dead as his soul was forced to flee to outer space for a lengthy trek before he could return home. He would visit several planets before returning to reunite with Abby. A particularly popular story in this sequence was issue 56, "My Blue Heaven", an allegory of depression in which Swamp Thing populated a lonely planet with mindless plant replicas of Abby and other reminders of his lost Earth.

In issue 60, "Loving the Alien," the Swamp Thing actually becomes the father of the numerous offsprings of an alien cosmic entity after she "mates" with him against his will.

Moore's run included several references to obscure or forgotten comic characters (Phantom Stranger, Cain and Abel, & Floronic Man) but none so prominent as in issue 32, when he broke with the serious and moody storyline for a single issue. In the story "Pog", we see Walt Kelly's funny animal comic character Pogo (created in 1943) and all of his woodland friends show up as costumed visitors from another planet, looking for an unspoiled world after their own utopia was overrun by brutal monkeys. More than a simple homage to Kelly, the story is a commentary on the lost innocence of the old comics, the cruelty of humans (who are referred to as "the loneliest animal of all"), and the destruction of a natural beauty that can never be reclaimed.

Alan Moore's Swamp Thing had a profound effect on mainstream comic books, being the first horror comic to approach the genre from a literary point of view since the EC horror comics horror comics of the 1950s, and broadened the scope of the series to include ecological and spiritual concerns while retaining its horror-fantasy roots. Moore began a trend (most notably continued by Neil Gaiman) of mining the DC Universe's vast collection of minor supernatural characters to create a mythic atmosphere. Characters spun off from Moore's series gave rise to DC's Vertigo comic book line, notably The Sandman, Hellblazer, and The Books of Magic; Vertigo titles were written with adults in mind and often contained material unsuitable for children. Saga of the Swamp Thing was the first mainstream comic book series to completely abandon the Comics Code Authority and write directly for adults.

Rick Veitch

Moore's final issue, #64, was dated September 1987. At that point, regular penciler Rick Veitch began scripting the series, continuing the story in a roughly similar vein for 24 more issues. Shortly after issue #65, Swamp Thing Annual #3 was produced, this time focusing on DC's Super-Apes, such as Congorilla, Sam Simeon, and Gorilla Grodd. Batman guest starred in issue #66. Hellblazer also began soon after Swamp Thing #67, and the two series had storylines which crossover to each other during Hellblazer's first year under writer Jamie Delano. In Veitch's Swamp Thing stories, the Parliament of Trees, having believed Swamp Thing dead, grew a Sprout to replace him. Unwilling to sacrifice an innocent life, he convinced them that he would take the Sprout as his own child, and eventually impregnated Abby (now his wife) with it by possessing John Constantine's body. After the completion of this storyline, Swamp Thing sought to resolve his need for vengeance against those who had "killed" him during his showdown in Gotham City, culminating in a showdown with Lex Luthor (and Superman) in Swamp Thing #79 and a confrontation with Batman in Swamp Thing Annual #4.

It was during this time Swamp Thing first encountered the Black Orchid in Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean's three-part graphic novel. Later, during the Invasion event, Swamp Thing was thrown into the past, and went through time trying to return to the present. The story was published in Swamp Thing #80-87. One issue of this storyline [#84] focused upon Swamp Thing's regular supporting cast. In this issue Matthew Cable passed away from his coma into the land of the Dreaming, where he encountered Morpheus and Eve. Cable would later be written into The Sandman by Neil Gaiman as Matthew The Raven.

Veitch's term ended in a widely publicized creative dispute, when DC refused to publish issue #88 because of the use of Jesus as a character despite having previously approved the script. The move was said to be made due to controversies then arising from the Martin Scorsese film The Last Temptation of Christ. Artist Michael Zulli had already partially completed the art. The move disgusted Veitch and he immediately resigned from writing. Neil Gaiman and Jamie Delano, who were originally slated to be the next writers, sympathetically declined to take up the helm. Gaiman, however, was cooperative enough with the editorial staff to write Swamp Thing Annual #5, featuring Brother Power the Geek, to fill the series hiatus, which led into the run of the new Swamp Thing writer, Doug Wheeler.

Doug Wheeler

From September 1989 to July 1991, Doug Wheeler wrote issues #88-109. Coming off the heels of the controversy regarding Veitch's departure, Wheeler's run was and remains widely panned by fans of the book. Wheeler quickly wrapped up Veitch's time travel arc and oversaw the birth of Abby and Swamp Thing's daughter Tefé Holland. The remaining tenure of Wheeler's run focused upon a longstanding war between the Parliament of Trees and the "Gray", a fungus themed elemental realm in opposition to the Parliament of Trees. This material was influenced by William Hope Hodgson's short story, "The Voice in the Night" and its famous Japanese film adaptation, Matango, which lends its name to one of the characters.

Wheeler's run was drawn by Pat Broderick, whose artwork was more low-key than previous artists on the series. John Totleben continued to contribute painted covers up to issue #100, at which point Simon Bisley took over as cover artist.

Nancy A. Collins

Seeking to revive interest in the series, DC brought horror writer Nancy A. Collins onboard to write the series, first with Swamp Thing Annual #6 before moving on to write Swamp Thing #110-138.

Collins dramatically overhauled the series, restoring the pre-Alan Moore tone of the series as well as incorporating a new set of supporting cast members into the book. Collins resurrected Anton Arcane along with the Sunderland Corporation as foils for Swamp Thing. Collins also moved the series, which had focused on Swamp Thing's time travel adventures and explorations into other-dimensional realms, back to normal society by having Swamp Thing and Abby set up shop in South Louisiana and attempt to live a normal life with friends and family, culminating in the introduction of the elemental babysitter Lady Jane into the supporting cast. It was during her run that DC officially launched the Vertigo imprint and Swamp Thing #129 was the first issue to carry the Vertigo logo on the cover. Collins wrapped up her run by having Swamp Thing promise Abby that he will never leave her side. He then breaks his promise and creates a secret double to stay and protect Abby as he goes into the Green during an environmental crisis. Abby feels betrayed and leaves a despondent Swamp Thing behind. He retreats into the Green, and when Lady Jane reaches out to him, it sparks into a love affair. Arcane returns and arranges an abduction of Abby, to force Tefe to use her powers to grown him a healthy body. The ongoing stress from constant attacks and dealing with Tefe's powers, leads to Abby rejecting Tefe and eventually leaving town with her new boyfriend. Fearing for Tefe's safety, Lady Jane betrays Swamp Thing and kidnaps Tefe into the "Green", so that she can be trained by the Parliament of Trees.

Swamp Thing Annual #7, published around this time, was the final annual issue as part of the Vertigo "Children's Crusade" crossover event. Collins also wrote a Swamp Thing story for the anthology one-shot, Vertigo Jam. Shortly after Collins' departure, Black Orchid series writer Dick Foreman wrote a two-part crossover between the two titles, Black Orchid #5 and Swamp Thing #139.

Grant Morrison

With issue #140 (March 1994), the title was handed over to Grant Morrison for a four issue arc, co-written by the then unknown Mark Millar. As Collins had destroyed the status quo of the series, Morrison sought to shake the book up with a four-part storyline which had Swamp Thing plunged into a nightmarish dream world scenario where he was split into two separate beings: Alec Holland and Swamp Thing, which was now a mindless being of pure destruction.

Mark Millar

Millar then took over from Morrison with issue #144, though it has been alleged that Millar's tenure on the book was outright ghost-written by Morrison , who left his replacement detailed notes for future storylines for Millar to use as his own.

Millar took over Swamp Thing and with Swamp Thing #150, launched what was initially conceived as an ambitious 25 part storyline where Swamp Thing would be forced to go upon a series of "trials" against rival elemental forces. This led to a series of lengthy storylines by Millar as Swamp Thing fought rival elemental beings and in the process, became champions of the five main Elemental "Parliaments": Stone, Waves, Vapour and Flames. It was during this time Swamp Thing also encountered Batman villain Killer Croc, in a failed attempt to resolve the character's ongoing storyline in 1995's Batman #521-522, Swamp Thing #160, and The Batman Chronicles #3.

However the end was near for the series; explanations vary, from sales for the series remained low, to Millar himself had become bored with the series, to Millar having exhausted the bulk of the storylines ghost-written by Morrison for Millar, but ultimately Millar decided to leave the title, which in turn caused DC to cancel the series.

Millar was given the job to wrap up the series, which would end with Swamp Thing #171. John Totleben would return to illustrate the covers for the issues #160-171.

Millar's final arc for the series had Swamp Thing, due to his success in beating the other Elemental Parliament Champions, become godlike and unapproachable by mortals, even as his estranged wife Abby returned to try and reconcile with him. With help from John Constantine, Abby sought to keep Swamp Thing from destroying humanity so that the Parliament Elementals could claim control over Earth. In the end, Swamp Thing unites all of the Elemental Parliaments into one collective hivemind with him in control of it. Achieving a global sense of consciousness, Swamp Thing is implored to look within himself and find the good and the potential in even his worst enemy. This is shown most notably with the final resurrection of Anton Arcane, who during his most recent stay in hell, befriended an evil priest and in the process renounced evil and became a born again Christian.

Swamp Thing thus spares humanity and becomes a planet elemental, representing the Earth itself, and joins the Parliament of Worlds, which is made up of all the other "enlightened worlds." (The only others actually named were Mars, who greeted Swamp Thing into their number, and Oa, who, due to its destruction some time before [in Green Lantern #0], Mars lamented Oa could not witness Earth's induction.) This was the most significant change made to the character since Moore's reinterpretation, though in the Michael Zulli story "Look Away" (found within the 2000 Swamp Thing Vertigo Secret Files special) Swamp Thing ultimately returns to normal and renounces his status as a "Planetary Elemental", due to his belief that he was more effective a figure as a normal elemental being living in the swamp.

After being overlooked for inclusion in countless DC Universe crossovers since "Invasion", Swamp Thing reappeared in the coda for the "Final Night" DC Universe event, appearing at Hal Jordan's funeral alongside John Constantine. In 1997, Swamp Thing was written into Aquaman #32-33 by Peter David and attended the funeral for the ghost of Jim Corrigan in the final issue of The Spectre (The Spectre #62) by John Ostrander.

Early 1998 saw the production of John J. Muth's Vertigo graphic novel, Swamp Thing: Roots. Sandman spin-off The Dreaming #22-24 written by Caitlin R. Kiernan saw Matthew Cable's return to human form, his uneasy reunion and final departure from his ex-wife Abby (now married to Swamp Thing) and Cable's restoration to his dream raven form. Matthew The Raven died in The Dreaming story "Foxes and Hounds" in issues #42-43, a fact that was later touched upon by the 2000 Swamp Thing Vertigo Secret Files Special. The final week of 1999 saw Swamp Thing teaming up with other Vertigo heroes from the DC Universe in the one-shot special Totems.

Third series

Brian K. Vaughan

Written by Brian K. Vaughan and drawn by Giuseppe Camuncoli in 2000-2001, the third series focused on the daughter of the Swamp Thing, Tefé Holland. Even though she was chronologically 11-12, the series had Tefe aged into the body of an 18 year old with a mindwipe in order to try and control her darker impulses, brought about by her exposure to the Parliament of Trees. Due to the circumstances under which she was conceived (Swamp Thing, possessing John Constantine, was not aware he was given a blood transfusion by a demon), she held power over both plants and flesh.

The idea of using a teenage female protagonist was a fresh one, but many long-time fans rejected the series, which cast Swamp Thing as a guest star in his own book. Also, many fans were wondering what happened to Swamp Thing's status as a Planetary Elemental, which culminated in the story being told in the pages of the 2000 Swamp Thing Vertigo Secret Files Special. Tefé's story was discontinued at Issue 20, whereupon after eating from the Tree of Knowledge she saw two visions of possible futures, and chose neither. Vaughan would later write the critically acclaimed Y: The Last Man and Ex Machina. Swamp Thing would not appear again until Mike Carey's run on Hellblazer in issues #184-185 and #192-193, leading into the fourth Swamp Thing series.

Fourth series

Andy Diggle / Will Pfeifer

The fourth series began in 2004, with rotating writers of Andy Diggle (#1-6), Will Pfeifer (#7-8) and Joshua Dysart (#9-29). In this latest series, Swamp Thing is reverted back to his plant-based Earth Elemental status after the first storyline, and he attempts to live an "eventless" life in the Louisiana swamps. Tefé, likewise, is rendered powerless and mortal.

Joshua Dysart

Meanwhile a rogue consciousness, calling itself the Holland Mind, was living in the Green. As of issue #15, botany professor Jordan Schiller, an influential man from Alec Holland's past has been summoned to the swamp by strange visions and memories, apparently manipulated by this rogue consciousness. The full purpose for this manipulation was revealed in issues #21-24. In sacrificing his power, Swamp Thing lost much of his Alec Holland personality. Now he is restored to his proper station and power and has resumed his romantic relationship with Abby, as of issue #25. Beginning with issue #21 onward, Eric Powell (The Goon) provides covers for the series.

The Floronic Man returns in #27-29, his mind splintered in the aftermath of Infinite Crisis. Issue #29 is the final issue of the fourth volume, which has been cancelled due to low sales numbers despite fan-supported efforts to save the series.

The Dysart series deals with the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in the last 12 chapters of the series. Most notable, is the fact that real estate tycoons had been wanting to develop the lower ninth ward of New Orleans.

Series writers

First series

• #1–13: Len Wein
• #14–18, 21-22: David Michelinie
• #19–20, 23: Gerry Conway
• #24: Gerry Conway/David Anthony Kraft

Second series

• Annual 1 (non-continuity): Bruce Jones, based on Wes Craven's screenplay.
• #1–13, 16-19: Martin Pasko
• #14–15: Dan Mishkin
• #20-61, 63-64, Annual 2: Alan Moore
• #59, 78, Annual 4: Stephen Bissette
• #62, 65, Annual 3, 66-76, 79-87: Rick Veitch
• #77: Jamie Delano
• Annual 5: Neil Gaiman
• #88–100 102-109: Doug Wheeler
• #101: Andrew Helfer
• Annual 6, #110–115, 117-125, 127-138, Annual 7: Nancy A. Collins
• #116, 126, 139: Dick Foreman
• #140–143: Grant Morrison and Mark Millar
• #144–171: Mark Millar

Third series

• #1–20: Brian K. Vaughan
• #1 Secret Files 2000: Brian K. Vaughan, Michael Zulli, Alisa Kwitney

Fourth series

• #1–6: Andy Diggle
• #7–8: Will Pfeifer
• #9–29: Joshua Dysart

Guest Appearances

• The Brave and the Bold #122: Bob Haney (between vol 1, #18-19)
• Challengers of the Unknown #81-87 (81 bts only/82 flashback only): Gerry Conway
• DC Comics Presents #8: Steve Englehart
• The Brave and the Bold #176: Martin Pasko
• DC Comics Presents #85: Alan Moore (between vol. 2 #39-40)
• Crisis on Infinite Earths #4: Marv Wolfman (between #43-44)
• Crisis on Infinite Earths #5: Marv Wolfman (simultaneous with pp 8-10 of #46)
• Crisis on Infinite Earths #10: Marv Wolfman
• Martian Manhunter #11: John Ostrander (between #56-57) (October 1999)
• Infinity, Inc. #46: Roy Thomas, Dann Thomas (between #69-70)
• Millennium #8: Steve Englehart (between #69-70)
• Captain Atom #16-17: Cary Bates, Greg Weisman (between #74-75)
• Hellblazer #9-10: Jamie Delano (surrounding #76)
• Black Orchid Vol. 1 #3: Neil Gaiman (between Annual #4 and #79)
• Firestorm, the Nuclear Man #90-93: John Ostrander, Tom Mandrake (between #90-91)
• Ambush Bug Nothing Special #1: Keith Giffen (between #117-118) (continuity questionable)
• New Titans Annual, Bloodlines Outbreak #9: Paul Witcover and Elizabeth Hand (between #126-127)
• Hellblazer #63: Garth Ennis (between #126-127)
• Black Orchid Vol. 2 #5: Dick Foreman (between #138-139)
• Vertigo Jam #1: Nancy A Collins (between #139-140)
• Guy Gardner: Warrior #29: Beau Smith (between #150-151)
• Batman #521-522: Doug Moench (between #159-160)
• Underworld Unleashed: Abyss - Hell's Sentinel #1: Scott Peterson (between #162-163)
• Guy Gardner: Warrior #39: Beau Smith (between #163-164)
• Green Lantern vol. 3, #81: Ron Marz
• Aquaman vol. 5, #32-33: Peter David
• The Spectre vol. 3 #62: John Ostrander
• V2K -- Totems #1: Tom Peyer
• Hellblazer #184-185, 189, 192-193, 200, 215: Mike Carey
• Infinite Crisis #6: Geoff Johns

Awards

Over the years, the Swamp Thing comic has been nominated for and won several awards. The series won the Shazam Award for Best Continuing Feature in 1973. Alan Moore won the 1985 and 1986 Jack Kirby Awards for Best Writer for Swamp Thing. Alan Moore, John Totleben, and Steve Bissette won the 1985 Jack Kirby Award for Best Single Issue for Swamp Thing Annual 2. They have also won the 1985, 1986, and 1987 Jack Kirby Awards for Best Continuing Series for Swamp Thing. Berni Wrightson won the Shazam Award for Best Penciller (Dramatic Division) in 1972 for his work on Swamp Thing. Len Wein won the Shazam Award for Best Writer (Dramatic Division) for his work on Swamp Thing. Len Wein and Berni Wrightson won the Shazam Award for Best Individual Story (Dramatic) in 1972 for "Dark Genesis" in Swamp Thing #1.

Collections

Earth to Earth paperback cover, copyright DC Comics.

Swamp Thing has so far been collected in the trade paperback collections published by Vertigo:

• 1970s material
  • Dark Genesis, 1st series #1-10 (paperback: ISBN 1-56389-044-5) (also available as The Secret of the Swamp Thing, published under the DC imprint in manga digest size ISBN-10: 1401207987; ISBN-13: 978-1401207984)
• 1980s material
  • Saga of the Swamp Thing, 2nd series #21-27 (paperback: ISBN 0-930289-22-6)
  • Love and Death, 2nd series #28-34 & Annual 2 (paperback: ISBN 0-930289-54-4)
  • The Curse, 2nd series #35-42 (paperback: ISBN 1-56389-697-4)
  • A Murder of Crows, 2nd series #43-50 (paperback: ISBN 1-56389-719-9)
  • Earth to Earth, 2nd series #51-56 (paperback: ISBN 1-56389-804-7)
  • Reunion, 2nd series #57-64 (paperback: ISBN 1-56389-975-2)
  • Regenesis, 2nd series #65-70 (paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0267-5)
  • Spontaneous Generation, 2nd series #71-76 (paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0793-6)
  • Infernal Triangles, 2nd series #77-81 & Annual 3 (paperback: ISBN 1-4012-1008-2)
• 2000s material
  • Bad Seed, 4th series #1-6 (paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0421-X)
  • Love in Vain, 4th series #9-14 (paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0493-7)
  • Healing the Breach, 4th series 15-20 (paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0934-3)

The Alan Moore run (save his first issue, Swamp Thing #20, which has yet to be collected in any shape and form) were released in the late 1980s in the UK as a series of black and white trade paperbacks, collecting #21-64. Because DC had been reluctant to reprint the complete Moore run, the trades became highly popular amongst fans of the series, which was fueled by the rarity of them due to them being only available overseas.

In film and television

Swamp Thing has appeared in two films, a live-action television series, and a short-lived animated cartoon. The first Swamp Thing film, made in 1982, was directed by Wes Craven. A sequel, The Return of Swamp Thing, was produced in 1989.

The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy episode "Herbicidal Maniac" featured a gag appearance by a dark blue Swamp Thing. While stalking Billy disguised as a bush, General Skarr wades through a swamp, only to be seen and carried away by a lovestruck Swamp Thing.

A television series would then air on the USA Network from 1990 to 1993. The series was filmed in the brand-new Universal Studios Florida facilities and soundstages. Actor/stuntman Dick Durock played Swamp Thing in both films as well as the TV series.

The Swamp Thing cartoon series produced by DiC Entertainment debuted on FOX Kids in April 1991, with Len Carlson providing the voice of the main character. Parodying The Troggs' song "Wild Thing," the opening theme song went "Swamp Thing! ...You are amazing!" Anton Arcane took the role of the main villain, along with his Un-men: Dr. Zeemo, Weedkiller, and Skinman. The animation style followed the trend of goofy, horror anti-heroes made for the children's audience such as Troma's Toxic Crusaders. Swamp Thing also had two friends name Tomahawk and Bayou Jack. Tomahawk was Native American and not the eponymous DC/Vertigo character Thomas Hawk, who was a soldier in the American Revolution rescued by Native Americans. However, FOX Kids cut the series short at only five episodes. It would re-air on the Sci-Fi Channel.Unlike most major DC characters, Swamp Thing never appeared on Justice League, or even The Batman (aside from a cameo appearance in an episode of Justice League Unlimited).

All of these incarnations of Swamp Thing rejected the popular Alan Moore revision of Swamp Thing's origin and portrayed Swamp Thing with his original origin as a man turned into a plant-like entity. They also heavily featured Anton Arcane, who now became the man responsible for causing Alec Holland's transformation into Swamp Thing.

None of these versions of Swamp Thing were very critically or commercially successful, but the live-action series developed a cult following. A moderate collection of merchandise was also produced for the cartoon and television series, including Kenner's action figure line, stickers, a board game, and green chalk resembling Swamp Thing (The label of the chalk is especially curious: text hovers above the little figurine with the words "I'm Chalk!").

There was also a Swamp Thing video game that was being made Game Boy and NES by THQ in 1992. It was never finished, though a beta version was released. In truth, it was nothing more than The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants, with different sprites.

Related creatures

DC Comics rival Marvel Comics had a strikingly similar rival to Swamp Thing in the 1970s with the Steve Gerber-scripted Man-Thing. Due to the close premieres of each comic (Man-Thing appeared a month earlier; DC has longer lead times but the Olsen story was routine rather than a new character launch, which would take longer), it is unlikely that either comic was directly derivative of the other - although in an interview Gerber noted that Wein and Man-Thing co-creator Gerry Conway were roommates, and had simultaneously came up with similar characters by coincidence. Gerber later asked Wein to describe the premise of Swamp Thing, and rewrote it to be as different from Wein's creation as possible. In between the Olsen story and the first Holland story, Wein wrote the second Man-Thing story, with art by Neal Adams. It was intended for Savage Tales #2, but when that comic went on hiatus, it was delayed until Astonishing Tales #12, after a relaxing of the Comics Code made Man-Thing (far less human and more violent than Swamp Thing) a permissible character, and after Swamp Thing #1 appeared.

Both the Swamp Thing and Man-Thing bear striking similarities to the Glob, a creature that appeared in The Incredible Hulk #121.

A very similar creature composed of plant life is featured in a Johnny Quest episode.

The best-known precursor to both characters was the shambling muck-monster The Heap, who first appeared in a 1942 Hillman comic. But the Heap (and consequently, both Swamp Thing and Man-Thing) may owe its existence to a 1940 horror story by Theodore Sturgeon titled "It", in which a shambling monster, made from decaying plant life and a human corpse, creates havoc for a farm household.

The Heap was mentioned by Alan Moore in his introduction of the Parliament of Trees, though never by name.

The Brazilian character Morto do Pântano ("Swamp Deadman"), created by Eugenio Colonnese two years before Swamp Thing, resembles in many ways Wein and Wrightson's creation. "Parliament of the Trees", a Moore-scripted Swamp Thing episode from 1986, includes visual nods towards these other "muck monsters" when various past and present plant/human "tree spirits" assemble together in the Amazon Rainforest.

Long-time DC comics villain Solomon Grundy shares an origin similar to the swamp monsters mentioned above, although his appearance differs greatly. During his run on Swamp Thing, Rich Veitch indicated that Grundy was "meant" to be a plant elemental, but his development was stunted and incomplete.

References in popular culture

Dave Sim's Cerebus parodied Man-Thing and Swamp Thing early on (issues #20-22) as "Sump Thing" and "Woman Thing." The creatures were later combined somehow into a three-headed entity also including the "artist chap" who had competed with Cerebus's artwork at the Iestan convention. The new, trifold entity appeared during Cerebus's Ascension to Heaven, referred to itself as "Fred, Ethel and the Little Fellow with the Hair" and was destroyed attempting its own Ascension.

The original Swamp Thing story is parodied in the Simpsons Treehouse of Horror comic (2005), in which Homer is killed by Moe (who is in love with Marge) while attempting to create a gelatin/beer fusion. Homer emerges as a beast made of lime gelatin, saving Marge from Moe as he is about to kill her, having discovered it was he who sabotaged Homer's experiment, presumably killing him. The story ends with Marge charging the local children money to drink the material of Homer's body as a means of income.

In the Justice League Unlimited episode titled "Initiation", an unknown creature aboard the Justice League Watchtower who is never identified looks remarkably similar to the Swamp Thing.

See also

• Arcane
• Black Orchid
• Brother Power
• Matthew Cable
• Deadman
• Etrigan
• Firestorm
• Floronic Man
• Green Man
• Solomon Grundy
• Hellblazer
• Abby Holland
• Tefé Holland
• Hyathis
• Naiad
• Nebiros
• Parliament of Trees
• Patchwork Man
• Phantom Stranger
• Poison Ivy
• Red Tornado
• Sandman
• Spectre
• Swamp man
• Swamp Thing (film)
• Un-Men
• Word

References

• The Continuity Pages: Swamp Thing
• DC Cosmic Teams: Swamp Thing Chronology
• Swamp Thing Annotations (Moore/Veitch Era)
• Arcane Knowledge: A Guide To The Swamp Thing TV Series
• Don Markstein's Toonopedia: Swamp Thing, Man-Thing and The Heap
• Consideration of Moore's tenure on Swamp Thing

External links

• Roots of the Swamp Thing (fan site)
• Swamp Thing IMDB
• Swamp Thing at TV.com