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The '''Annazid''' or '''Banu Annaz''' |
The '''Annazid''' or '''Banu Annaz''' or '''Al-Anazis''' ,([[990]]-[[1116]]), were a [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] dynasty that ruled a territory on the present-day [[Iran]]-[[Iraq]] frontier that included [[Kermanshah]],[[Ilam]], [[Hulwan]], ''Dinawar'' (all in western [[Iran]]), ''Sharazour'', ''Daquq'', ''Daskara'', ''Bandanijin''(Mandali), and ''No'maniya ''(in south-eastern [[Iraq]]). According to the Kurdish history [[Sherefname]], the title of the dynasty was ''Ayyar'' not ''Annaz'' [http://www.encislam.brill.nl/data/EncIslam/C4/COM-0544.html], therefore the alternative name '''Ayyarid''' is also used [http://kurdistanica.com/english/history/origin-e.html#Ayyarid]. |
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==Annazid Rulers== |
==Annazid Rulers== |
Revision as of 12:52, 9 November 2008
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The Annazid or Banu Annaz or Al-Anazis ,(990-1116), were a Kurdish dynasty that ruled a territory on the present-day Iran-Iraq frontier that included Kermanshah,Ilam, Hulwan, Dinawar (all in western Iran), Sharazour, Daquq, Daskara, Bandanijin(Mandali), and No'maniya (in south-eastern Iraq). According to the Kurdish history Sherefname, the title of the dynasty was Ayyar not Annaz [1], therefore the alternative name Ayyarid is also used [2].
Annazid Rulers
Abul-Fath Mohammad bin Annaz (r. 990-1011) was the founder of the Annazid dynasty and ruled in Hulwan. Political conflicts during his twenty-year rule led to clashes in the west with the Banu Oqayl(from whom he temporarily seized Daquq in 998) and the Banu Mazyad, as well as a campaign against Zahman bin Hendi, lord of Khanaqin, whose family he destroyed in 999. In the east, there was fierce competition between him and the Hasanwayhid Kurds (his relatives through marriage). In 1006, Badr bin Hasanuya aided by Abul-Hassan Ali bin Mazyad, sent an army of 10,000 men against Abul-Fath, who was compelled to seek refuge with the Buyid vizier, Amid-al-Joyus Abu Ali Hassan bin Abi Jafar in Baghdad. In a treaty concluded that year between the two Kurdish dynasties, Abul-Fath declared himself a Hasanwayhid vassal.
Hosam-al-Dawla Abul-Shawk (r. 1011-1046) was son of Abul-Fath Annaz. His thirty-six-year rule was filled with internecine strife as well as external conflict. As a result, the extent of his authority grew a great deal, sometimes reaching as far as Hilla and at other times contracting to a narrow region in present-day western Iran. He inaugurated his reign by checking an attack by the forces of the new Buyid vizier, Fakhr-al-molk, but he was compelled to retreat to Hulwan until a reconciliation was achieved. In 1029, he managed to defeat Shams-al-Dawla and stop the Seljuk Turks, after they seized Hamadan and attacked Dinawar and Asadabad. In 1029, Abul-Shawk defeated the Oqayl and took Daquq. In the period 1038-1039, he seized Kermanshah(Qarmisin) and captured its ruler (a Quhid Kurd). In 1040, his son Abul-Fath Abul-Shawk tried to capture territories belonging to Mohalhel but was defeated and captured. Mohalhel secured assistance from Ala-al-Dawla bin Kakuya, th eruler of Hamadan, and then he seized Dinawar, Kermanshah and other regions. Relations between Abul-Shawk and Mohalhel improved following the intervention of Jalal-al-Dawla, but Mohalhel's refusal to release Abul-Fath bin Shawk led to renewed hostilities in 1040 and 1042, but he failed to release his son, who died in captivity. During the seconf campaign in 1042, Mohalhel caused great damage in Sanda (Sanandaj).
In 1045, Toghrul Beg sought to capture Annazid territories. During the campaign, the Kurdish governor of Hamadan fled, and Abul-Shawk retreated from Dinawar to Kermanshah and then to the citadel of Sirwan. on the Diyala river, where a large number of Kurds rallied around him. Annazids where unable to stop the march of the Turks, which captured Hulwan and Mahidasht and attacked Khanaqin. Abul-Shawk died in the citadel of Sirwan in April 1046. His followers rallied around Mohalhel.
Mohalhel
The strife between the Annazid chiefs continued during the Mohalhel reign, especially when Sa'di bin Abul-Shawk sided with Yenal(half-brother of Toghrul Beg) against his uncle. Yenal seized Hulwan in 1046 in the name of Hasanwayhid Badr bin Taher bin Helal. After four years of attempted reconciliation between the Annazids and the Seljuk, Mohalhel met Toghrul Beg in 1050, who confirmed his rule over Sirwan, Daquq, Sharazur and Samagan and released his brother Sokrab.
Decline of Annazids
A declining Annazid rule can be traced for several generations. The last mention occurs in the seconf half of 12th century, when Sokrab bin Annaz became one of the rulers of Lorestan. According to the Kurdish historian Ali ibn al-Athir and Sharafnama, the Annazid era lasted 130 years.
List of Annazid Rulers
- Abul-Fath Mohammad bin Annaz.....................991-1011
- Husam al-Dawla Abu'l Shawk Faris ibn Muhammad... 1011-1046
- Muhalhil ibn Muhammad (in Shahrazur).............1011-1055
- Surkhab I ibn Muhammad (in Bandanijin)...........1011-1046
- Sa'idi ibn Faris (sporadic rule)..................1050-1055
- Surkhab II ibn Badr.......................... ? -1107
- Abu Mansur ibn Surkhab......................1107- ?
- Surkhab III ibn Annaz............................late 1100s
References
- Sharf Khan Bedlisi, Sharafnama, edited by V. Veliaminof-Zernof, 2 vols., St.Petersburg, 1860/1862.
- Cheref-namah ou Postes de la nation Kurde, translated by F.B. Charmoy, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1868/1875. (in French)
- Annazids, Kurdish Dynasty in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- List of Annazid Rulers