Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa: Difference between revisions
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==Operational history== |
==Operational history== |
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| ⚫ | [[Chiran high school girls wave kamikaze pilot.jpg|Nakajima Ki-43-IIaA Ki-43 III-Ko, piloted by 2nd Lt Toshio Anazawa and carrying a 250 kg bomb, sets off from a Japanese airfield for the [[Okinawa]] area, on a [[kamikaze]] mission, [[12 April]] [[1945]]. School girls wave goodbye in the foreground.]] |
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[[Image:Nakajima Ki-43-IIa.jpg|thumb|right|Nakajima Ki-43-IIa]] |
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The Ki-43 was the most widely-used Army fighter, and equipped 30 ''[[sentai]]'' (groups) and 12 ''[[chutai]]s'' (squadrons). The first version, Mark I, entered service in 1941, the Mark II in December 1942, the II-''Kai'' in June 1943, and the Mark IIIa in summer 1944. |
The Ki-43 was the most widely-used Army fighter, and equipped 30 ''[[sentai]]'' (groups) and 12 ''[[chutai]]s'' (squadrons). The first version, Mark I, entered service in 1941, the Mark II in December 1942, the II-''Kai'' in June 1943, and the Mark IIIa in summer 1944. |
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Revision as of 12:52, 9 March 2009
| Ki-43 Hayabusa | |
|---|---|
| File:Image:Nakajima Ki-43-IIa.jpg | |
| Nakajima Ki-43-IIa | |
| Role | Fighter aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Nakajima |
| First flight | January 1939 |
| Retired | 1945 (Japan) 1952 (China) |
| Primary users | Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Royal Thai Air Force |
| Produced | 1942–1945 |
| Number built | 5,919 |
The Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa (隼, "Peregrine Falcon") was a single-engined land-based fighter used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force in World War II. The army designation was "Type 1 Fighter" (一式戦闘機); the Allied codename was Oscar.
Design and development
The Oscar was designed to a set of similar specifications as those of the Mitsubishi Zero, but it was more lightweight and was even less rugged than its already flimsy naval counterpart. Known for its nimble handling and legendary for its performance in East Asia in the early years of the war, the Ki-43 was designed by Hideo Itokawa, who would later become famous as a pioneer of Japanese rocketry. Although the maneuverability of the prototype was quite good, some Japanese pilots complained that it was less maneuverable than the Ki-27 "Nate". This was remedied by Itokawa's addition of a unique 'butterfly' maneuvering aileron in the wings, which helped performance in tight turns, although some pilots still complained. The initial production version was given the designation Ki-43-I. In addition to outstanding maneuverability, the Ki-43-I had a very impressive rate of climb due to its light weight, with a top speed of 308 mph (495 km/h) at 13,160 feet (4000 m).
The Ki-43 was equipped with two cowling machine guns in various configurations, with either two 7.7 mm machine guns, one 12.7 mm Ho-103 heavy machine gun (machine cannon) and one 7.7 mm gun, or two Ho-103 12.7 mm guns; the aircraft was given various sub-designations to reflect these differences. The configuration that appears to have been most prevalent at the outset of the war was the latter configuration with two Ho-103 12.7 mm heavy machine guns, sometimes given the official designation Ki-43-I (Mark Ic).[1] The Ho-103 was often loaded with explosive ammunition to increase target effect; its penetrative effect against later Allied aircraft armour appears to have been marginal.[2]
Total production of the Ki-43 was 5,919 aircraft.
Operational history
[[Chiran high school girls wave kamikaze pilot.jpg|Nakajima Ki-43-IIaA Ki-43 III-Ko, piloted by 2nd Lt Toshio Anazawa and carrying a 250 kg bomb, sets off from a Japanese airfield for the Okinawa area, on a kamikaze mission, 12 April 1945. School girls wave goodbye in the foreground.]] The Ki-43 was the most widely-used Army fighter, and equipped 30 sentai (groups) and 12 chutais (squadrons). The first version, Mark I, entered service in 1941, the Mark II in December 1942, the II-Kai in June 1943, and the Mark IIIa in summer 1944.
Like the Zero, the Ki-43 initially enjoyed air superiority in the skies of Malaya, Netherlands East Indies, Burma and New Guinea. This was partly to do with the better performance of the Oscar[3] and partly due to the relatively small numbers of combat-ready Allied fighters, mostly the P-36, P-40, Brewster Buffalo, Hawker Hurricane and Curtiss-Wright CW-21 in Asia and the Pacific during the first months of the war. As the war progressed, however, the fighter suffered from the same weaknesses as the Ki-27 and the Mitsubishi Zero; light armor and less-than-effective self-sealing tanks, which caused high casualties in combat. Its armament of two machine guns also proved inadequate against the more heavily armoured Allied aircraft. As newer Allied aircraft were introduced, such as the Thunderbolt, Lightning, Mustang, Corsair, Hellcat and late model Spitfire/Seafires, the Japanese were forced into a defensive war and most aircraft were flown by inexperienced pilots.
The Ki-43 also served in an air defense role over Formosa, Okinawa and the Japanese home islands. Some examples were supplied to the pro-Japanese countries of Thailand, Manchukuo and Wang Jingwei Government as well. The Thai units sometimes fought against the USAAF in southern China.[4]
Hayabusas were well liked in the JAAF because of the pleasant flight characteristics and excellent manouevreability, and almost all JAAF fighter aces claimed victories with Hayabusa in some part of their career. At the end of the war most Hayabusa units received Nakajima Ki-84 Hayate ("Frank") fighters, but some units flew the Hayabusa to the end of the war. The top scorer with Hayabusa was Sgt. Satoshi Anabuki with 59 victories.
After the war some examples served in limited numbers in the French Air Force in Indochina against communist rebels.[5]
Variants
- Ki-43
- Prototypes and operative prototypes.
- Ki-43-Ia
- Variant armed with 2 × 7.7mmType 97 machine guns
- Hayabusa Fighter Type 1 of Army (Mark 1).
- Ki-43-Ib (Mark Ib)
- Variant armed with one machine gun Ho-103 of 12.7 mm and 1 × 7.7mm Type 97 machine gun
- Ki-43-Ic (Mark Ic)
- Variant armed with 2 × 12.7mm Ho-103 machine guns
- Ki-43-II
- Prototypes and evaluative models.
- Ki-43-IIa (Mark 2a)
- Ability to carry up to 500 kg of bombs
- Ki-43-IIb (Mark 2b)
- Radio equipment added
- Ki-43-II-KAI
- Modifications in cell structure
- Ki-43-III (Mark 3a)
- Prototypes powered by Nakajima Ha-115-II engine of 1,230 hp (920 kW)
- 2 45 gallon drop tanks (~3 hour full-throttle endurance)
- Ki-43-IIIa (Mark 3a)
- Series model
- Ki-43-IIIb (Mark 3b)
- Variant armed with 20 mm cannons.
- Ki-62 Project
- Advanced interceptor version of Nakajima Ki-43 with a powerful engine and armed with 30 or 40 mm cannons.
Operators
- Wartime
Japan
- Postwar
China
- Nationalist Chinese Air Force
- 6th Group
- Two squadrons operated captured aircraft.
- 6th Group
- Chinese Communist Air Force captured five aircraft in 1946 from nationalists. Aircraft were operated until their retirement in 1952.
- French Air Force operated captured aircraft in Indo-China.[6]
- Indonesian People's Security Force operated captured aircraft against Dutch colonial rule. On 29 July 1947, one aircraft from Maguwo Air Force Base, Yogyakarta was used for bombing Dutch strategic positions in Ambarawa, Salatiga and Semarang. However, Indonesia's Ki-43 failed to fly because of mechanical problems. One airplane saved as a display in Museum Dirgantara Udara Yogyakarta (near Adi Sucipto Airport).
- North Korean Air Force operated captured aircraft after the war.
Survivors
There is currently only one airworthy Oscar located at the Tillamook Air Museum. There are six survivors in potentially flyable condition [7]:
- Ki-43
- Owned by The Fighter Collection, Duxford UK and awaiting restoration.
- Ki-43-Ib N750N
- Owned by Paul Allen/Flying Heritage Collection, Arlington, USA. Former ZK-OSC restored to flying condition by Tim Wallis' Alpine Fighter Collection in the 1990s, not currently flying.
- Ki-43-IIb
- Seattle Museum of Flight
- Ki-43
- Four aircraft under restoration/rebuild at Texas Airplane Factory, Meacham Field, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
- Ki-43-IIb
- Tillamook Air Museum in Oregon.[8][9]
Specifications (Ki-43-II)
General characteristics
- Crew: One
Performance
Armament
- Guns: 2x 12.7-mm synchronized Ho-103 machine guns in the cowl with 250 rounds/gun (400 rpm rate each) or 1x 12.7 mm and 1x 7.7 mm Type 89 machine gun.
- Bombs: 2x 250 kg (550 lb) bombs
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists List of military aircraft of Japan
References
Notes
- ^ Dunn, Richard L., Nakajima Ki-43-I Armament: A Reassessment. 1st Article
- ^ Dunn, Richard L., Nakajima Ki-43-I Armament: A Reassessment. 2nd Article
- ^ Stanaway, John, Nakajima Ki.43 "Hayabusa": Allied Code Name "Oscar", Merriam Press (1998), ISBN 1576381412, 9781576381410, p.9
- ^ j-aircraft.com/research Royal Thai Air Force aircraft
- ^ Dorr and Bishop 1996, p.249.
- ^ French Counter-Insurgency Aircraft, 1946-1965
- ^ lbalders
- ^ 21st Century Oscars
- ^ Tillamook Air Museum
Bibliography
- Bueschel, Richard M. Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa I-III in Japanese Army Air Force RTAF-CAF-IPSF Service. Reading, Berkshire, UK: Osprey Publications, 1970. ISBN 0-85045-022-5.
- Bueschel, Richard M. Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa in Japanese Army Air Force RTAF-CAF-IPSF Service. Atglen, PA, Schiffer Books, 1995. ISBN 0-88740-804-4.
- Dorr, Robert F. and Chris Bishop. Vietnam Air War Debrief. London: Aerospace, 1996. ISBN 1-874023-78-6.
- Francillon, René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam & Company, 1979. ISBN 0-370-30251-6.
- Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters. London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (seventh impression 1973). ISBN 0-356-01447-9.
- Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files, Japanese Army Fighters, part 2. London, Macdonald and Janes's, 1977. ISBN 0-354-01068-9.
- Pajdosz, Waldemar, Mark T. Wlodarczyk and Adam Jarski. Nakajima Ki 43 Hayabusa "Oscar" (in Polish), Monografie Lotnicze 48. Gdańsk: AJ-Press, 1998. ISBN 83-86208-97-X.
- Skulski, Przemysław. Nakajima Ki 43 Hayabusa "Oscar", seria Pod Lupa no.11 (Polish/English). Wrocław: Ace Publications, 1999. ISBN 83-86153-98-9.
- Stanaway, John. Nakajima Ki.43 "Hayabusa" - Allied Code Name "Oscar". Bennington, VT: Merriam Press, 2003. ISBN 1-57638-141-2.
- Windrow, Martin C. and René J. Francillon. The Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1965.