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→‎Use of child soldiers: not clear on who inspired these children to come out in support of their northern bretheren
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<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article6868811.ece Yemen child soldier tells of his hatred for al-Houthi rebels]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article6868811.ece Yemen child soldier tells of his hatred for al-Houthi rebels]</ref>


In November 2009, over 400 children walked to the [[UNDP]] office in Yemen to protest against their abuse by the Houthis.<ref>[http://www.yobserver.com/local-news/10017635.html Yemen children renews protest al-Houthi-related child abuse.]</ref>
In November 2009, over 400 children walked to the [[UNDP]] office in Sana'a to protest against the abuse of the rights of children by the Houthis.<ref>[http://www.yobserver.com/local-news/10017635.html Yemen children renews protest al-Houthi-related child abuse.]</ref>


==Alleged Iranian involvement==
==Alleged Iranian involvement==

Revision as of 21:55, 6 January 2010

Sa'dah insurgency

Location of Sa'dah Governorate inside Yemen
DateJune 2004 -
Location
Sa'dah Governorate, Yemen
Status

Ongoing (fifth outbreak)

  • entry of Saudi Arabia, the United States and Jordan into the conflict in November 2009
Belligerents

 Yemen
 Saudi Arabia
alleged:
 Jordan[1]
 Morocco[2]

 United States[3]

Houthis (Al-Shabab al-Muminin)
alleged:
Iran (Quds Force)

File:Flag of Hezbollah.svg Hezbollah[4]
Commanders and leaders

President Ali Abdullah Saleh
Yemen Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Mujur
General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar[5]
General Amr Ali Mousa Al-Uuzali  †[6]
General Ali Salem al-Ameri  †[7]
Security Chief Ahmed Bawazeir  †[7]
King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud
General Khalid bin Sultan
Field Marshal Saleh Al-Muhaya
Jordan King Abdullah II
Morocco King Mohammed VI

United States Barack Obama

Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi  †
Abdul-Malik al-Houthi  †
Yahia Badreddin al-Houthi
Abdul-Karim al-Houthi
Badr Eddin al-Houti
Abdullah al-Ruzami #
Yousuf al-Madani  †
Mohammad Abd al-Salam
alleged:
Iran Ali Khamenei
Iran Ahmad Vahidi
Iran Ataollah Salehi
Iran Qassem Suleimani
Iran Heyder Moslehi
Iran Mohammad Ali Jafari
alleged:

File:Flag of Hezbollah.svg Hassan Nasrallah
Strength
30,000 in-theatre[8] 2,000-10,000 armed rebels[9]
Casualties and losses

Yemen:
1,000-1,300 killed and 6,000 wounded[10][11][12]
(Government claim)
2,200-2,800 killed and 8,000 wounded[13] (Independent estimates)
217 captured
(117 released)[13][14]
Saudi Arabia:
73 KIA[15][16]
470 WIA[15]

26* MIA/POW[15][16]		 3,700-5,500 rebels and civilians killed[13]
  • 12 of the 26 missing are believed to be dead[15] and 9 are believed to have been captured.[17]

The Sa'dah insurgency[18][19] is a civil war in Yemen. It began in June 2004 when dissident cleric Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, head of the Shī‘a Zaidiyyah sect, launched an uprising against the Yemeni government. Most of the fighting has taken place in Sa'dah Governorate in northwestern Yemen.

The Yemeni government alleges that the Houthis seek to overthrow it and to implement Shī‘a religious law. The rebels counter that they are "defending their community against discrimination" and government aggression.[20] The Yemeni government has accused Iran of directing and financing the insurgency.[21]

On August 2009, the Yemeni army launches a fresh offensive against Shia rebels in the northern Saada province. Tens of thousands of people are displaced by the fighting. The conflict took on an international dimension on October, 2009. Clashes break out between the northern rebels and Saudi security forces along the two countries' common border. The rebels accuse Saudi Arabia of supporting the Yemeni government in attacks against them. The Saudi government denies this.[22] Houthi leaders claim that US involvement in war started on 14 December when the US launched 28 air raids.[3]

Background

In 1962, a revolution in North Yemen ended over 1,000 years of rule by Zaydi Imams, a branch of Shia Islam, who claimed descendant from, the Prophet of Islam, Mohammed. Sa'dah, in the north, was their main stronghold and since their fall from power the region was largely ignored economically and remains underdeveloped. The Yemeni government has little authority in Saada. [23]

During Yemen's 1994 civil war, the Wahhabis, an Islamic group adhering to a strict version of Sunni Islam found in neighboring Saudi Arabia, helped the government in its fight against the secessionist south. Zaydis complain the government has subsequently allowed the Wahabis too strong a voice in Yemen. Saudi Arabia, for its part, worries that strife instigated by the Shia sect so close to Yemen's border with Saudi Arabia could stir up groups in Saudi itself.[23]

Although it has received little international coverage, the conflict essentially pits Yemen's Sunni-majority government against Shia fighters, a conflict that has added significance for many Arab countries worried about the rising influence of Shia-ruled Iran.[23]

The last five years of fighting against the armed Houthi group were sparked in 2004 by the government's attempt to arrest Hussein al-Houthi, a Zaydi religious leader of Shabab Al Mu'mineen and a former parliamentarian on whose head the government had placed a $55,000 bounty.[23]

Timeline

2004: First outbreak

From June to August 2004, government troops battled supporters of al-Houthi in the north.[24] Estimates of the dead range from 500 to 1,000.[13] In September, Yemeni forces killed al-Houthi.[25] Since then, the rebellion has been led by one of his brothers, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi.[26] His father, Badr Eddin al-Houthi, took over the position as the group's spiritual leader.[27]

2005: Second outbreak

Between March and April 2005, some 1,500 people were killed in a resurgence of fighting between government forces and supporters of the slain cleric.[13]

In May 2005, the rebels rejected an offer of a presidential pardon by President Ali Abdullah Saleh after their conditions for surrender were refused by the government and minor clashes continued. On May 21, the government released estimates of the impact of the rebellion, announcing that it was responsible for 552 deaths, 2,708 injures, and over USD 270 million in economic damages.[26]

In March 2006, the Yemeni government freed more than 600 captured Shī‘a fighters.[28] There was no data with regards to casualties in 2006, but they were said to be significantly lower than those of the previous year.[13]

On, 23 June 2005, the rebels' military commander Abdullah al-Ruzami surrendered to Yemeni authorities. after tribal mediators worked out a deal with the government.[27]

2007: Third outbreak

A new spate of fighting broke out on January 28, 2007, when militants attacked multiple government installations, killing six soldiers and injuring 20 more.[29][30]

Further attacks on January 31, left six more soldiers dead and 10 wounded.[31] A further ten soldiers died and 20 were wounded in an attack on an army roadblock near the Saudi Arabian border on February 1.[32] Though there was no official confirmation of militant casualties in the attacks, government sources claim three rebel fighters were killed in a security operation following the January 31 attacks.[33]

In February, the government launched a major offensive against the rebels involving 30,000 troops.[8] By February 19, almost 200 members of the security forces and over 100 rebels had died in the fighting.[34] A further 160 rebels were killed in the subsequent two weeks.[35] A French student was also killed.[36]

A ceasefire agreement was reached on June 16, 2007. The rebel leaders agreed to lay down arms and go into exile in Qatar (by whom the agreement had been mediated), while the government agreed to release rebel prisoners, help pay for reconstruction and assist with IDPs returning home.[37]

2008: Fourth outbreak

Armed incidents resumed in April 2008, when seven Yemeni soldiers died in a rebel ambush on April 29.[38] On May 2, 15 worshippers were killed and 55 wounded in a bombing at the Bin Salman Mosque in Sa'dah as crowds of people left Friday prayers. The government blamed the rebels for the bombing, but Houthi's group denied being responsible.[20][39] Shortly after the attack, three soldiers and four rebels died in overnight skirmishes.[40]

On May 12, clashes between Yemeni soldiers and rebels near the border with Saudi Arabia killed 13 soldiers and 26 rebels.[41]

President Saleh declared an end to fighting in the northern Sa’dah governorate on July 17, 2008.[42]

2009: Fifth outbreak

Main article: Operation Scorched Earth

Skirmishes and the clashes between the two sides during 2009 began in June. Nine foreigners were abducted in June while apparently on a picnic in Saada Province. The bodies of three of them, a South Korean teacher and two German nurses were discovered. Five Germans, including three children and a Briton, are still missing and their status is unknown. It is still unclear who is behind the kidnapping. Initial official statements said the group was apparently seized by Houthi rebels. However, Yemen's news agency later reported Houthi rebels accused drug cartels of abducting the group and killing the three. In addition, a spokesman for the rebels accused regional tribes of being behind the kidnappings and slayings.[43] Houthis also killed a Yemeni military commander named Colonel Aidarous Thabit al-Sabri and injured two of his bodyguards during an ambush as he was travelling through Sa'dah.[44]

A government committee criticised the fighters for not abiding by an agreement to end hostilities announced by the Yemeni president in July 2008. During July and early August 2009, local officials said the fighters had taken control of more of Saada province from government forces. They seized an important army post near Saada's provincial capital on a strategic highway linking the capital Sana with Saudi Arabia after 12 hours of intense combat.[45]

Yemeni troops, backed by tanks and fighter aircraft, launched a major offensive, code-named Operation Scorched Earth,[46] on the stronghold of the rebels in northern Yemen on August 11, 2009, after the government promised an "iron fist" against the rebels. Government forces fired missiles on the headquarters of Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, the rebel leader. The army also launched air, artillery and missile attacks on the Malaheedh, Mahadher, Khafji and Hasama districts.[45] On September 17, more than 80 people were killed in an air raid on a camp for displaced people in northern Yemen.[47]

The conflict took on an international dimension late in the month. Clashes were reported between the Houthis and Saudi security forces near the border.[48] Also, Yemeni officials captured a boat in the Red Sea that was transporting anti-tank shells and, according to some reports, five Iranian "instructors" sent to help the Houthis.[49] Various official Iranian sources responded, calling it a politically motivated fabrication and stating that the ship was traveling for business activities carrying no consignment.[50] In early November the rebels stated that Saudi Arabia was permitting Yemeni army units to launch attacks from across the border at a base in Jabal al-Dukhan, charges which were denied by the Yemeni government.[51] On late October heavy clashes in the area of Razih led to the Houthis capturing two military headquarters and killing Yemeni commander General Amr Ali Mousa Al-Uuzali[6] In early November General Ali Salem al-Ameri and regeonal security chief Ahmed Bawazeir were killed by a Houthi ambush as they were returning from Saudi Arabia.[7]

The conflict spilled into neighbouring Saudi Arabia for the first time since erupting in 2009 on November 4 when rebels shot dead a Saudi security officer in a cross-border attack. The rebels took control of a mountainous section inside Saudi Arabia, in the border region of Jabal al-Dukhan[48] and occupied two villages inside Saudi territory.[52][53] The kingdom’s news agency said that rebels had entered Saudi territory and attacked patrols, and that a second soldier later died from the same clash.[54][55] On November 5, Saudi Arabia responded by launching heavy air strikes on rebels in northern Yemen and moved troops nearer the border. Saudi government officials said only that the air force had bombed Yemeni rebels who had seized a border area inside the kingdom, which they said had now been recaptured. The officials said at least 40 rebels had been killed in the fighting. The Saudi government adviser said no decision had yet been taken to send troops across the border, but made clear Riyadh was no longer prepared to tolerate the Yemeni rebels.[54] The Saudi assault continued the following day, as Saudi residents near the southern border of Jizan Province were evacuated.[56] At the same time, a Houthi spokesman reported to the media that they had captured Saudi troops.[57] On 16 November, Yemen killed 2 Houthi commanders named Abbas Aaida and Abu Haider. On 19 November, Saudi forces took control of al-Malaheez, killing the local commander Ali al-Qatwani.[58]

Houthi leaders claim that US involvement started on 14 December when the US launched 28 air raids.[3] At least 120 people were killed and 44 injured by the alleged US air raids on the regions of Amran, Hajjah and Sa'ada in North Yemen, a Houthi leader was quoted as saying: "The US air force perpetrated an appalling massacre against citizens in the north of Yemen as it launched air raids on various populated areas, markets, refugee camps and villages along with Saudi warplanes, The savage crime committed by the US air force shows the real face of the United States. It cancels out much touted American claims of human rights protection, promotion of freedoms of citizens as well as democracy."[59] New air raids on 18 December killed 63 civlians, including 28 children and injured at least 90 people.[60] US President Barack Obama claimed he had authorised the strikes against al-Qaeda.[61] On 20 December, Saudi air strike killed some civilians. According to a spokesman for the Houthis, a Saudi attack killed 54 people in the town of Al Nadheer in the northern province of Saada. The group also claimed that Saudi forces were advancing on the nearby town of Zawa, also in Saada, and had launched more than 200 shells.[62]

On December 22, Acording to Houthi statement, they have managed to repulse Saudi Arabian forces trying to infiltrate into the province of Sa'ada in northern Yemen, killing an unspecified number of Saudi soldiers in a battle in the border region.[63] On the other hand, Saudi Arabia has given Yemeni infiltrators still hiding in the southern border village of Jabiriya 24 hours to vacate the area or face death.[64]

On 26 December 2009 it was confirmed that Abdul-Malik al-Houthi has been killed after 2 days from a heavy air strike from the Royal Saudi Air Force.

Use of child soldiers

Main article: Military use of children

UNICEF and Islamic Relief Worldwide were reported of condemning Al-Houthi rebels for abusing children by forcing them to fight for their cause.[65] [66]

In November 2009, over 400 children walked to the UNDP office in Sana'a to protest against the abuse of the rights of children by the Houthis.[67]

Alleged Iranian involvement

[dubious – discuss]

There have been a number of alleged Iranian involvements in the Sa'dah insurgency to aid the Houthis, including:

  • The Saudi and Yemeni governments both accuse Shia Iran of helping the Houthis. Iran, they say, has secretly landed arms on the Red Sea coast. In October, 2009, Yemen’s government said its navy intercepted an arms-carrying Iranian vessel. Yemen’s state-controlled press claims Houthi rebels have been trained in an Iranian-run camp across the Red Sea in Eritrea. Yemen’s president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, says members of Lebanon’s Iran-backed Hizbullah militia are teaching them. The Yemeni authorities also darkly note that the Houthis’ long-time leader, Hussein al-Houthi, who died in battle in 2004, used to visit Qom, one of Shia Iran’s holiest cities.[9] None of these accusations have yet been borne out by independent observers and the Iranians deny any involvement.
  • Alarabiya.net quoted well-informed sources as saying that "the president of the former South Yemen (Ali Salim al-Bidh) conducted a secret visit to the Lebanese capital Beirut last October (2009), and tried to contact figures close to Hizbullah aiming to win its support for the Huthi rebels, and for South (Yemen's) secession." The sources added that those Hizbullah-allied figures "informed al-Bidh that the party's top officials do not want to meet with him and that they do not approve the attribution of Hizbullah's name with what is happening in Yemen, or to appear as supporting to any rebellion." Ibrahim al-Mussawi, Head of Hizbullah's Media Unit, told Alarabiya.net that his party denies the report about an alleged secret visit.[68]
  • High-ranking officials from the Iranian Revolutionary Guard were said to have secretly met with Huthi rebels and Hizbullah in Yemen to coordinate joint military operations against Saudi positions along the border. Pan-Arab Asharq al-Awsat daily said Arab and Egyptian sources uncovered that a number of intelligence services in the region have learned of the three-way meeting which also aimed at developing a plan to escalate the military situation along the Saudi-Yemeni border. It said the high-level meeting which took place in November, 2009 was the most prominent evidence of "direct Iranian involvement" in the support of Huthi rebels financially, militarily and logistically.[69]
  • Yemeni Foreign Minister Abu Bakr al-Kurbi on 13 December, 2009 urged Tehran to crack down on Iranian groups he accused of aiding Huthi rebels in northern Yemen and held Iran's government partly to blame. He said: "Religious (Shiite) circles and groups in Iran are providing aid to the Huthis," However, Iran has repeatedly denied such accusations.[70]

Accusations of Saudi-Yemeni alliance with Al-Qaeda

In an interview with Iran-based Press TV, Yahya al-Houthi, Yemeni fugitive and brother of Houthi insurgency leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi[71][72], said that the Yemeni government is recruiting Al-Qaeda terrorists to fight the Houthis.[73] Houthi fighters have also accused Yemenis and Saudis of allying with Al-Qaeda.[74][dubious – discuss]

Participation of the United States

[dubious – discuss]

On December 2009, According to The New York Times, the United States has provided weapons and logistical support to Yemeni government strikes against suspected hide-outs of so-called Al Qaeda within its borders. The officials said that the American support was approved by President Obama and came at the request of the Yemeni government.[75] Houthis claimed in a statement that The US has used modern fighter jets and bombers in its offensive against the Yemen fighters.[3]

Houthi leaders however claim that US involvement started on 14 December when the US launched 28 air raids.[3] At least 120 people were killed and 44 injured by the alleged US air raids on the regions of Amran, Hajjah and Sa'ada in North Yemen, a Houthi leader was quoted as saying: "The US air force perpetrated an appalling massacre against citizens in the north of Yemen as it launched air raids on various populated areas, markets, refugee camps and villages along with Saudi warplanes, The savage crime committed by the US air force shows the real face of the United States. It cancels out much touted American claims of human rights protection, promotion of freedoms of citizens as well as democracy."[59] The Houthi claimed that new air raids on 18 December killed 63 civilians, including 28 children and injured at least 90 people.[60]

Humanitarian effects

In April 2008, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that the conflict had created 77,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Sa'dah Governorate.[76]

By order of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, the Saudis are to shelter and build 10,000 new homes for the war-displaced people.[77][78][79]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Canales, Pedro (3 December 2009). "Marruecos y Jordania envían tropas de élite para ayudar a los saudíes en Yemen". El Imparcial (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 December 2009.
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  38. ^ Reuters (2008-05-02). "Dozens of casualties in Yemen mosque blast". France 24. Retrieved 2008-05-23. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  39. ^ "Deaths in Yemeni mosque blast". Al Jazeera English. 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  40. ^ "7 die as Yemeni troops, rebels clash after mosque attack". The Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  41. ^ "Heavy clashes break out between Yemeni soldiers and Shiite rebels in nor". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  42. ^ "Yemen: Hundreds Unlawfully Arrested in Rebel Conflict | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  43. ^ By Mohammed Jamjoom CNN (2009-08-13). "Yemen lays out truce terms to rebel fighters - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2009-11-09. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  44. ^ "Rebel group kills over 300 Yemenis in one year in Saada". Yemen News Agency. 30 July 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  45. ^ a b "Middle East - Yemen targets northern fighters". Al Jazeera English. 2009-08-12. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  46. ^ "Middle East - Yemen denies warplane shot down". Al Jazeera English. 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  47. ^ "Middle East | 'Many killed' in Yemen air raid". BBC News. 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  48. ^ a b "Middle East | Yemen rebels 'seize Saudi area'". BBC News. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  49. ^ "Yemenis intercept 'Iranian ship'". BBC News. 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  50. ^ "Iran says documents prove Yemen ship had no arms". Press TV. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  51. ^ "Yemen rebels accuse Saudi". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  52. ^ "Riyadh continues air raids on northern Yemen". Press TV. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  53. ^ "Houthis Say they Will Withdraw from Saudi if Riyadh Ends Attacks". Naharnet (AFP). 23 December 09. Retrieved 29 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ a b "Saudi air force hits Yemen rebels after border raid - swissinfo". Swissinfo.ch. 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  55. ^ [1][dead link]
  56. ^ "Saudi forces keep up Houthi assault". Al Jazeera. 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  57. ^ "Yemeni rebels say capture Saudi soldiers: report". Reuters. 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  58. ^ "Saudi soldier, Houthi leaders killed in north Yemen". Press TV. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  59. ^ a b "US fighters pound Sa'ada, kill 120". Press TV. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  60. ^ a b "US air raids kill 63 civilians in Yemen". Press TV. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  61. ^ Ross, Brian. "Obama Ordered U.S. Military Strike on Yemen Terrorists". ABC News. Retrieved 29 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ Saudi air strike kills Yemen rebels as US drawn into fight
  63. ^ Houthis repel Saudi incursion into northern Yemen
  64. ^ Kingdom gives ultimatum to Yemeni intruders
  65. ^ Issue of child soldiers raised in Yemen
  66. ^ Yemen child soldier tells of his hatred for al-Houthi rebels
  67. ^ Yemen children renews protest al-Houthi-related child abuse.
  68. ^ Hizbullah Denies Report about Former South Yemen President Visiting Beirut to Demand Support for Huthis
  69. ^ Secret Meeting in Yemen between Iran, Huthi, Hizbullah Officials
  70. ^ Yemeni FM: Iran Must Curb Groups Aiding Huthi Rebels
  71. ^ Oudah, Abdul-Aziz (24 November 2009). "Parliament discusses Sa'ada War". Yemen Today. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  72. ^ Arrabyee, Nasser (27 October 2009). "Yahya al-Houthi put on trial". Yemen Observer. Retrieved 29 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  73. ^ "Saudi, al-Qaeda support Yemen crackdown on Shias". Press TV. 29 August 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  74. ^ "Yemeni gov, deal with al-Qaeda to crush Shia fighters". Shabestan News Agency. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  75. ^ Shanker, Thom (18 December 2009). "U.S. Aids Yemeni Raids on Al Qaeda, Officials Say". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  76. ^ "YEMEN: Rebel leader calls for international aid". IRIN. 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  77. ^ "Saudi king visits area of Yemen border conflict". Al Arabiya. 2 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  78. ^ "10,000 houses for Jazan displaced". Arab News. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  79. ^ "Saudi king orders construction of 10,000 houses for displaced people in south". Kuwait News Agency. 2 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
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