Tommy Douglas

The Hon. Thomas Clement Douglas

File:Tommymic.gif
Premier of Saskatchewan
Rank:	7th
Term of Office:	1944 - 1961
Predecessor:	William John Patterson
Successor:	Woodrow S. Lloyd
Date of Birth:	October 20, 1904
Place of Birth:	Falkirk, Scotland
Spouse:	Irma Dempsey
Profession:	Baptist minister
Political Party:	CCF/NDP

The Honourable Thomas Clement Douglas, PC , CC , SOM , MA , LL.D (October 20, 1904 – February 24, 1986) was a Scottish-born Canadian Baptist minister until becoming a democratic socialist politician.

As leader of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) from 1942 and the eighth Premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961, he led the first socialist government in North America and introduced universal public medicare to Canada. When the CCF united at the Canadian Labour Congress to form the New Democratic Party, he was elected as its first federal leader and served from 1961 to 1971. He is warmly remembered for his folksy wit and oratory with which he expressed his steadfast idealism, exemplified by his fable of Mouseland. He died at age 81 in 1986.

In 2004, he was voted "The Greatest Canadian" of all time in a nationally televised contest organized by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. His 'advocate' was George Stroumboulopoulos, then a VJ with Much Music and now the popular host of CBC News: The Hour.

He is the father of actress Shirley Douglas, and the grandfather of actor Kiefer Sutherland.

A miniseries was filmed between February and May of 2005 entitled The Tommy Douglas Story, and is scheduled to be aired on CBC in two parts on March 12 and 13, 2006.

Early life and activism

Douglas was born in 1904 in Falkirk, Scotland. In 1910, his family immigrated to Canada, where they settled in Winnipeg. As a child, Douglas injured his leg and developed osteomyelitis. The leg would have been amputated were it not for a doctor who saw the condition as a good subject to teach his students. This rooted Douglas's belief that health care should be free to all. During World War I, the family returned to Glasgow. They came back to Winnipeg in 1919, in time for Douglas to witness the Winnipeg General Strike.

In 1924, Douglas attended Brandon College to study for the ministry. While there, Douglas was influenced by the social gospel movement, which combined Christian principles with social reform. He graduated from Brandon College in 1930, and completed his Master's degree (MA) in Sociology from McMaster University in 1933. Following this, he became a minister at the Calvary Baptist Church in Weyburn, Saskatchewan. With the onset of the Depression, Douglas became a social activist in Weyburn, joined the new CCF party, and became a freemason. He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the 1935 federal election. After the outbreak of World War II, Douglas enlisted in the wartime Canadian Army. He had volunteered for overseas service and was on a draft of men headed for the Winnipeg Grenadiers when a medical examination turned up foot problems. Douglas stayed in Canada and the Grenadiers headed for Hong Kong. But for that ailment, he would have been with the regiment when its members were killed or captured at Hong Kong in December 1941.

Premier of Saskatchewan

Though he had been a Member of Parliament, Douglas after 1940 maintained an interest in provincial politics and became the leader of the Saskatchewan CCF in 1942. He led the CCF to power in the June 15, 1944 provincial election, taking 47 of 52 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.

As World War II continued through Douglas's first term as premier, the Government of Canada continued its policy of discrimination against Japanese Canadians. In addition to the Japanese Canadian internment, the government deported almost 4,000 Japanese immigrants and Canadians of Japanese descent back to war-torn Japan. In 1945, in response to a personal letter written to him, Douglas revealed that he did not object to the deportation of those Japanese Canadians who spoke their native tongue. Douglas was a lifelong defender of civil liberties and would later deplore the way that the Japanese Canadians had been treated. The 1945 letter revealing his feelings towards Japanese Canadians remains an inexplicable aberration.

Douglas and the Saskatchewan CCF then won five straight majority victories. Most of his government's pioneering innovations came about during its first term, including:

• the creation of the publicly-owned Saskatchewan Power Corp., successor to the Saskatchewan Electrical Power Commission, which began a long program of extending electrical service to isolated farms and villages;
• the creation of Canada's first publicly owned automobile insurance service, the Saskatchewan Government Insurance Office;
• legislation that allowed the unionization of the public service;
• a program to offer free hospital care to all citizens—the first in Canada.
• passage of the Saskatchewan Bill of Rights, legislation that outlawed discrimination based on gender and race (this preceded the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations by 18 months).

Thanks to a booming postwar economy and careful financial management, the Douglas government slowly paid off the huge debt left by the previous Liberal government, and created a budget surplus for the Saskatchewan government. Coupled with a federal promise in 1959 to give even more money for medical care, this paved the way for Douglas's most notable achievement, the introduction of universal medicare legislation in 1961.

Medicare

Douglas's number one concern was the creation of Medicare. In the summer of 1962, Saskatchewan became the centre of a hard-fought struggle between the government, the North American medical establishment and the province's physicians, who brought things to a head with a doctors' strike. The doctors believed their best interests were not being met and feared a significant loss of income as well as government interference in medical care decisions. Their defenders have also pointed out that private or government medical insurance plans covered from 60-63 per cent of the Saskatchewan population before Medicare legislation was introduced. An oft-forgotten political fact is that though Douglas is widely hailed as the father of medicare, he had retired from his position as Saskatchewan's premier, turned over this job in 1961 to Woodrow Lloyd and taken the leadership of the federal New Democratic Party.

Many had doubted the feasibilty of Medicare, but the CCF showed Canada how it could work—that the doctors could be brought to heel and that through careful financial planning, enough money could be set aside to set up a universal system. Proving it was possible on the provincial scale cleared the way for a national Medicare program.

While Douglas is often described as the "father of medicare" in Canada, the Saskatchewan program was finally launched by his successor, Woodrow Lloyd, in 1962. After seeing the success of the Saskatchewan experiment, Prime Minister Lester Pearson and the other provinces agreed to the creation of a national medicare program in 1968.

Federal NDP leader

When the CCF allied with the Canadian Labour Congress to form the New Democratic Party (NDP) in 1961, Douglas defeated Hazen Argue at the first NDP leadership convention and became the new party's first leader. Douglas resigned from provincial politics and sought election to the House of Commons in the riding of Regina, Saskatchewan in 1962, but was defeated. He was later elected in a by-election in the riding of Burnaby–Coquitlam, British Columbia.

Re-elected to that riding in the 1963 and 1965 elections, Douglas lost it in the 1968 federal election. He won a seat again in a 1968 by-election in the riding of Nanaimo–Cowichan–The Islands, British Columbia.

While the NDP did better in elections than its predecessor, the party did not experience the breakthrough it had hoped for. Despite this, Douglas was greatly respected by party members and Canadians at large as the party wielded considerable influence during the minority governments of Lester Pearson. In 1970, Douglas and the NDP took a controversial but principled stand against the implementation of the War Measures Act during the October Crisis.

Late career and retirement

In 1962, Douglas received an honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan. He resigned as NDP leader in 1971, but kept his seat in the House of Commons. He served as the NDP's energy critic under the new leader, David Lewis. He was re-elected in the riding of Nanaimo–Cowichan–The Islands in the 1972 and 1974 elections.

He retired from politics in 1979. In 1981, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 1985, he was awarded the Saskatchewan Order of Merit. In the mid 1980s, Brandon University created a students' union building in honour of Douglas and his old friend, Stanley Knowles.

He became a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada in 1984. In 1998, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.

Douglas died of cancer in 1986 at the age of 81 in Ottawa.

Artistic depiction

In the two Canadian Broadcasting Corporation mini-series about Pierre Trudeau, Trudeau and Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making, Tommy Douglas is portrayed by Eric Peterson. The upcoming biography mini-series, The Tommy Douglas Story, Douglas will be played by Michael Therriault.

External links

• Tommy Douglas and his Government 1944-1960
• Biography of Thomas Clement Douglas
• CBC Archives
• Order of Canada Citation
• Federal Political Biography from the Library of Parliament
• Douglas-Coldwell Foundation - Promoting Eduation and Research into Social Democracy