Haplogroup E-V38: Difference between revisions
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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[[File:Haplogrupo E-ADN-Y.GIF|thumb|right|310px|Map of Supra-Haplogroup E distribution]] |
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There exists a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution with respect to E1b1a-M2; in other words, the frequency of this haplogroup increases as one moves from East and North Africa toward West and Southern Africa.<ref name="Luis2004">{{cite journal|title=The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations|journal=The American Society of Human Genetics|date=2004 March|first=J.R.|last=Luis|coauthors=D. J. Rowold|volume=74|issue=3|id=PMID 14973781|doi=10.1086/382286|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B8JDD-4RBW515-R&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0feab96dcec628d2f90d4e8df0239acb|pmid=14973781|pages=532–44|pmc=1182266}}</ref> Consequently, there are lower frequencies in the [[Horn of Africa]], [[North Africa]], and [[West Asia]], where haplogroup [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] has higher frequencies. Some E1b1a lineages in these regions may possibly be related to the [[Arab slave trade]].<ref name="Luis2004"/><ref>Sanchez et al., [http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n7/full/5201390a.html High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males], Eu J of Hum Genet (2005) 13, 856–866</ref> In Egypt, E1b1a appears in approximately 3% of the male population,<ref name = "Luis2004" /><ref name = "Wood2005">Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret ''et al.'', "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)</ref> but it has been found in samples of Egyptians with frequency as low as 0% (0/73)<ref name = "Arredi2004">Barbara Arredi, Estella S. Poloni, Silvia Paracchini ''et al.'', "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 75:338–345, 2004</ref> and as high as 8% (3/36).<ref name = "Karafet1999">T. M. Karafet, S. L. Zegura, O. Posukh ''et al.'', "Ancestral Asian Source(s) of New World Y-Chromosome Founder Haplotypes," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 64:817–831, 1999</ref> In the [[Arabian Peninsula]], haplogroup E1b1a has been found in 7.6% of a sample of [[Saudi Arabia]]ns,<ref name="Abu-Amero">{{cite journal|title=Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions|journal=BMC Genetics|date=22 September 2009|first=Khaled|last=Abu-Amero|coauthors=Ali Hellani, Ana M González, Jose M Larruga, Vicente M Cabrera and Peter A Underhill|volume=10|issue=59|pages=59|id=PMID 19772609|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-10-59|format=online|accessdate=|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/10/59|pmid=19772609|pmc=2759955}}</ref> 7.4% of a sample of [[Oman]]is,<ref name = "Luis2004" /> 5.5% of a sample of [[United Arab Emirates|Emiratis]], 3.2% of a sample of [[Yemen]]is, and 2.8% of a sample of [[Qatar]]is.<ref name = "Cadenas2008">Alicia M Cadenas, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Luca L Cavalli-Sforza ''et al.'', "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 374–386</ref> The Somalian population is about 1.5% descendant of M2.<ref name="Sanchez">{{cite journal|title=High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=9 March 2005|first=Juan|last=Sanchez|coauthors=Charlotte Hallenberg, Claus Børsting, Alexis Hernandez and Niels Morling|volume=13|issue=7|pages=856–866|id=PMID 15756297|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n7/full/5201390a.html|format=online|accessdate=|pmid=15756297}}</ref> One study has found haplogroup E1b1a-M2(xM116.1, M155, M10/M66/M156, M149, M58, M154) Y-DNA in 3.4% (3/88) of a sample of males from [[Ethiopia]],<ref name = "Underhill2000">{{cite journal |author=Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, ''et al.'' |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–61 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11062480 |doi=10.1038/81685 }}</ref> but another study has not found any instance of E1b1a-M2 in a sample of 78 [[Oromo people|Oromo]] and 48 [[Amhara people|Amhara]] males from Ethiopia.<ref name = "Semino2002">{{cite journal |author=Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA |title=Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=265–8 |year=2002 |month=January |pmid=11719903 |pmc=384897 |doi=10.1086/338306 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)61301-9}}</ref> Haplogroup E1b1a-M2 has been found in 1.7% (2/117) of a sample of males from southern [[Iran]],<ref name = "Regueiro2006">{{cite journal |author=Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ |title=Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration |journal=Hum. Hered. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=132–43 |year=2006 |pmid=16770078 |doi=10.1159/000093774 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=HHE2006061003132}}</ref> 1.4% (2/139) of a sample of males from [[Iraq]],<ref name = "AlZahery2003">N. Al-Zahery, O. Semino, G. Benuzzi ''et al.'', "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations," ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' (2003)</ref> 1.4% (9/638) of a sample of males from [[Pakistan]],<ref name = "Firasat2007">Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin ''et al.'', "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek |
There exists a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution with respect to E1b1a-M2; in other words, the frequency of this haplogroup increases as one moves from East and North Africa toward West and Southern Africa.<ref name="Luis2004">{{cite journal|title=The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations|journal=The American Society of Human Genetics|date=2004 March|first=J.R.|last=Luis|coauthors=D. J. Rowold|volume=74|issue=3|id=PMID 14973781|doi=10.1086/382286|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B8JDD-4RBW515-R&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0feab96dcec628d2f90d4e8df0239acb|pmid=14973781|pages=532–44|pmc=1182266}}</ref> Consequently, there are lower frequencies in the [[Horn of Africa]], [[North Africa]], and [[West Asia]], where haplogroup [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] has higher frequencies. Some E1b1a lineages in these regions may possibly be related to the [[Arab slave trade]].<ref name="Luis2004"/><ref>Sanchez et al., [http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n7/full/5201390a.html High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males], Eu J of Hum Genet (2005) 13, 856–866</ref> In Egypt, E1b1a appears in approximately 3% of the male population,<ref name = "Luis2004" /><ref name = "Wood2005">Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret ''et al.'', "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)</ref> but it has been found in samples of Egyptians with frequency as low as 0% (0/73)<ref name = "Arredi2004">Barbara Arredi, Estella S. Poloni, Silvia Paracchini ''et al.'', "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 75:338–345, 2004</ref> and as high as 8% (3/36).<ref name = "Karafet1999">T. M. Karafet, S. L. Zegura, O. Posukh ''et al.'', "Ancestral Asian Source(s) of New World Y-Chromosome Founder Haplotypes," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 64:817–831, 1999</ref> In the [[Arabian Peninsula]], haplogroup E1b1a has been found in 7.6% of a sample of [[Saudi Arabia]]ns,<ref name="Abu-Amero">{{cite journal|title=Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions|journal=BMC Genetics|date=22 September 2009|first=Khaled|last=Abu-Amero|coauthors=Ali Hellani, Ana M González, Jose M Larruga, Vicente M Cabrera and Peter A Underhill|volume=10|issue=59|pages=59|id=PMID 19772609|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-10-59|format=online|accessdate=|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/10/59|pmid=19772609|pmc=2759955}}</ref> 7.4% of a sample of [[Oman]]is,<ref name = "Luis2004" /> 5.5% of a sample of [[United Arab Emirates|Emiratis]], 3.2% of a sample of [[Yemen]]is, and 2.8% of a sample of [[Qatar]]is.<ref name = "Cadenas2008">Alicia M Cadenas, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Luca L Cavalli-Sforza ''et al.'', "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 374–386</ref> The Somalian population is about 1.5% descendant of M2.<ref name="Sanchez">{{cite journal|title=High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=9 March 2005|first=Juan|last=Sanchez|coauthors=Charlotte Hallenberg, Claus Børsting, Alexis Hernandez and Niels Morling|volume=13|issue=7|pages=856–866|id=PMID 15756297|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n7/full/5201390a.html|format=online|accessdate=|pmid=15756297}}</ref> One study has found haplogroup E1b1a-M2(xM116.1, M155, M10/M66/M156, M149, M58, M154) Y-DNA in 3.4% (3/88) of a sample of males from [[Ethiopia]],<ref name = "Underhill2000">{{cite journal |author=Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, ''et al.'' |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–61 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11062480 |doi=10.1038/81685 }}</ref> but another study has not found any instance of E1b1a-M2 in a sample of 78 [[Oromo people|Oromo]] and 48 [[Amhara people|Amhara]] males from Ethiopia.<ref name = "Semino2002">{{cite journal |author=Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA |title=Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=265–8 |year=2002 |month=January |pmid=11719903 |pmc=384897 |doi=10.1086/338306 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)61301-9}}</ref> Haplogroup E1b1a-M2 has been found in 1.7% (2/117) of a sample of males from southern [[Iran]],<ref name = "Regueiro2006">{{cite journal |author=Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ |title=Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration |journal=Hum. Hered. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=132–43 |year=2006 |pmid=16770078 |doi=10.1159/000093774 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=HHE2006061003132}}</ref> 1.4% (2/139) of a sample of males from [[Iraq]],<ref name = "AlZahery2003">N. Al-Zahery, O. Semino, G. Benuzzi ''et al.'', "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations," ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' (2003)</ref> 1.4% (9/638) of a sample of males from [[Pakistan]],<ref name = "Firasat2007">Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin ''et al.'', "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek |
||
contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2007) 15, 121–126</ref> and 1.2% (1/81) of a sample of males from [[Istanbul]], Turkey.<ref name = "Cinnioglu2004">Cengiz Cinnioğlu, Roy King, Toomas Kivisild ''et al.'', "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia," ''Human Genetics'' (2004) 114 : 127–148</ref> |
contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2007) 15, 121–126</ref> and 1.2% (1/81) of a sample of males from [[Istanbul]], Turkey.<ref name = "Cinnioglu2004">Cengiz Cinnioğlu, Roy King, Toomas Kivisild ''et al.'', "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia," ''Human Genetics'' (2004) 114 : 127–148</ref> |
Revision as of 14:08, 1 July 2010
Haplogroup E1b1a or E-M2 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | approx 20,000-30,000 years BP[1] |
Possible place of origin | West Africa[1] |
Ancestor | E1b1 |
Descendants | E1b1a1, E1b1a2, E1b1a3, E1b1a4, E1b1a5, E1b1a6, E1b1a7, E1b1a8, E1b1a9 |
Defining mutations | DYS271/M2/SY81, M180/P88, P1/PN1, P46, P182, P189, P211, P293 |
Highest frequencies | Bamileke 96%[2]-100%[3], Ewe 97%[4], Ga 97%[4], Fante 84%[4], Mandinka 79%[4]-87%[1], Ovambo 82%[4], Senegalese 81%[5], Ganda 77%[4], Bijagós 76%[1], Balanta 73%[1], Herero 71%[4], Nalú 71%[1] |
In human genetics, Haplogroup E1b1a (M2) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup E3a. It can also be referred to with mutational nomenclature as E-M2.
It is sometime associated with Haplotype IV from Ngo and Lucotte nomenclature that is primarily based on TaqI 49a, f variants, which can be ‘‘translated’’ into biallelic counterparts such as E-M2. [6]
Origin
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/E1b1a_ancestry.png/310px-E1b1a_ancestry.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Niger-Congo.png/310px-Niger-Congo.png)
Haplogroup E1b1a is an important subclade of Haplogroup E1b1 in Africa, and is the dominant subclade in Sub-Saharan Africa.[7] It has been hypothesized that E1b1a originated in Northern Africa, spread to West Africa and then to Middle Africa with the Bantu expansion.[8] However, Rosa et al. (2007) while others suggest that it likely originated in and expanded from West Africa (i.e., the Sudanese Belt) within the last 20,000 to 30,000 years based on the fact that the frequency and diversity of E1b1a in this region are among the highest found.[1][9][10]
Although E-M2 lineages are found in Nilo-Saharan and Afro-Asiatic speaking people, it is often considered to be the signature Y-DNA for the Bantu expansion,in which the Bantu Languages are a subgroup of the Niger-Congo phylum. [1] Furthermore, E-M2 may be considered the signature y-DNA for the Niger-Congo phylum or languages because of its high frequencies and diversity in the Bantu and non-Bantu Niger-Congo languages, this means that E1b1a was probably the most common chromosome in West Africa when the Niger-Congo language emerged at least 15,000 YBP (years before present) and thus opens the possibility of an earlier migration and interaction with other E haplogroups in the wetter Sahara/Sahel in early Holocene.[11] [9][12]
Distribution
There exists a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution with respect to E1b1a-M2; in other words, the frequency of this haplogroup increases as one moves from East and North Africa toward West and Southern Africa.[3] Consequently, there are lower frequencies in the Horn of Africa, North Africa, and West Asia, where haplogroup E1b1b has higher frequencies. Some E1b1a lineages in these regions may possibly be related to the Arab slave trade.[3][13] In Egypt, E1b1a appears in approximately 3% of the male population,[3][4] but it has been found in samples of Egyptians with frequency as low as 0% (0/73)[14] and as high as 8% (3/36).[15] In the Arabian Peninsula, haplogroup E1b1a has been found in 7.6% of a sample of Saudi Arabians,[16] 7.4% of a sample of Omanis,[3] 5.5% of a sample of Emiratis, 3.2% of a sample of Yemenis, and 2.8% of a sample of Qataris.[17] The Somalian population is about 1.5% descendant of M2.[18] One study has found haplogroup E1b1a-M2(xM116.1, M155, M10/M66/M156, M149, M58, M154) Y-DNA in 3.4% (3/88) of a sample of males from Ethiopia,[19] but another study has not found any instance of E1b1a-M2 in a sample of 78 Oromo and 48 Amhara males from Ethiopia.[5] Haplogroup E1b1a-M2 has been found in 1.7% (2/117) of a sample of males from southern Iran,[20] 1.4% (2/139) of a sample of males from Iraq,[21] 1.4% (9/638) of a sample of males from Pakistan,[22] and 1.2% (1/81) of a sample of males from Istanbul, Turkey.[23]
The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade brought a significant number of men from West and Middle Africa to the Americas who had the M2 SNP. It has been observed at a frequency of 82% in United States men of paternal African descent.[7] In the northeast state of Bahia, Brazil, E1b1a was found at 18% of the state's sample tested male population.[24]
Subclades of E1b1a
The E1b1a subclades E1b1a7 and E1b1a8 are widely found throughout West Africans. However, according to Karafet, E1b1a9 has been found only in one Gambian. The haplogroups E1b1a2, E1b1a3, E1b1a4, E1b1a5, and E1b1a6 are quite uncommon as well.[25]
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree [26] and subsequent published research.
- E1b1a (M2, P1, M180 [P88], P46, P182, P189, P211, P293)
- E1b1a1 (M58)
- E1b1a2 (M116.2)
- E1b1a3 (M149)
- E1b1a4 (M154)
- E1b1a5 (M155)
- E1b1a6 (M10, M66, M156, M195)
- E1b1a7 (M191/P86, U186, P253/U247)
- E1b1a7a (P252/U174)
- E1b1a7a1 (P9.2)
- E1b1a7a2 (P115)
- E1b1a7a3 (P116)
- E1b1a7a3a (P113)
- E1b1a7a (P252/U174)
- E1b1a8 (U175)
- E1b1a8a (U209, P277, P278)
- E1b1a8a1 (U290)
- E1b1a8a1a (U181)
- E1b1a8a1a1 (L97)
- E1b1a8a1a (U181)
- E1b1a8a2 (P59)
- E1b1a8a1 (U290)
- E1b1a8a (U209, P277, P278)
- E1b1a9 (P268, P269)
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rosa et al. (2007), Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective, BMC Evolutionary Biology (2007), 7:124 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124
- ^ Fulvio Cruciani, Piero Santolamazza, Peidong Shen et al., "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes," American Journal of Human Genetics 70:1197–1214, 2002
- ^ a b c d e Luis, J.R. (2004 March). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations". The American Society of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781. PMID 14973781.
{{cite journal}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret et al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)
- ^ a b Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (2002). "Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (1): 265–8. doi:10.1086/338306. PMC 384897. PMID 11719903.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Keita et al. (2010), Letter to the editor: Commentary on the Fulani - History, genetics, and linguistics, an adjunct to Hassan et al., 2008
- ^ a b Sims et al. (2007), Sub-Populations Within the Major European and African Derived Haplogroups R1b3 and E3a Are Differentiated by Previously Phylogenetically Undefined Y-SNPs, HUMAN MUTATION Mutation in Brief #940 (2007) Online
- ^ http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpE09.html Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2009
- ^ a b http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/AJHG_2004_v74_p1023-1034.pdf Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area
- ^ https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my031, Genographic Project e3a-m2 map
- ^ Kruper et al. (2006), http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/313/5788/803 Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution
- ^ Hünemeier, Tábita (06 Jun 2007). "Niger-Congo speaking populations and the formation of the Brazilian gene pool: mtDNA and Y-chromosome data". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 133 (2): 854–867. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20604. PMID 17427922. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
{{cite journal}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Sanchez et al., High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males, Eu J of Hum Genet (2005) 13, 856–866
- ^ Barbara Arredi, Estella S. Poloni, Silvia Paracchini et al., "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa," American Journal of Human Genetics 75:338–345, 2004
- ^ T. M. Karafet, S. L. Zegura, O. Posukh et al., "Ancestral Asian Source(s) of New World Y-Chromosome Founder Haplotypes," American Journal of Human Genetics 64:817–831, 1999
- ^ Abu-Amero, Khaled (22 September 2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions" (online). BMC Genetics. 10 (59): 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609. PMID 19772609.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Alicia M Cadenas, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Luca L Cavalli-Sforza et al., "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 374–386
- ^ Sanchez, Juan (9 March 2005). "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males" (online). European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 856–866. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390. PMID 15756297. PMID 15756297.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA; et al. (2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nat. Genet. 26 (3): 358–61. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Hum. Hered. 61 (3): 132–43. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ N. Al-Zahery, O. Semino, G. Benuzzi et al., "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations," Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2003)
- ^ Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 121–126
- ^ Cengiz Cinnioğlu, Roy King, Toomas Kivisild et al., "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia," Human Genetics (2004) 114 : 127–148
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suggested) (help) - ^ Karafet, T. et al.: 2008, May "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", "Genome Research" volume 18(5), page 834.
- ^ Karafet et al. 2008