Greeks

For other uses of the name "Greek", see Greek (disambiguation)

Greeks

Regions with significant populations
Greece:    10,171,906 [2001 Census] Cyprus:    689.471 [2001 Census Government controlled area] United States:    1,153,307 [2000 Census] Australia:    375,703 [2001 Census] Germany:    316,000[1] Georgia:    15,500 [2002 Census] Canada:    215,105 [2001 Census] United Kingdom:    200,000 77.156 born in Cyprus,30.000 born in Greece [2001 UK Census] Total est by BBC is 200.000. Russian Federation:    128,000[2] Albania:    106,000 [3% of total population] Ukraine:    92,000 [3] Uzbekistan: 9,500 [4] South Africa 50.000 [2002 est]
Languages
Greek
Religion
Greek Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Atheism
Related ethnic groups
Other Indo-European ethnic groups

The Greeks are an ethnic group found in the southern Balkan peninsula of southestern Europe and are speakers of the Greek language. Greeks primarily live in Greece and Cyprus. There are also native Greek minorities from southern Italy to the Caucasus and Diaspora communities in a number of other countries.

Identity of the Greek people

The modern Greeks consider themselves to be the inheritors of the ancient Greek and Byzantine civilizations and cultures. Historically, the very definition of Greekness has varied, but with the rise of the nation-state, in the 19th century, it was redefined along the lines of what some people call romantic nationalism.

Classical and Roman

File:Ac.thebeskouros.jpg

Kouros of the Archaic period, Thebes Archaeological Museum

Herodotus states that the Athenians declared, before the battle of Plataea, that they would not go over to Mardonius, because in the first place, they were bound to avenge the burning of the Acropolis; and, secondly, they would not betray their fellow Greeks, to whom they were bound by:

• A common language¹ (the use of one of the dialects of the Greek language)
• Common blood² (descent from Hellen, son of Deucalion)
• Common shrines, statues and sacrifices (practice of the ancient Greek religion)³ and
• Common habits and customs. 

As Thucydides observes, the name of Hellas spread from a valley in Thessaly to the Greek-speaking peoples after the formation of the text of Homer (the Panellenes of Il. 2.530 are the troops of Thessaly, contrasting with the Achaeans), not long before his own time. This places the idea in the Archaic period, when Greek-speakers discovered that the world was wider, wealthier, and more cultured than they had hitherto imagined. Homer's Trojan War is, indeed, a conflict among Greeks: the Trojans speak Greek (although most modern historians believe they were more likely a Hittite people), bear Greek names, and worship the Greek gods; and Priam is descended from Zeus (see Alaksandus). The Carians are the only people Homer considers barbarophonoi.

Nor did the late and schematic myth of the sons of Hellen ever convince other mythographers to comply with it. Theseus is descended from Erechtheus, son of the Earth; Oedipus from the Phoenician Cadmus; Agamemnon from Phrygian Pelops; Heracles and Perseus from Egyptian Danaus. Whole cities were not descended from Hellen: Athens, Lemnos, and the Cretans were Pelasgian; and 1 Maccabees 12:21 asserts that the Spartans are children of Abraham.

The myth of Hellen combined into one group the smaller tribes that participated in the Delphic Amphictyon, such as the Aeolians, the Achaeans, and the Dorians. Traces of the older distinctions remained; Dorians were forbidden in the Parthenon; although the Spartan king Cleomenes I claimed this did not apply to him — as a descendant of Heracles, he was an Achaean. As in this example, the Greeks almost always reckoned descent through the male line.

So the exact nature of Greek identity has been an open question since ancient times. It has not become clearer with time: descent is at best a matter of tradition, and the Greeks have altered their language, religion, and customs since Herodotus. Nevertheless, there has been, in practice, a continuous Greek identity since ancient times, containing at least those who were born Greek and who had citizenship in a Greek city, or membership of a Greek community.

As early as the 5th century BC, Isocrates, after speaking of common origin and worship, says: "the name Hellenes suggests no longer a race but an intelligence, and... the title Hellenes is applied rather to those who share our culture than to those who share a common blood". Panegyric 4.50.

After the 4th century BC, Greek became the lingua franca of the East Mediterranean region and was widely spoken by educated non-Greeks.

Byzantine and Ottoman

The 11th-century Trebizond Gospel was commissioned by the Komnenoi family of Byzantine emperors.

After the creation of the Eastern Roman Empire, Greek culture shifted from Hellenic (Greek pagan) to Roman (Greek paganism fused with Christianity), and the word "Hellene" became associated with the pagan past. All Roman citizens, and thus all subjects of the Byzantine Empire, were Roman. Distinctions between nationalities among the citizens of the Eastern Roman Empire did not become extinct, but became secondary to religious considerations as the renewed Empire used Christianity to maintain its cohesion. However, the Eastern Roman Empire was dominated by the Greek element to such an extend that Emperor Heraclius (575-641AD) decided to make Greek the official language of the empire. From this point thereafter the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused in the East.

Nonetheless, it was religion that divided the Empire from the Muslims; and, along different lines, it came to divide the Empire from the Franks, Armenians, Copts, and Syrians.

Pure Greek nationalism re-emerged in the 12th century within specific circles and became more forcefull after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, and the establishment of a number of Greek kingdoms (such as the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus). When the empire was revived in 1261, it became essentially a Greek national state. Adherence to Greek Orthodox rites became the defining characteristic of the Greek people.

Under the Ottoman Empire, religion was the defining characteristic of "national" groups (millet), so "Greeks" were defined by the Ottomans as members of the Greek Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or origin. Conversely, those who adopted Islam during that period were considered 'Turks', regardless of their language or origin. Thus Alexander Ypsilanti expected the Moldavians and Wallachians, being Greek Orthodox, to rise for Greek independence; but they did not.

Modern independence

This strong relation between Greek national identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the modern Greek state in 1830, and when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity. However, in many important respects, the Greek state adhered from its founding to remarkably secular principles. For instance, Jews were granted full citizens rights in 1830, the year Greece's independence was formally recognized, thus making Greece the second state in Europe (after France) with an emancipated Jewish community.

Today, the deeper integration of Greece into the Western strategic system and the effects of migration (both emigration from Greece in the 1950s and 1960s, and immigration into Greece in more recent years) have led to a perception of multiculturalism similar to that of other Western European nations.

Names used for the Greek people

Main Article: Names of the Greeks.

Family group on a grave marker from Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Athens

Throughout the centuries, the Greeks have been known by a number of names, including:

• Hellenes (Έλληνες) - In mythology, Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, received from the nymph Orseis three sons, Aeolus, Dorus and Xuthus, each of which founded a primary tribe of Hellas; Aeolians, Dorians, Achaeans and Ionians. Originally, only a small tribe in Thessaly were called Hellenes, but the word soon extended to the rest of the peninsula and came to represent all Greek people. In early Christian times it was sometimes used to mean "pagans". It remains in Greece today, the primary national name.
• Greeks (Γ�?αικοί) - In mythology, Graecus was the brother of Latinus and niece to Hellen. It was the name of a Boeotian tribe that migrated to Italy in the 8th century BC and probably through contact with natives there brought the term to represent all Hellenes, which then established itself in Italy and in the West in general.
• Romioi (Ρωμιοί) - Romans is the political name by which the Greeks were known during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The name originally signified the inhabitants of the city of Rome in Italy, but with the elevation of the Greeks in the Roman Empire, it soon lost its connection with the Latins. Emperor Caracella granted all free people in the Roman Empire citizenship, but the Greeks transmogrified the term Roman into the term Romaion. The term was created in order to establish a dualistic connotation that represented the Greeks' Roman citizenship and their Hellenic ancestry. The word Romaions came to represent the Greek inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire. It remains still in use today in Greece, being the most popular national name after Hellene.
• Yunani (Ίωνες) - Yunani, from the Persian Yauna, itself a transliteration of the Greek Ionia, is the name by which the Greeks are known in the East today. The term became established in the ancient Middle East from the Persians, who in contact with the Ionian tribes in western Asia Minor in the 6th century BC, extended the name to all Hellenes.
• Achaeans, Argives, and Danaans are names used interchangeably by Homer, to signify the Greek allied forces.

History of the Greeks

The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece itself. While Greeks have migrated away from Greece for many centuries, historically these colonists or emigrants remained close to their homeland.

During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria,and Egypt.

During the 20th century, a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada,and elsewhere created a Greek diaspora which, in many ways, has developed a cultural identity separate from that of the Greeks who remained home.

Modern and ancient Greeks

Most modern ethnologists believe that there is a strong and continuous tradition linking ancient and modern Greeks genetically, linguistically and culturally over the millenia, though, of course, there have also been significant contributions to Greek language and culture from other peoples. Some sources hold that the modern Greeks are descended from the ancient Greeks alone; this view (which ignores, for example, the Italian resettlement of Corinth under Julius Caesar), is an overreaction to the discredited, racist, nineteenth-century view that the two were not related at all. The facial recostruction of skeletons found in ancient tombs, combined with genetic and anthropological studies shows that the ethnic elements of ancient Greece (which, apropos, proved to be highly heterogeneous), remain in the modern population.

Greeks around the world

Outside Greece and Cyprus, there are approximately 3 million Greeks in the Diaspora. Large Greek communities can be found in a number of countries:

• United States: 1,153,295 (2000 Census). See Greek-Americans.
• Germany: 316,000 (2004, foreign population)
• Canada: 215.105 [2001 Census] See Greek Canadians
• Australia: 375.703 [2001 Census] 260,000 speak Greek at home (1996 Census); 336,782 self-reported Greek origin (1996} Census[5]). See Greek-Australians
• United Kingdom: 200.000 BBC 2001, 77.156 born in Cyprus,30.000 born in Greece [2001 UK Census]
• Albania: 106.000 [World Almanac Book of Facts 2001] 36,000-280,000 by different estimates: 36,000 (Albanian Institute of Statistics, reported by US Dept. of State, 2005); 62,500 (Albanian census, ibid., 1989); 100,000 (CIA World Factbook, 1989); 150,000 (Greek Helsinki Monitor estimate, 1994); 280,000 (Greek estimate reported by Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, 2004).
• Former Soviet Union: Approx. 200,000 remain; 1989 Soviet Union Census 358.000 Greeks in all Republics.

Significant Greek communities can also be found in: Argentina (c.30,000), Austria (c.4,500), Italy (c.50.000 in "Grecia Salentina" speaking a Greco-italian dialect called Griko), Belgium (c.35,000), Brazil (c.30,000), Bulgaria (c.28,500), Egypt (c.4,000), France (c.20,000), Hungary (c.5,000), Kazakhstan (c.12,000), Netherlands (c.12,500), New Zealand (c.4,500), Romania (c.6,500), Sweden (c.15,000), Switzerland (c.11,000), South Africa (c.50,000), Turkey (1.500 Christian Orthodox in Istanbul), Uzbekistan (c.9,000) and Zambia (c.1,000).

Timeline of Greek migrations

Various events in this timeline are disputed by one theory or another. Some key historical events have also been included for context, but this timeline is not intended to cover history not related to migrations. There is more information on the historical context of these migrations in History of Greece.

• Pre-20th century BC — Greek tribes migrate into the Balkans.
• 20th century BC — Settlement into Macedonia, establishment of some settlements in peninsular Greece.
• 17th century BC — Decline of Minoan civilization, possibly due to the eruption of Thera. Settlement of Achaeans and Ionians in the Greek peninsula (Mycenaean civilization).
• 13th century BC — First colonies established in Asia Minor.
• 11th century BC — Doric tribes move into peninsular Greece.
• 9th century BC — Major colonization of Asia Minor.
• 8th century BC — First colonies established in Sicily and Southern Italy.
• 6th century BC — Colonies established across the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
• 4th century BC — Campaign of Alexander the Great; colonies established in Egypt and the Middle East.
• 2nd century BC — Conquest of Greece by the Roman Empire.
• 4th century — Establishment of Eastern Roman Empire. Migrations of Greeks throughout the Empire, and of non-Greeks into Greece over the next 6 centuries.
• 13th century — Eastern Empire dissolves, Constantinople taken by the West; reconquered after a long struggle, but fragments remain separated.
• 15th century — Conquest of Greece by the Ottoman Empire. Greek diaspora into Europe begins. Turkish settlements in Greece.
• 1830s — Creation of the Modern Greek State. Immigration to the New World begins.
• 1910s — Genocide of Pontian Greeks; approximately 350,000 killed.
• 1913 — Macedonia partitioned; Unorganized migrations of Greeks, Bulgarians and Turks towards their respective states.
• 1919 — Treaty of Neuille; Greece and Bulgaria exchange populations, with some exceptions.
• 1923 — Treaty of Lausanne; Greece and Turkey agree to exchange populations with limited exceptions.
• 1947 — Communist regime in Romania begins evictions of the Greek community, approx. 75,000 migrate.
• 1948 — Greek Civil War. Tens of thousands of Greek communists and their families flee into Eastern Bloc nations. Thousands settle in Tashkent.
• 1950s — Massive emigration of Greeks to West Germany, the United States, Australia, Canada, and other countries.
• 1955 — Istanbul Pogrom against Greeks. Exodus of Greeks from the city accelerates; less than 2000 remain today.
• 1958 — Large Greek community in Alexandria flees Nasser's regime in Egypt.
• 1960s — Republic of Cyprus created, as a joint Greek–Turkish state. Economic emigration continues.
• 1974 — Turkish invasion of Northern Cyprus. Almost all Greeks living in northern Cyprus flee to the south; many flee to the United Kingdom.
• 1980s — Many civil war refugees allowed to remigrate to Greece. Reverse migration of Greeks from Germany also begins.
• 1990s — Collapse of Soviet Union. Approx. 100,000 ethnic Greeks migrate from Georgia, Armenia and southern Russia to Greece. Approx. 500,000 people migrate from Albania, a percentage of whom are ethnic Greeks.
• 2000 — Greece fully implements the Schengen Treaty.
• 2000s — Some statistics indicate the beginning of a trend of reverse migration of Greeks from the United States and Australia.

Footnotes

¹In Greek: homoglosson (ὁμόγλωσσον) +

²In Greek: homaimon (ὅμαιμον)

³Compare the Christian Greek and Demotic term omothriskon (ὁμόθ�?ησκον).

⁴Includes non-Greeks born in Greece; excludes Greeks not born in Greece; excludes second-generation Greek-Canadians.

Miscellaneous topics

• Greece
• History of Greece
• Ancient Greece
• Greek mythology
• Hellenistic civilization
• Byzantine Empire
• Byzantium
• Pontian Greeks
• Pontus
• Philhellenism
• List of Greeks
• Greek Cypriots
• Greek American
• Greek Canadians
• Greek Australian
• Greeks in Great Britain
• Greeks in Romania
• Cyprus
• Macedonia

Bibliography

• Peter Mackridge, Eleni Yannakakis, eds., Ourselves and Others : The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity since 1912, 1997, ISBN 1859731333.

External links

• Greeks on Greekness: The Construction and Uses of the Greek Past among Greeks under the Roman Empire, a conference on how Greeks imagined Greekness in relation to the past during the first two centuries of the Roman Empire.