Jump to content

K-pop: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m Reverted edits by 72.68.140.93 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)
Line 6: Line 6:
| stylistic_origins = [[Pop music|Pop]] • [[Dance music|Dance]] • [[Synthpop|Electropop]] • [[hip hop music|Hip hop]] • [[rock music|Rock]] • [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] • [[Electronic music|Electronic]]
| stylistic_origins = [[Pop music|Pop]] • [[Dance music|Dance]] • [[Synthpop|Electropop]] • [[hip hop music|Hip hop]] • [[rock music|Rock]] • [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] • [[Electronic music|Electronic]]
| cultural_origins = Nominally early 1990s [[South Korea]]; trace the roots to 1960s
| cultural_origins = Nominally early 1990s [[South Korea]]; trace the roots to 1960s
| instruments = [[Singing|Vocals]] • [[Rapping]] • [[Drum machine]], [[Drum pad]] • [[Drum kit|Drums]] • [[Bass guitar|Electric bass]] • [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboards]] • [[Piano]] • [[Sampler (musical instrument)|Sampler]] • [[Music sequencer|Sequencer]], [[Synthesizer]] • [[Vocoder]], [[Auto-tune]], Occasional use of various other instruments such as [[Horn (instrument)|Horns]], [[String instrument|Strings]]
| instruments = [[Singing|Vocals]] • [[Rapping]] • [[Drum I love Beast!!!
| popularity = Mainstream throughout [[East Asia]]. Expanding popularity to [[Middle East]] and to the [[Western world]]<ref>{{ko icon}} [http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LS2D&mid=sec&sid1=104&sid2=232&oid=020&aid=0000327776 [특파원 월드워치&#93;美아시안계, 韓流드라마에 푹 빠졌다 :: 네이버 뉴스]. News.naver.com (2005-12-12). Retrieved on 2011-02-20.</ref><ref name="korea1">[http://www.korea.net/detail.do?guid=50915 The new Korean Wave: Girl groups]. Korea.net (2010-10-28). Retrieved on 2011-02-20.</ref><ref>[http://www.hancinema.net/korean-wave-laps-at-norwegian-shore-5070.html Korean wave laps at Norwegian shore @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie and Drama Database, discover the South Korean cinema and drama diversity]. Hancinema.net. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.</ref><ref>[http://www.korea.net/news.do?mode=detail&guid=50245 Korea Culture Center to host K-pop event in Argentina]. Korea.net (2010-09-30). Retrieved on 2011-02-20.</ref><ref name=대중가요>{{cite web|title=대중가요|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index|work=Ency Korea|publisher=The Academy of Korean Studies|accessdate=5 March 2012}}</ref>
| derivatives =
| subgenrelist =
| subgenres =
| subgenres =
| fusiongenres =
| fusiongenres =
Line 13: Line 16:
| other_topics =
| other_topics =
}}
}}

'''
'''K-pop''' ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 가요, ''Gayo'') (an abbreviation of '''Korean pop''' or '''Korean popular music''') is a [[music genre|musical genre]] consisting of [[Pop music|pop]], [[Dance music|dance]], [[synthpop|electropop]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[rock music|rock]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Electronic music|electronic]] music originating in [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Korean masculinities and transcultural consumption: Yonsama, Rain, Oldboy, K-Pop idols |last=Jung |first=Sun |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2011 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |location= |isbn=978988802867 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}} |page=5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=npgE-K9rawUC&pg=PA163&dq=k+pop+korean+popular+music&hl=en&ei=7nSXTp2iGqLV0QGKgsGtBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=k%20pop%20korean%20popular%20music&f=false |accessdate=5 December 2011 |quote=In 2009, the year-end South Korean popular music (K-pop) festivals and awards were filled with pretty boys disguised as girls. At the SBS Music Festival (Gayo Daejeon), some of the top idol boy bands — Super Junior, SHINee, 2PM, 2AM...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Musical terms worldwide: a companion for the musical explorer |last=Hartong |first=Jan Laurens |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |publisher=Semar Publishers |location= |isbn=978-88-7778-090-4 |page=15 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KmMx0FA86QcC&pg=PA15&dq=k+pop+korean+popular+music&hl=en&ei=7nSXTp2iGqLV0QGKgsGtBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=k%20pop%20korean%20popular%20music&f=false |accessdate=5 December 2011 |quote=Since the 1990s, popular genres like rap, rock and techno house have been incorporated into Korean popular music, setting the trend for the present generation of K-pop, which often emulates American models.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The new Korea: an inside look at South Korea's economic rise |last=Kim |first=Myung Oak |last2=Jaffe |first2=Sam |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2010 |publisher=AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn |location= |isbn=978-0-8144-1489-7 |page=169 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dxW3MKxCWDwC&pg=PA169&dq=k+pop+korean+popular+music&hl=en&ei=8tCYTpK-G-X10gGVhdywBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=k%20pop%20korean%20popular%20music&f=false |accessdate=5 December 2011 |quote=Rain and BoA belong to what is known as K- pop—Korean popular music. Before the early 1990s, the country's music industry was dominated by traditional folk music (crooned by older, often gray- haired singers), ballads,...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Medi@sia: global media/tion in and out of context |last=Holden |first=Todd Joseph Miles |last2=Scrase |first2= Timothy J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location= |isbn=978-0-415-37155-1 |page=144 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h5rBuzQudXYC&pg=PA144&dq=k+pop+korean+popular+music&hl=en&ei=8t-YTrO3Msqbtwf125zhAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=k%20pop%20korean%20popular%20music&f=false |accessdate=5 December 2011 |quote=Since the 1990s, the term “K-pop” has become popularized to refer to Korean popular music, being widely used throughout East and Southeast Asia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=허영생 "허영생은 발라드라는 고정관념 깨고파" |trans_title=Heo Young Saeng Breakthrough From Being Heo Young Saeng,The Ballad Singer |author= |url=http://news.sportsseoul.com/read/entertain/940075.htm |newspaper=Sports Seoul |date=15 May 2011 |accessdate=4 December 2011 |language=Korean |quote=－ 솔로로 나오면서 어떤 모습을 보여주고 싶었나요.
I LOVE THE BAND GROUP, BEAST!!!

<br />사람들이 허영생하면 발라드를 떠올리세요. SS501은 댄스곡을 주로 불렀지만 제가 팀에서 메인보컬을 맡았던 까닭에 발라드의 이미지가 강한가봐요. 솔로 준비를 하면서 지인들에게 “나 어떤 거 하면 될까?”라고 물어보면 항상 “발라드 해”라는 대답이 돌아왔어요. “댄스하면 어떨까?”라고 하면 “그냥 노래해”라고 하더군요. ‘사람들이 저에 대해 잘 모르고 있구나’라는 생각이 들었어요. 댄스도 좋아하고 자신있어요. 발라드는 노래만 불러야하고 재미없잖아요. 댄스하면서 관객들과 함께 무대를 즐기고 싶어요.

<br />(Question: Comparing to group and solo debut are there are kind of look you wanna potray?
<br />Young Saeng: If mentioned about Heo Young Saeng, people will tend to think about ballads. SS501 songs are usually dance songs, but because I am the main vocalist, thus the image of me as a ballad solo singer is more deep in people. So I asked my friends: "What should I sing?" I got "sing ballads" as the answer. "How about dancing?" "You will be remain better singing." Thus I find that those people really dont understand my thinking. I myself also like dance songs. Ballads which only sing will feel bored. Dance song can enjoy with the audience together.)}}</ref> In addition to music, K-pop has grown into a popular [[subculture]] among teenagers and young adults around the world, resulting in widespread interest in the fashion and style of Korean idol groups and singers.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://205.188.238.181/time/asia/covers/1101020729/story.html TIME Magazine: Korean Pop – Flying Too High?]. 205.188.238.181. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.</ref>

Through the presence of [[Facebook]] fan pages, availability on [[iTunes]], [[Twitter]] profiles, and music videos on [[YouTube]], the ability of K-pop to reach a previously inaccessible audience via the [[Internet]] is driving a paradigm shift in the exposure and popularity of the genre.<ref name="autogenerated2">Yoon, Lina. (2010-08-26) [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2013227,00.html K-Pop Online: Korean Stars Go Global with Social Media]. TIME. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.</ref> South Korean popular culture is today serving as a major driver of youth culture all across the [[Pacific Rim]], with special reference to [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]], [[Philippines]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Vietnam]].

==History==
===Origins: 1920s-1980s, birth of Trot and the introduction of Western music===
In the mid-1920s, Masao Gouga, a Japanese composer, mixed traditional Korean music with Gospel music that American Evangelists brought with and have taught since the 1870s. This type of music became known as [[Enka]] in Japan, and later in Korea as [[Trot (music)|Trot]] ({{lang-ko|"트로트"}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jpnews.kr/sub_read.html?uid=8082&section=sc1&section2=%C0%CE%B9%B0 |title=:JPNews 일본이 보인다! 일본뉴스포털! |publisher=Jpnews.kr |date= |accessdate=2012-01-13}}</ref>

In 1932, a controversial plagarism was caught and condemned by an article in the Japanese magazine "New Young Adult", Gouga's "Sakewa Namitaka Tameikika" was blamed for copying off the work of Korean composer Su-Lin Jeon, which his version was named "The Calm Jang-Ahn". This event triggered a wave of Korean musicians to flourish with talented composers such as Nan-Pa Hong, Gyo-Sung Kim, Yong-Hwan Kim, Joon-Young Kim, Ho-Wol Moon, Mok-In Son, Shi-Choon Park, and Jae Ho Lee becoming the very foundation of Trot music in its early stage. Trot has been transformed over the years using a variety of instruments and mixing different styles of music to become the dominant genre in the Korean music scene until the late 80's. To this day, Trot music still remains as a popular genre for many; mostly with its very sad melody and heart-touching lyrics.

As Korea was liberated from Japanese annexation in 1945, Western culture was introduced to a small crowd with the few Western style bars and clubs playing Western music.
After the Korean War, which started on June 25, 1950 and lasted for 3 years, the country was separated into two nations: North Korea and South Korea. U.S. troops remained in South Korea for protection. With the staying of U.S. troops, American culture and the cultures of the world began to flush in. During this time, Western music became more accepted to a wider crowd of young adults.

Improvements in the recording systems encouraged the production of [[LP record]]s in the 1960s, which led to the pursuit of diverse voice tones.<ref>"대중가요." 대중가요. Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies, Web. 8 Mar 2012. <http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Inde&xgt;.</ref> Many singers sang for the American troops in Korea at the time, and the appearance of chorus in performances was conspicuous. At this period of time, civilians were exposed to pop songs by commercial radio stations, which led to the great popularity of pop songs. [[The Kim Sisters]], Yoon Bok-hee and [[Patti Kim (singer)|Patti Kim]] were the first singers to debut in such countries as Vietnam and United States.

In the 1970s, the new career of [[DJ]]s became popular, deeply impacting the teenage cultures. Guitars and jeans were the symbols of youth.<ref>"대중가요." 대중가요. Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies, Web. 8 Mar 2012. <http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Inde&xgt;.</ref> This resulted in the introduction of more folk singers, such as [[Chang Sik Song]], Young Nam Cho, and Hee Eun Yang. In 1977, the Seoul International Song Festival was launched, which encouraged cultural exchanges with other countries.

In 1980, the Asia Music Forum was launched. National singers from five different Asian countries competed in the event. [[Cho Yong-pil]] won first place and earned a high reputation as a Korean singer in Japan.<ref>"대중가요." 대중가요. Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies, Web. 8 Mar 2012. <http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Inde&xgt;.</ref>

===1990s: Diversification===
The debut of [[Seo Taiji|Seo Tai-ji & Boys]] in 1992 was a turning point for popular music in South Korea, incorporating elements of [[rap rock]] and [[techno music|techno]]. Hip hop duos such as [[Deux (band)|Deux]] were also popular in the early 1990s.
<!--SM Town Pic-->[[File:LG전자, 전세계 K-POP 바람몰이 나섰다(SM town live world tour is new york promotion).jpg|thumb||right|An advertisement for [[SMTown Live '10 World Tour]] in [[Times Square]], [[New York City]].]]

====Beginning of Hallyu====
{{See also|Hallyu}}
The founding of South Korea's largest talent agency, [[S.M. Entertainment]], in 1995, by Korean entrepreneur [[Lee Soo Man]] led to the first K-pop girl groups and boy bands.<ref>[http://www.dkpopnews.net/2010/11/news-sm-entertainment-continues-to-cash.html [news&#93; SM Entertainment continues to cash in profit for the 3rd Quarter of 2010 ~ Daily K Pop News]. Dkpopnews.net. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.</ref> By the late 1990s, [[YG Entertainment]], [[DSP Entertainment]], and [[JYP Entertainment]], [[FNC Music]] had burst onto the scene and were producing talent as quickly as the public could consume it.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Groups such as, [[S.E.S. (band)|S.E.S.]], [[Fin.K.L]], [[H.O.T]], [[Sechs Kies]], [[G.o.d.]], [[Fly to the Sky]] and [[Shinhwa]] had huge success in the 1990s, not only in South Korea, but also outside of the country as well. Especially, artists such as [[H.O.T]], [[Kim Wan-Sun]], [[Clon]], [[Baby V.O.X]], [[NRG (group)|NRG]] saw huge successes in [[China]] and [[Taiwan]] in the mid-90s.

Also during this period was the emergence of hip-hop and R&B music in Korea, leading to the success of artists including [[Drunken Tiger]].

===2000s: Popularity in Asia and globalization===
Many of K-pop's biggest idol groups and solo acts, including [[BoA]], [[Rain (entertainer)|Rain Bi]], [[Wonder Girls]], [[JYJ]], [[TVXQ]], [[SS501]], [[2AM]], [[2PM]], [[Girls' Generation]], [[Big Bang (South Korean band)|Big Bang]], [[Miss A]], [[Kara (band)|KARA]], [[SHINee]], [[Brown Eyed Girls]], [[Seven (South Korean singer)|Se7en]], [[f(x) (band)|F(x)]], [[CNBLUE]], [[F.T. Island]], [[Secret (South Korean group)|Secret]], [[Super Junior]], [[MBLAQ]], [[4Minute]] and [[2NE1]] are popular in most East and South East Asia, including [[Japan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]], [[China]], [[Vietnam]].<ref>Cerojano, Teresa, ([[Associated Press]]) "K-pop's slick productions win fans across Asia", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 25 September 2011, p. 9.</ref> Through the internet, recently, K-pop started to expand to the rest of the world as well, but it yet has not become well known enough to be mainstream in those countries. Kpop has undoubtly caught the interest of the growing new generation.<ref>{{ cite news | last = Matsutani | first = Minoru | url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110830i1.html | title = K-pop striking chord with the young | newspaper = [[Japan Times]] | date = 30 August 2011 | page = 3 }}</ref>

====China====
Since the late 1990s and the beginning of early 2000s, K-pop started to become well-known in [[China]]. K-pop artists such as [[NRG (South Korean band)|NRG]], [[H.O.T.]], DIVA, [[Lee Jung Hyun]] and others stayed in China for their performances. Today, [[Super Junior]] is the most popular group in China, where they have the largest fandom. Their sub-group [[Super Junior M]] had successful results with the song "Perfection" on the Kuang Nan Record, CCR and [[Hit Fm Taiwan]] music charts.<ref> "슈퍼주니어M, 중국 가요계 완전 싹쓸이." Newsis. 08 03 2011: n. page. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. <http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=106&oid=003&aid=0003731033>.</ref> K-pop has yet to make a major impact on China but there has been considerable success. The [[Wonder Girls]] won an award for their song "[[Nobody (song)|Nobody]]" in the 5th annual China Mobile Wireless Music Award in Beijing, China for having the highest digital sales for a foreign artist with a total of 5,371,903 digital downloads in 2010. Their song "2 Different Tears" was also one of the most downloaded songs and their albums have had high sales for a foreign artist.<ref>Mendoza, Jaime. "Wonder Girls to Invade China in 2010." Asia Pacific Arts. 31 Dec. 2009. Web. <http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/w_apa/showarticle.aspx?articleID=14188&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1>. </ref>

====Japan====
Although the size of the Japanese music industry is decreasing each year, the total sales for K-pop artists has constantly increased over year since 2008. In 2011, it has been reported that the total sales for K-pop artists' has increased 22.3% during 2010-2011, contributing about 1/10th of the Japanese market. [[BoA]], [[Girls' Generation]], [[Kara (band)|Kara]], and [[TVXQ]] are among the best selling artists, with Girls' Generation, Kara, and TVXQ making the 4th, 5th and 9th best selling artists of 2011 in Japan, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last=지은|first=백|title=韓가수, 지난해 日서 3490억 벌었다! "소시-카라, 견인차 역할"|url=http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=201202180100120760010659&servicedate=20120217|accessdate=10 March 2012|newspaper=Sports Joseon|date=2012-02-17}}</ref>

[[File:K-pop in Japan.jpg|thumb|right|Advertisements for girl groups [[Kara (band)|Kara]] and [[Girls' Generation]] in [[Japan]]]]
[[File:KoreAm 2009-01 Cover.jpg|thumb|left|[[Seven (South Korean singer)|Se7en]] on the cover of ''[[KoreAm]]'', January 2009]]

====Outside of Asia====
K-pop is steadily gaining influence in foreign markets outside of Asia, including North America.<ref name="nextbigthing">{{cite web| title =Korean pop the next big thing? | author =Mrkic, Mike | publisher =Star Observer | date =2011-02-26 |url =http://www.starobserver.com.au/celebrity-2/2011/02/26/korean-pop-the-next-big-thing/45602 | accessdate = 2011-02-27}}</ref> In 2009, [[Wonder Girls]], one of Asia’s most successful music artists who sold millions of singles including the international #1 songs “[[Tell Me (Wonder Girls song)|Tell Me]]”, “[[So Hot]]” and “[[Nobody (Wonder Girls song)|Nobody]]”, debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/south-korean-pop-sensation-wonder-girls-hits-the-states_article_25353 |title=South Korean Pop Sensation Wonder Girls Hits The States &#124; Access Hollywood - Celebrity News, Photos & Videos |publisher=Access Hollywood |date= |accessdate=2012-01-13}}</ref> The Wonder Girls are notable for touring with the [[Jonas Brothers]] in 2009 as well as making guest appearances on ''[[So You Think You Can Dance Canada]]'' and ''[[The Wendy Williams Show]]'', making them the first Korean artists to perform on an American broadtime show.

In 2011, [[Billboard charts|Billboard]] officially launched the [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100]], the second Asian Billboard chart after the [[Japan Hot 100]].<ref>The Chosun Ilbo [http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/08/26/2011082600632.html K-Pop Gets Billboard Top 100 Chart] 26 Auguest 2011. Reteieved 2011-10-07</ref> The first song to chart at number-one was "So Cool" by [[Sistar]] on August 25, 2011.<ref>{{cite news | author=Billboard | work= | title=Billboard K-Pop Hot 100 Charts | date=2010-08-26 | url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/k-pop-hot-100?begin=1&order=position | accessdate=2011-08-26 | language=English}}</ref>

On October 23, 2011, artists under the label [[SM Entertainment]] such as [[Girls' Generation]], [[Super Junior]], [[SHINee]], [[BoA]], and [[TVXQ]], held a concert at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City]] for their [[SMTown Live '10 World Tour]], making them the first Korean artists' in history to do so. [[SMTown]] also toured other locations such as [[Paris]], [[France]] and [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].

[[Big Bang (South Korean band)|Big Bang]] was awarded "Best Worldwide Act" at the 2011 [[MTV EMA]]'s on November 7, representing the Asia-Pacific region. The group was up against American singer [[Britney Spears]] and won with over 58 million votes.<ref name="guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/dec/15/cowell-pop-k-pop|title=Bored by Cowell pop? Try K-pop|publisher=Guardian|accessdate=2012-1-13|date=2011-12-15}}</ref>

On November 10, 2011, [[2NE1]] was officially crowned the "Best New Band In the World" by [[MTV|MTV Iggy]] after winning a global voting contest that began in early October 2011. Due to the honor, 2NE1 performed for the first time at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City]].

In 2012, [[Girls' Generation]] made their first live television debut in the United States on ''[[Live! with Kelly]]'', ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'', and ''[[Extra (TV series)|Extra]]'', promoting their international single "[[The Boys (song)|The Boys]]". They also performed in France on ''[[Le Grand Journal (Canal+)]]''.<ref>한, 상미. "소녀시대, 미국 진출…CBS•ABC•NBC 방송 연달아 출연 ." Nocut News. 2012 02 02: n. page. Print.<http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/Show.asp?IDX=2047598>.</ref>

American rapper [[Ludacris]] has shown a lot of interest in the Korean music industry, particularly [[YG Entertainment]] due to their hip-hop style and image. Both Ludacris and YG Entertainment CEO [[Yang Hyun-Seok|Yang Hyun-Suk]] have hinted in a possible future collaboration with one of YG's artists, such as 2NE1 or [[Big Bang (South Korean band)|Big Bang]]. Catching the interest of [[The Black Eyed Peas]] memeber [[will.i.am]], 2NE1 is currently working on their American debut album under will.i.am's management. Memebers of The Black Eyed Peas have also performed their hit song "[[Where Is the Love?]]" with [[CL (singer)|CL]] of 2NE1 at the 2011 [[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]. Record producer [[Teddy Riley (producer)|Teddy Riley]] has produced the girl group [[RaNia (band)|RaNia]] as well as Girls' Generation's single "The Boys". He has worked with rapper/singer [[Jay Park]], and boy bands [[SHINee]] and [[Exo (band)|EXO]].

The genre continues to be [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/linda-constant/kpop-soft-power-for-the-g_b_1088238.html embraced by the South Korean government] as a tool for its [[Soft_power|soft power]] abroad, particularly towards global youth.

==Industry==
{| class="wikitable" ; style="float:left; margin:10px"
|-
! Year !! K-pop in Global Physical Music market rankings </br> (include albums, singles and DVDs sold)
|-
| 2005 || align=center|'''27'''<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2007E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2007, IFPI 2005 Report (Page 24)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=2011-02-25}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || align=center|'''27'''<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2008E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2008, IFPI 2006 Report (Page 24)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=2011-02-13}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || align=center|'''32'''<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2009E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2009, IFPI 2007 Report (Page 24)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=2011-02-13}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || align=center|'''24'''<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2010E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2010, IFPI 2008 Report (Page 24)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=2010-11-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || align=center|'''24'''<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2011E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2011, IFPI 2009 Report: 33. Global Sales of Recorded Music by Country in 2009 (Page 23)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=2011-04-25}}</ref>
|-
! Year !! K-pop in Global Digital Music market rankings
|-
| 2007 || align=center|23<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Music Report 2012|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2012.pdf|publisher=IFPI|accessdate=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || align=center|14<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Music Report 2012|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2012.pdf|publisher=IFPI|accessdate=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || align=center|11<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Music Report 2012|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2012.pdf|publisher=IFPI|accessdate=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|}
Once a market that used to have mutiple of "million sellers" of artists in a year such as [[Jo Sungmo]] and [[H.O.T]], the K-pop industry went through some tough times around the 2000s, as online piracy was more popular among music listeners. The size of the industry shrunk to half in 2005, but the government's copyright law helped revitalized the industry, now making it the eleventh largest music market in the world.

South Korea became the first country in which the digital music market surpassed physical market,<ref>{{cite book|last=McClure|first=Steve|title=Billboard Vol. 118, No. 18|year=2006|publisher=Billboard|isbn=0006-2510|pages=23|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6hUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=ifpi+south+korea+digital+market&source=bl&ots=5JYZEzC9Hl&sig=__SEfeISkXCybBolMnGkhzws64M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5XlcT97gJ-Ps2QW-28XoDg&ved=0CGwQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=ifpi%20south%20korea%20digital%20market&f=false}}</ref> probably because of the timing of when the physical market was the smallest. However, the digital market as well as the physical market has grown ever since then, and still today. More than half of the revenue comes from digital sales, showing the importance of the digital market in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Music Report 2012|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2012.pdf|publisher=IFPI|accessdate=11 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2009, about 8.8 million South Korean albums were sold worldwide, while Japanese albums sold 125 million copies and American albums sold 292.8 million.<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2011E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2011, IFPI 2009 Report: 33. Global Sales of Recorded Music by Country in 2009 (Page 23)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=2011-04-25}}</ref> The retail value of K-pop was only $93 million dollars in 2009, while J-pop was $4.2 billion dollars and American music was $4.5 billion dollars.<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2011E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2011, IFPI 2009 Report: 33. Global Sales of Recorded Music by Country in 2009 (Page 23)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=2011-04-25}}</ref>.

In 2011, 1,100 albums were released in South Korea and the hip-hop genre had the most among them. One-third of the albums were from genres that are less popular in the country nowadays, including rock, modern folk and crossover. Although idol stars are dominating the K-pop scenes today, it shows that there are still variety of genres existing in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news|last=이|first=동연|title="케이팝에 왜 열광하지?"…케이팝의 두 얼굴|url=http://www.pressian.com/article/article.asp?article_num=30120109101331|accessdate=11 March 2012|newspaper=PRESSian|date=01-11-2012}}</ref>

==Apprenticeship==
Today, apprenticeship is the universal strategy for nurturing [[girl groups]], boy bands, and solo artists in the K-pop industry. To guarantee the high probability of success of new talent, talent agencies fully subsidize and oversee the professional lives and careers of trainees, often spending in excess of $400,000 to train and launch a new artist.<ref>[http://205.188.238.181/time/asia/covers/1101020729/money.html TIME Magazine: Korean Pop – Show Me the Money]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}. 205.188.238.181. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.</ref> Through the practice of [[apprenticeship]], which often lasts two years or more, trainees hone their voices, learn professional choreography, sculpt and shape their bodies through exercise, and study multiple languages all the while attending school.<ref name="korea1"/>

==K-pop artists==
{{Main|List of K-pop artists|List of South Korean idol groups}}

== See also ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|K-pop}}
{{Commons category|K-pop}}
Line 35: Line 140:
* {{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Myung Oak |last2=Jaffe |first2=Sam |title=The new Korea: an inside look at South Korea's economic rise |publisher=AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8144-1489-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Myung Oak |last2=Jaffe |first2=Sam |title=The new Korea: an inside look at South Korea's economic rise |publisher=AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8144-1489-7}}



'''
{{commons category|K-pop}}
{{commons category|K-pop}}
{{popmusic}}
{{popmusic}}

Revision as of 00:20, 8 April 2012

K-pop
Stylistic originsPop • Dance • Electropop • Hip hop • Rock • R&B • Electronic
Cultural originsNominally early 1990s South Korea; trace the roots to 1960s
Typical instrumentsVocals • Rapping • Drum machine, Drum pad • Drums • Electric bass • Keyboards • Piano • Sampler • Sequencer, Synthesizer • Vocoder, Auto-tune, Occasional use of various other instruments such as Horns, Strings
Local scenes
Seoul City

K-pop (Korean: 가요, Gayo) (an abbreviation of Korean pop or Korean popular music) is a musical genre consisting of pop, dance, electropop, hip hop, rock, R&B, electronic music originating in South Korea.[6][7][8][9][10] In addition to music, K-pop has grown into a popular subculture among teenagers and young adults around the world, resulting in widespread interest in the fashion and style of Korean idol groups and singers.[11]

Through the presence of Facebook fan pages, availability on iTunes, Twitter profiles, and music videos on YouTube, the ability of K-pop to reach a previously inaccessible audience via the Internet is driving a paradigm shift in the exposure and popularity of the genre.[12] South Korean popular culture is today serving as a major driver of youth culture all across the Pacific Rim, with special reference to China, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam.

History

Origins: 1920s-1980s, birth of Trot and the introduction of Western music

In the mid-1920s, Masao Gouga, a Japanese composer, mixed traditional Korean music with Gospel music that American Evangelists brought with and have taught since the 1870s. This type of music became known as Enka in Japan, and later in Korea as Trot (Korean: "트로트").[13]

In 1932, a controversial plagarism was caught and condemned by an article in the Japanese magazine "New Young Adult", Gouga's "Sakewa Namitaka Tameikika" was blamed for copying off the work of Korean composer Su-Lin Jeon, which his version was named "The Calm Jang-Ahn". This event triggered a wave of Korean musicians to flourish with talented composers such as Nan-Pa Hong, Gyo-Sung Kim, Yong-Hwan Kim, Joon-Young Kim, Ho-Wol Moon, Mok-In Son, Shi-Choon Park, and Jae Ho Lee becoming the very foundation of Trot music in its early stage. Trot has been transformed over the years using a variety of instruments and mixing different styles of music to become the dominant genre in the Korean music scene until the late 80's. To this day, Trot music still remains as a popular genre for many; mostly with its very sad melody and heart-touching lyrics.

As Korea was liberated from Japanese annexation in 1945, Western culture was introduced to a small crowd with the few Western style bars and clubs playing Western music. After the Korean War, which started on June 25, 1950 and lasted for 3 years, the country was separated into two nations: North Korea and South Korea. U.S. troops remained in South Korea for protection. With the staying of U.S. troops, American culture and the cultures of the world began to flush in. During this time, Western music became more accepted to a wider crowd of young adults.

Improvements in the recording systems encouraged the production of LP records in the 1960s, which led to the pursuit of diverse voice tones.[14] Many singers sang for the American troops in Korea at the time, and the appearance of chorus in performances was conspicuous. At this period of time, civilians were exposed to pop songs by commercial radio stations, which led to the great popularity of pop songs. The Kim Sisters, Yoon Bok-hee and Patti Kim were the first singers to debut in such countries as Vietnam and United States.

In the 1970s, the new career of DJs became popular, deeply impacting the teenage cultures. Guitars and jeans were the symbols of youth.[15] This resulted in the introduction of more folk singers, such as Chang Sik Song, Young Nam Cho, and Hee Eun Yang. In 1977, the Seoul International Song Festival was launched, which encouraged cultural exchanges with other countries.

In 1980, the Asia Music Forum was launched. National singers from five different Asian countries competed in the event. Cho Yong-pil won first place and earned a high reputation as a Korean singer in Japan.[16]

1990s: Diversification

The debut of Seo Tai-ji & Boys in 1992 was a turning point for popular music in South Korea, incorporating elements of rap rock and techno. Hip hop duos such as Deux were also popular in the early 1990s.

File:LG전자, 전세계 K-POP 바람몰이 나섰다(SM town live world tour is new york promotion).jpg
An advertisement for SMTown Live '10 World Tour in Times Square, New York City.

Beginning of Hallyu

See also: Hallyu

The founding of South Korea's largest talent agency, S.M. Entertainment, in 1995, by Korean entrepreneur Lee Soo Man led to the first K-pop girl groups and boy bands.[17] By the late 1990s, YG Entertainment, DSP Entertainment, and JYP Entertainment, FNC Music had burst onto the scene and were producing talent as quickly as the public could consume it.[11]

Groups such as, S.E.S., Fin.K.L, H.O.T, Sechs Kies, G.o.d., Fly to the Sky and Shinhwa had huge success in the 1990s, not only in South Korea, but also outside of the country as well. Especially, artists such as H.O.T, Kim Wan-Sun, Clon, Baby V.O.X, NRG saw huge successes in China and Taiwan in the mid-90s.

Also during this period was the emergence of hip-hop and R&B music in Korea, leading to the success of artists including Drunken Tiger.

2000s: Popularity in Asia and globalization

Many of K-pop's biggest idol groups and solo acts, including BoA, Rain Bi, Wonder Girls, JYJ, TVXQ, SS501, 2AM, 2PM, Girls' Generation, Big Bang, Miss A, KARA, SHINee, Brown Eyed Girls, Se7en, F(x), CNBLUE, F.T. Island, Secret, Super Junior, MBLAQ, 4Minute and 2NE1 are popular in most East and South East Asia, including Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Vietnam.[18] Through the internet, recently, K-pop started to expand to the rest of the world as well, but it yet has not become well known enough to be mainstream in those countries. Kpop has undoubtly caught the interest of the growing new generation.[19]

China

Since the late 1990s and the beginning of early 2000s, K-pop started to become well-known in China. K-pop artists such as NRG, H.O.T., DIVA, Lee Jung Hyun and others stayed in China for their performances. Today, Super Junior is the most popular group in China, where they have the largest fandom. Their sub-group Super Junior M had successful results with the song "Perfection" on the Kuang Nan Record, CCR and Hit Fm Taiwan music charts.[20] K-pop has yet to make a major impact on China but there has been considerable success. The Wonder Girls won an award for their song "Nobody" in the 5th annual China Mobile Wireless Music Award in Beijing, China for having the highest digital sales for a foreign artist with a total of 5,371,903 digital downloads in 2010. Their song "2 Different Tears" was also one of the most downloaded songs and their albums have had high sales for a foreign artist.[21]

Japan

Although the size of the Japanese music industry is decreasing each year, the total sales for K-pop artists has constantly increased over year since 2008. In 2011, it has been reported that the total sales for K-pop artists' has increased 22.3% during 2010-2011, contributing about 1/10th of the Japanese market. BoA, Girls' Generation, Kara, and TVXQ are among the best selling artists, with Girls' Generation, Kara, and TVXQ making the 4th, 5th and 9th best selling artists of 2011 in Japan, respectively.[22]

File:K-pop in Japan.jpg
Advertisements for girl groups Kara and Girls' Generation in Japan
Se7en on the cover of KoreAm, January 2009

Outside of Asia

K-pop is steadily gaining influence in foreign markets outside of Asia, including North America.[23] In 2009, Wonder Girls, one of Asia’s most successful music artists who sold millions of singles including the international #1 songs “Tell Me”, “So Hot” and “Nobody”, debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[24] The Wonder Girls are notable for touring with the Jonas Brothers in 2009 as well as making guest appearances on So You Think You Can Dance Canada and The Wendy Williams Show, making them the first Korean artists to perform on an American broadtime show.

In 2011, Billboard officially launched the Korea K-Pop Hot 100, the second Asian Billboard chart after the Japan Hot 100.[25] The first song to chart at number-one was "So Cool" by Sistar on August 25, 2011.[26]

On October 23, 2011, artists under the label SM Entertainment such as Girls' Generation, Super Junior, SHINee, BoA, and TVXQ, held a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City for their SMTown Live '10 World Tour, making them the first Korean artists' in history to do so. SMTown also toured other locations such as Paris, France and Los Angeles, California.

Big Bang was awarded "Best Worldwide Act" at the 2011 MTV EMA's on November 7, representing the Asia-Pacific region. The group was up against American singer Britney Spears and won with over 58 million votes.[27]

On November 10, 2011, 2NE1 was officially crowned the "Best New Band In the World" by MTV Iggy after winning a global voting contest that began in early October 2011. Due to the honor, 2NE1 performed for the first time at Madison Square Garden in New York City.

In 2012, Girls' Generation made their first live television debut in the United States on Live! with Kelly, Late Night with David Letterman, and Extra, promoting their international single "The Boys". They also performed in France on Le Grand Journal (Canal+).[28]

American rapper Ludacris has shown a lot of interest in the Korean music industry, particularly YG Entertainment due to their hip-hop style and image. Both Ludacris and YG Entertainment CEO Yang Hyun-Suk have hinted in a possible future collaboration with one of YG's artists, such as 2NE1 or Big Bang. Catching the interest of The Black Eyed Peas memeber will.i.am, 2NE1 is currently working on their American debut album under will.i.am's management. Memebers of The Black Eyed Peas have also performed their hit song "Where Is the Love?" with CL of 2NE1 at the 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards. Record producer Teddy Riley has produced the girl group RaNia as well as Girls' Generation's single "The Boys". He has worked with rapper/singer Jay Park, and boy bands SHINee and EXO.

The genre continues to be embraced by the South Korean government as a tool for its soft power abroad, particularly towards global youth.

Industry

Year K-pop in Global Physical Music market rankings
(include albums, singles and DVDs sold)
2005 27[29]
2006 27[30]
2007 32[31]
2008 24[32]
2009 24[33]
Year K-pop in Global Digital Music market rankings
2007 23[34]
2009 14[35]
2011 11[36]

Once a market that used to have mutiple of "million sellers" of artists in a year such as Jo Sungmo and H.O.T, the K-pop industry went through some tough times around the 2000s, as online piracy was more popular among music listeners. The size of the industry shrunk to half in 2005, but the government's copyright law helped revitalized the industry, now making it the eleventh largest music market in the world.

South Korea became the first country in which the digital music market surpassed physical market,[37] probably because of the timing of when the physical market was the smallest. However, the digital market as well as the physical market has grown ever since then, and still today. More than half of the revenue comes from digital sales, showing the importance of the digital market in South Korea.[38]

In 2009, about 8.8 million South Korean albums were sold worldwide, while Japanese albums sold 125 million copies and American albums sold 292.8 million.[33] The retail value of K-pop was only $93 million dollars in 2009, while J-pop was $4.2 billion dollars and American music was $4.5 billion dollars.[33].

In 2011, 1,100 albums were released in South Korea and the hip-hop genre had the most among them. One-third of the albums were from genres that are less popular in the country nowadays, including rock, modern folk and crossover. Although idol stars are dominating the K-pop scenes today, it shows that there are still variety of genres existing in South Korea.[39]

Apprenticeship

Today, apprenticeship is the universal strategy for nurturing girl groups, boy bands, and solo artists in the K-pop industry. To guarantee the high probability of success of new talent, talent agencies fully subsidize and oversee the professional lives and careers of trainees, often spending in excess of $400,000 to train and launch a new artist.[40] Through the practice of apprenticeship, which often lasts two years or more, trainees hone their voices, learn professional choreography, sculpt and shape their bodies through exercise, and study multiple languages all the while attending school.[2]

K-pop artists

Main articles: List of K-pop artists and List of South Korean idol groups

See also

Look up k-pop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to K-pop.

References

  1. ^ Template:Ko icon [특파원 월드워치]美아시안계, 韓流드라마에 푹 빠졌다 :: 네이버 뉴스. News.naver.com (2005-12-12). Retrieved on 2011-02-20.
  2. ^ a b The new Korean Wave: Girl groups. Korea.net (2010-10-28). Retrieved on 2011-02-20.
  3. ^ Korean wave laps at Norwegian shore @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie and Drama Database, discover the South Korean cinema and drama diversity. Hancinema.net. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.
  4. ^ Korea Culture Center to host K-pop event in Argentina. Korea.net (2010-09-30). Retrieved on 2011-02-20.
  5. ^ "대중가요". Ency Korea. The Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  6. ^ Jung, Sun (2011). Korean masculinities and transcultural consumption: Yonsama, Rain, Oldboy, K-Pop idols. Hong Kong University Press. p. 5. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978988802867 |978988802867 [[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]]]. Retrieved 5 December 2011. In 2009, the year-end South Korean popular music (K-pop) festivals and awards were filled with pretty boys disguised as girls. At the SBS Music Festival (Gayo Daejeon), some of the top idol boy bands — Super Junior, SHINee, 2PM, 2AM... {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Hartong, Jan Laurens (2006). Musical terms worldwide: a companion for the musical explorer. Semar Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-88-7778-090-4. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Since the 1990s, popular genres like rap, rock and techno house have been incorporated into Korean popular music, setting the trend for the present generation of K-pop, which often emulates American models. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Kim, Myung Oak; Jaffe, Sam (2010). The new Korea: an inside look at South Korea's economic rise. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-8144-1489-7. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Rain and BoA belong to what is known as K- pop—Korean popular music. Before the early 1990s, the country's music industry was dominated by traditional folk music (crooned by older, often gray- haired singers), ballads,... {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ Holden, Todd Joseph Miles; Scrase, Timothy J. (2006). Medi@sia: global media/tion in and out of context. Taylor & Francis. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-415-37155-1. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Since the 1990s, the term "K-pop" has become popularized to refer to Korean popular music, being widely used throughout East and Southeast Asia. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ "허영생 "허영생은 발라드라는 고정관념 깨고파"". Sports Seoul (in Korean). 15 May 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011. － 솔로로 나오면서 어떤 모습을 보여주고 싶었나요.
    사람들이 허영생하면 발라드를 떠올리세요. SS501은 댄스곡을 주로 불렀지만 제가 팀에서 메인보컬을 맡았던 까닭에 발라드의 이미지가 강한가봐요. 솔로 준비를 하면서 지인들에게 "나 어떤 거 하면 될까?"라고 물어보면 항상 "발라드 해"라는 대답이 돌아왔어요. "댄스하면 어떨까?"라고 하면 "그냥 노래해"라고 하더군요. '사람들이 저에 대해 잘 모르고 있구나'라는 생각이 들었어요. 댄스도 좋아하고 자신있어요. 발라드는 노래만 불러야하고 재미없잖아요. 댄스하면서 관객들과 함께 무대를 즐기고 싶어요.
    (Question: Comparing to group and solo debut are there are kind of look you wanna potray?
    Young Saeng: If mentioned about Heo Young Saeng, people will tend to think about ballads. SS501 songs are usually dance songs, but because I am the main vocalist, thus the image of me as a ballad solo singer is more deep in people. So I asked my friends: "What should I sing?" I got "sing ballads" as the answer. "How about dancing?" "You will be remain better singing." Thus I find that those people really dont understand my thinking. I myself also like dance songs. Ballads which only sing will feel bored. Dance song can enjoy with the audience together.)     {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 30 (help)
  11. ^ a b TIME Magazine: Korean Pop – Flying Too High?. 205.188.238.181. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.
  12. ^ Yoon, Lina. (2010-08-26) K-Pop Online: Korean Stars Go Global with Social Media. TIME. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.
  13. ^ ":JPNews 일본이 보인다! 일본뉴스포털!". Jpnews.kr. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  14. ^ "대중가요." 대중가요. Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies, Web. 8 Mar 2012. <http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Inde&xgt;.
  15. ^ "대중가요." 대중가요. Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies, Web. 8 Mar 2012. <http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Inde&xgt;.
  16. ^ "대중가요." 대중가요. Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies, Web. 8 Mar 2012. <http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Inde&xgt;.
  17. ^ [news] SM Entertainment continues to cash in profit for the 3rd Quarter of 2010 ~ Daily K Pop News. Dkpopnews.net. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.
  18. ^ Cerojano, Teresa, (Associated Press) "K-pop's slick productions win fans across Asia", Japan Times, 25 September 2011, p. 9.
  19. ^ Matsutani, Minoru (30 August 2011). "K-pop striking chord with the young". Japan Times. p. 3.
  20. ^ "슈퍼주니어M, 중국 가요계 완전 싹쓸이." Newsis. 08 03 2011: n. page. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. <http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=106&oid=003&aid=0003731033>.
  21. ^ Mendoza, Jaime. "Wonder Girls to Invade China in 2010." Asia Pacific Arts. 31 Dec. 2009. Web. <http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/w_apa/showarticle.aspx?articleID=14188&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1>.
  22. ^ 지은, 백 (2012-02-17). "韓가수, 지난해 日서 3490억 벌었다! "소시-카라, 견인차 역할"". Sports Joseon. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  23. ^ Mrkic, Mike (2011-02-26). "Korean pop the next big thing?". Star Observer. Retrieved 2011-02-27.
  24. ^ "South Korean Pop Sensation Wonder Girls Hits The States | Access Hollywood - Celebrity News, Photos & Videos". Access Hollywood. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  25. ^ The Chosun Ilbo K-Pop Gets Billboard Top 100 Chart 26 Auguest 2011. Reteieved 2011-10-07
  26. ^ Billboard (2010-08-26). "Billboard K-Pop Hot 100 Charts". Retrieved 2011-08-26.
  27. ^ "Bored by Cowell pop? Try K-pop". Guardian. 2011-12-15. Retrieved 2012-1-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  28. ^ 한, 상미. "소녀시대, 미국 진출…CBS•ABC•NBC 방송 연달아 출연 ." Nocut News. 2012 02 02: n. page. Print.<http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/Show.asp?IDX=2047598>.
  29. ^ "RIAJ: Yearbook 2007, IFPI 2005 Report (Page 24)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  30. ^ "RIAJ: Yearbook 2008, IFPI 2006 Report (Page 24)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  31. ^ "RIAJ: Yearbook 2009, IFPI 2007 Report (Page 24)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  32. ^ "RIAJ: Yearbook 2010, IFPI 2008 Report (Page 24)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  33. ^ a b c "RIAJ: Yearbook 2011, IFPI 2009 Report: 33. Global Sales of Recorded Music by Country in 2009 (Page 23)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  34. ^ "Digital Music Report 2012" (PDF). IFPI. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  35. ^ "Digital Music Report 2012" (PDF). IFPI. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  36. ^ "Digital Music Report 2012" (PDF). IFPI. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  37. ^ McClure, Steve (2006). Billboard Vol. 118, No. 18. Billboard. p. 23. ISBN 0006-2510. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  38. ^ "Digital Music Report 2012" (PDF). IFPI. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  39. ^ 이, 동연 (01-11-2012). ""케이팝에 왜 열광하지?"…케이팝의 두 얼굴". PRESSian. Retrieved 11 March 2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ TIME Magazine: Korean Pop – Show Me the Money[dead link]. 205.188.238.181. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.

Bibliography

  • Heo, Juno (2012). K-pop community site. http://koremusic.tistory.com. JunoHeo Publishers. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help)
  • Hartong, Jan Laurens (2006). Musical terms worldwide: a companion for the musical explorer. Semar Publishers. ISBN 978-88-7778-090-4.
  • Holden, Todd Joseph Miles; Scrase, Timothy J. (2006). Medi@sia: global media/tion in and out of context. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-37155-1.
  • Jung, Sun (2011). Korean masculinities and transcultural consumption: Yonsama, Rain, Oldboy, K-Pop idols. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978988802867 |978988802867 [[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Kim, Myung Oak; Jaffe, Sam (2010). The new Korea: an inside look at South Korea's economic rise. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. ISBN 978-0-8144-1489-7.


Wikimedia Commons has media related to K-pop.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K-pop&oldid=486170871"