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* 22 August 1985 – [[British Airtours Flight 28M]] - an engine failed during take-off from Manchester Airport, the fire spreading into the cabin, resulting in 55 fatalities aboard the [[Boeing 737]]-236 Advanced.
* 22 August 1985 – [[British Airtours Flight 28M]] - an engine failed during take-off from Manchester Airport, the fire spreading into the cabin, resulting in 55 fatalities aboard the [[Boeing 737]]-236 Advanced.
* 21 December 1991 - [[Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751]] - The engines on an MD-81 ingested wing ice during takeoff causing engine damage that led to a total loss of thrust on both engines. The aircraft crashed in a forest clearing with no fatalities.
* 21 December 1991 - [[Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751]] - The engines on an MD-81 ingested wing ice during takeoff causing engine damage that led to a total loss of thrust on both engines. The aircraft crashed in a forest clearing with no fatalities.
* 6 July 1996, An engine explosion happened on an [[MD-88]], [[Delta Air Lines Flight 1288]], just prior to take-off at [[Pensacola, Florida]], USA..
* 6 July 1996, An engine explosion happened on an [[MD-88]], [[Delta Air Lines Flight 1288]], just prior to take-off at [[Pensacola, Florida]], USA, with two fatalities.
* 5 September 2005, a [[Boeing 737-200]] operated by [[Mandala Airlines]] crashed in [[Medan]] as [[Mandala Airlines Flight 091]] with 96 passengers, five crew and 49 on the ground were killed. Sixteen passengers survived. The engine [[flameout|flamed out]] and lost power.
* 5 September 2005, a [[Boeing 737-200]] operated by [[Mandala Airlines]] crashed in [[Medan]] as [[Mandala Airlines Flight 091]] with 96 passengers, five crew and 49 on the ground were killed. Sixteen passengers survived. The engine [[flameout|flamed out]] and lost power.
* 15 April 2008, a [[DC9]]-51 operated by [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashed]] and burned at [[Goma]] following an engine fire.
* 15 April 2008, a [[DC9]]-51 operated by [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashed]] and burned at [[Goma]] following an engine fire, with 40 fatalities.


==Specifications (JT8D-200)==
==Specifications (JT8D-200)==

Revision as of 17:13, 3 July 2012

JT8D
A JT8D pictured mounted on a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 operated by DHL at the Portland International Jetport in 2004
Type Turbofan
Manufacturer Pratt & Whitney
First run 1960
Major applications Boeing 727
Boeing 737-100/-200
McDonnell Douglas DC-9
McDonnell Douglas MD-80
Developed from Pratt & Whitney J52
Developed into Volvo RM8

The Pratt & Whitney JT8D is a low-bypass (0.96 to 1) turbofan engine, introduced by Pratt & Whitney in February 1963 with the inaugural flight of Boeing's 727. It was a modification of the Pratt & Whitney J52 turbojet engine, which powered the US Navy A-6 Intruder attack aircraft. The Volvo RM8 is an afterburning version that was license-built in Sweden for the Saab 37 Viggen fighter. A "fixed" version for powerplant and ship propulsion is known as the FT12.

Design

The JT8D is an axial-flow front turbofan engine incorporating dual-spool design. There are two coaxially-mounted independent rotating assemblies: one rotating assembly for the low pressure compressor (LPC) which consists of the first six stages (i.e. six pairs of rotating and stator blades, including the first two stages which are for the bypass turbofan), driven by the second (downstream) turbine (which consists of three stages); and a second rotating assembly for the high-pressure compressor (HPC) section, which has seven stages. The high-pressure compressor is driven by the first (upstream) turbine, which has a single stage.

The front-mounted bypass fan has two stages. The annular discharge duct for the bypass fan runs along the full length of the engine, so that both the fan air and exhaust gases can exit through the same nozzle. This arrangement allows some noise attenuation, in that the still-hot fast-moving turbine exhaust is shrouded in much-cooler and slower-moving air (from the bypass fan) before interacting with ambient air. Thus the JT8D noise levels were significantly reduced from previous non-turbofan engines, although the low bypass ratio meant that, compared to subsequently developed turbofans, high noise levels were still produced.

Eight models comprise the JT8D standard engine family, covering the thrust range from 12,250 to 17,400 pounds-force (62 to 77 kN) and power 727, 737-100/200, and DC-9 aircraft. More than 14,000 JT8D engines have been produced, totaling more than one-half billion hours of service with more than 350 operators making it the most popular of all low-bypass turbofan engines ever produced.

Within the fan inlet case, there are anti-icing air bosses and probes to sense the inlet pressure and temperature. Similar units exist throughout the engine to check temperatures and pressures.

At the 13th (i.e. the final) compressor stage, air is bled out and used for anti-icing. The amount is controlled by the Pressure Ratio Bleed Control sense signal (PRBC). The diffuser case at the aft end of the compressor houses the 13th stage. Its increasing cross-sectional area allows the compressed air to slow down before entering one of the engine's nine burner cans. Again, there are two bosses to extract 13th stage air for anti-icing, de-icing of fuel, and airframe (cabin pressurization) use. Not all the compressed air enters the burner cans at the fuel-ignition point; some bypasses the can completely and cools the first turbine stage, and some is gradually introduced into the burner can's perimeter in such a way that the burning fuel is held near the can's centerline.

There are nine combustion chambers positioned in a can-annular arrangement. Each chamber has three air inlet hole sizes: the smallest is for cooling, the medium is for burning and the large for forming an air blanket.

The Kawasaki C-1, a Japanese military transport, is powered by the JT8D-M-9, manufactured by Mitsubishi.

Update programs

In response to environmental concerns that began in the 1970s, the company began developing a new version of the engine, the JT8D-200 series.[1] Designed to be quieter, cleaner, more efficient, yet more powerful than earlier models, the -200 Series power-plant was re-engineered with a significantly higher bypass ratio (1.74 to 1) covering the 18,500 to 21,700 pound-force (82 to 97 kN) thrust range and powering the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series. This increase was achieved by increasing bypass fan diameter (from 39.9 to 49.2 inches) and reducing fan pressure ratio (from 2.21 to 1.92).[citation needed] Overall engine pressure ratio was also increased from 15.4 to 21.0.[2] Since entering service in 1980, more than 2,900 of the -200 series engines have been produced.

JT8D-219 on the Omega Air Boeing 707RE flight test aircraft at the Mojave Airport

The JT8D-217 and -219 engine(s) were tested in 2001 and were deemed suitable replacements for the old TF33 engines on military and commercial aircraft as part of the Super 27 re-engining program. The updated engines offer reduced (Stage-3) noise compliance standards without the need for hush kits, enhanced short field performance, steeper and faster climb rates with roughly a 10% reduction in fuel burn for extended range.

Pratt & Whitney, in a joint venture with Seven Q Seven (SQS) and Omega Air, has developed the JT8D-219 as a re-engine powerplant for Boeing 707-based aircraft.[3] Northrop Grumman has the -219 to re-engine the United States Air Force’s fleet of 19 Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (E-8 Joint STARS) aircraft, which will allow the JSTARS more time on station due to the engine's 17% [4] greater fuel efficiency. NATO also plans to re-engine their fleet of E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft. The -219 is publicized as being half the cost of the competing 707 re-engine powerplant, the CFM-56, for reasons of geometrical and balance similarity to the engine it is replacing and the associated relative up-front wing modification costs of the two choices.[3][4]

There have been discussions of using the engine, among other engine choices, for the B-52H, which is programmed for use until 2040.[citation needed]

The proposed Aerion business jet, currently under development, is being designed to use a pair of JT8D-219 engines for sustained supersonic flight.[5] [citation needed]

Variants

A JT8D-9A
  • JT8D-5
  • JT8D-7
  • JT8D-S
  • JT8D-9
  • JT8D-9A
  • JT8D-11
  • JT8D-15
  • JT8D-17
  • JT8D-17R
  • JT8D-209
  • JT8D-217A/C
  • JT8D-219

Applications

Accidents

Specifications (JT8D-200)

Data from [citation needed]

General characteristics

  • Type: Turbofan
  • Length: 120.0" / 3048mm - 154.1" / 3914mm
  • Diameter: 49.2" / 1250mm
  • Dry weight: From 3200lb / 1454.5kg (JT8D) to 4740lb / 2154.5kg (JT8D-219)

Components

  • Compressor: Axial flow, 2-stage fan, 6-stage LP, 7-stage HP
  • Combustors: Nine can-annular combustion chambers
  • Turbine: 3-stage (1 stage HP 2 stage LP)
  • Fuel type: 1
  • Oil system: 1

Performance

See also

Related development

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. ^ Gunston 2006, p.169.
  2. ^ Pratt & Whitney website, accessed 14 October 2007
  3. ^ a b Flug Revue, May 12, 2002
  4. ^ a b Re-engining the E-8 JSTARS, May 14, 2008
  5. ^ http://www.aerioncorp.com/engine
Bibliography
  • Gunston, Bill (1999). The Development of Piston Aero Engines, 2nd Edition. Sparkford, Somerset, England, UK: Patrick Stephens, Haynes Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-4478-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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