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Outlaw motorcyclists and their clubs have been frequently portrayed and [[parody|parodied]] to the point of [[victimization]] in movies and the media generally, giving rise to an "[[outlaw biker film]]" genre.<ref>Two Wheels on Two Reels: A History of Biker Movies. Mike Seate. Whitehorse Press, 24 Dec 2000</ref> It generally exists as a negative stereotype in the public's subconscious<ref>At the Moives, Strandberg, Keith. American Motorcyclist, Oct 1987</ref> and yet has inspired [[fashion|fashion trends]]<ref>The Dictionary of Fashion History. Valerie Cumming, C. W. Cunnington, P. E. Cunnington. Berg, 15 Nov 2010</ref><ref>Harley-Davidson and Philosophy: Full-Throttle Aristotle. Bernard E. Rollin. Open Court Publishing, 9 Feb 2006</ref><ref>The Rebels: A Brotherhood of Outlaw Bikers. Daniel R. Wolf. University of Toronto Press, 1991</ref> for both males and females, as "biker babes".<ref>Consumers. Eric J. Arnould, Linda Price, George Martin Zinkhan. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2004</ref><ref>Elle, Issues 273-275. Elle Publishing Company, 2008</ref><ref>The House of Klein: Fashion, Controversy, and a Business Obsession. Lisa Marsh. John Wiley & Sons, 18 Aug 2003</ref> The appearance has even been exploited by the fashion industry bringing it into legal conflict with some clubs.<ref>'Hells Angels sue luxury fashion house'. Brichall, Jonathan. Financial Times, Oct 27 2010 [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf87e7a-e153-11df-90b7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xBrfaPXA]</ref> A fetishistic look which conveys sex, danger, rebelliousness, masculinity and [[working class]] values.<ref name="Wojcik" />
Outlaw motorcyclists and their clubs have been frequently portrayed and [[parody|parodied]] to the point of [[victimization]] in movies and the media generally, giving rise to an "[[outlaw biker film]]" genre.<ref>Two Wheels on Two Reels: A History of Biker Movies. Mike Seate. Whitehorse Press, 24 Dec 2000</ref> It generally exists as a negative stereotype in the public's subconscious<ref>At the Moives, Strandberg, Keith. American Motorcyclist, Oct 1987</ref> and yet has inspired [[fashion|fashion trends]]<ref>The Dictionary of Fashion History. Valerie Cumming, C. W. Cunnington, P. E. Cunnington. Berg, 15 Nov 2010</ref><ref>Harley-Davidson and Philosophy: Full-Throttle Aristotle. Bernard E. Rollin. Open Court Publishing, 9 Feb 2006</ref><ref>The Rebels: A Brotherhood of Outlaw Bikers. Daniel R. Wolf. University of Toronto Press, 1991</ref> for both males and females, as "biker babes".<ref>Consumers. Eric J. Arnould, Linda Price, George Martin Zinkhan. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2004</ref><ref>Elle, Issues 273-275. Elle Publishing Company, 2008</ref><ref>The House of Klein: Fashion, Controversy, and a Business Obsession. Lisa Marsh. John Wiley & Sons, 18 Aug 2003</ref> The appearance has even been exploited by the fashion industry bringing it into legal conflict with some clubs.<ref>'Hells Angels sue luxury fashion house'. Brichall, Jonathan. Financial Times, Oct 27 2010 [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf87e7a-e153-11df-90b7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xBrfaPXA]</ref> A fetishistic look which conveys sex, danger, rebelliousness, masculinity and [[working class]] values.<ref name="Wojcik" />


The biker style has influenced the look of other sub-cultures such as [[Punk subculture|punk]],<ref name="Wojcik">Punk and Neo-Tribal Body Art. Daniel Wojcik. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1995</ref> [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]],<ref>The Post-Subcultures Reader. David Muggleton, Rupert Weinzierl. Berg, 17 Apr 2004</ref> [[gay]] [[leather subculture]]<ref>Movie-made America: a cultural history of American movies. Robert Sklar. Vintage Books, 1994</ref> and [[cybergoth]] fashion,<ref>As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising. Daniel Delis Hill. Texas Tech University Press, 15 Sep 2007</ref> and, initially as an American [[subculture]], has had an international influence.<ref>The Berg Companion to Fashion. Valerie Steele. Berg, 15 Nov 2010</ref> Bikers, their clothing and motorcycles have become [[cultural icon]]s<ref>Mobility Without Mayhem: Safety, Cars, and Citizenship. Jeremy Packer. Duke University Press, 5 Feb 2008</ref><ref>Profane Culture. Paul E. Willis. Taylor & Francis, 1978</ref> of mythic status, their portrayal generally exaggerating a criminal or deviant association exploited by the media for their own often financial interests.<ref>Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World. Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy, August E. Grant. Routledge, 1 Jun 2003</ref>
The biker style has influenced the look of other sub-cultures such as [[Punk subculture|punk]],<ref name="Wojcik">Punk and Neo-Tribal Body Art. Daniel Wojcik. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1995</ref> [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]],<ref>The Post-Subcultures Reader. David Muggleton, Rupert Weinzierl. Berg, 17 Apr 2004</ref> [[gay]] [[leather subculture]]<ref>(Brotherhood Of Justice MC LLC).Movie-made America: a cultural history of American movies. Robert Sklar. Vintage Books, 1994</ref> and [[cybergoth]] fashion,<ref>As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising. Daniel Delis Hill. Texas Tech University Press, 15 Sep 2007</ref> and, initially as an American [[subculture]], has had an international influence.<ref>The Berg Companion to Fashion. Valerie Steele. Berg, 15 Nov 2010</ref> Bikers, their clothing and motorcycles have become [[cultural icon]]s<ref>Mobility Without Mayhem: Safety, Cars, and Citizenship. Jeremy Packer. Duke University Press, 5 Feb 2008</ref><ref>Profane Culture. Paul E. Willis. Taylor & Francis, 1978</ref> of mythic status, their portrayal generally exaggerating a criminal or deviant association exploited by the media for their own often financial interests.<ref>Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World. Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy, August E. Grant. Routledge, 1 Jun 2003</ref>


On television, the series ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'' portrays a multiracial outlaw motorcycle club, founded mainly by [[Vietnam War]] veterans, which is involved in various crimes, its interactions within their community and with underworld gangs. The show's creator thought it was too obvious to have them be methamphetamine dealers, and so instead they deal in illegal guns.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/826/826342p1.html |title=FX Greenlights New Series from Shield Producer |publisher=IGN |date=10 October 2007 |accessdate=19 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=Bellafante2008>{{Citation |title=Sons of Anarchy;Wild Bunch on Wheels, Playing by Its Rules |date=September 3, 2008 |accessdate=2009-11-18 | first=Gina |last=Bellafante |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2008/09/03/arts/television/03sons.html }}</ref>
On television, the series ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'' portrays a multiracial outlaw motorcycle club, founded mainly by [[Vietnam War]] veterans, which is involved in various crimes, its interactions within their community and with underworld gangs. The show's creator thought it was too obvious to have them be methamphetamine dealers, and so instead they deal in illegal guns.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/826/826342p1.html |title=FX Greenlights New Series from Shield Producer |publisher=IGN |date=10 October 2007 |accessdate=19 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=Bellafante2008>{{Citation |title=Sons of Anarchy;Wild Bunch on Wheels, Playing by Its Rules |date=September 3, 2008 |accessdate=2009-11-18 | first=Gina |last=Bellafante |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2008/09/03/arts/television/03sons.html }}</ref>

Revision as of 05:12, 16 July 2012

This article is about non-AMA sanctioned motorcycle clubs. For the club established in McCook, Illinois in 1935, see Outlaws Motorcycle Club. For general types of motorcycling groups, see Motorcycle club.
A number of OMC meet as a run in Australia, 2009

An outlaw motorcycle club (sometimes known as a motorcycle gang) is a motorcycle subculture which has its roots in the immediately post-World War II era of American society. It is generally centered around the use of cruiser motorcycles, particularly Harley-Davidsons and choppers, and a set of ideals which celebrate freedom, nonconformity to mainstream culture and loyalty to the biker group.

In the United States, such clubs are considered "outlaw" as they are not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and do not adhere to the AMA's rules. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws from which the values of the outlaw biker culture arise.[1][2][3][4][5]

Organization and leadership

Hells Angels MC New York City clubhouse

While organizations may vary, the typical internal organization of a motorcycle club consists of a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, road captain, and sergeant-at-arms.[6] Localized groups of a single, large MC are called chapters or charters, and the first chapter established for an MC is referred to as the mother chapter. The president of the mother chapter serves as the president of the entire MC, and sets club policy on a variety of issues.

Larger motorcycle clubs often acquire real estate for use as a clubhouse or private compound.

Membership

In some "biker" clubs, as part of becoming a full member, an individual must pass a vote of the membership and swear some level of allegiance to the club. Some clubs have a unique club patch (or patches) adorned with the term MC that are worn on the rider's vest, known as colors.

In these clubs, some amount of hazing may occur during the prospecting period, ranging from the mandatory performance of menial labor tasks for full patch members to sophomoric pranks, and, in the case of outlaw motorcycle gangs, acts of violence.[7] During this time, the prospect may wear the club name on the back of their vest, but not the full logo, though this practice may vary from club to club. To become a full member, the prospect or probate must be voted on by the rest of the full club members. Successful admission usually requires more than a simple majority, and some clubs may reject a prospect or a probate for a single dissenting vote. A formal induction follows, in which the new member affirms his loyalty to the club and its members. The final logo patch is then awarded. Full members are often referred to as "full patch members" or "patchholders" and the step of attaining full membership can be referred to as "being patched."[8]

Biker culture

Outlaw motorcycle clubs who identify with this subculture are not necessarily criminals, with members expressing their outlaw status on a social level, and not necessarily equating the word outlaw with criminal activity.[1][2][3][4][5]

There are also non-outlaw motorcycle clubs, such as the Harley Owners Group and women's motorcycle clubs, who adopt similar insignia, colors, organizational structure and trappings, like beards and leather outfits which are typical of outlaw clubs, and make it difficult for outsiders to tell the difference between the two. It has been said that these others groups are attracted by the mystique of the outlaw image whilst objecting to the suggestion that they are outlaws.[9][10]

Charity events

Outlaw clubs are often prominent at charity events, such as toy runs. Charitable giving is frequently cited as evidence that these clubs do not deserve their negative media image. Outlaw clubs have, however, been accused of using charity rides to mask their criminal nature.[11][12][13] The American Motorcyclist Association has frequently complained of the bad publicity for motorcycling in general caused by outlaw clubs, and they have said that the presence of outlaw clubs at charity events has actually harmed the needy by driving down public participation and reducing donations.[14] Events such as a 2005 shootout between rival outlaw gangs in the midst of a charity toy drive in California have raised fears around the participation of biker clubs in charity events.[15][16] Authorities have attempted to ban outlaw clubs from charity events, or to restrict the wearing of colors at events in order to avert the sort of inter-club violence that has happened at previous charity runs.[17][18] In 2002 the Warlocks MC of Pennsylvania sued over their exclusion from a charity event.[19]

Identification

Main article: Colors (motorcycling)
Motorcycle club vest, Germany

The primary visual identification of a member of an outlaw motorcycle club is the vest adorned with a large club-specific patch or patches, predominantly located in the middle of the back. The patch(es) will contain a club logo, the name of the club, and the letters MC, and a possible state, province, or other chapter identification. This garment and the patches themselves are referred to as the colors or cut (a term taken from the early practice of cutting the collars and/or sleeves from a denim or leather jacket). However, many non-outlaw motorcycle riding clubs such as the Harley Owners Group also wear patches on the back of their vests, with or without including the letters MC.

The club patches always remain property of the club itself, not the member, and only members are allowed to wear the club's patches. Hang-arounds and/or support clubs wear support patches with the club's colors. A member must closely guard their colors, for allowing one's colors to fall into the hands of an outsider is an act of disgrace and may result in loss of membership in a club, or some other punishment.[citation needed]

One, two, and three piece patches

The colors worn by members of some motorcycle clubs will sometimes follow a convention of using either a one-piece patch for nonconformist social clubs, two-piece patch for clubs paying dues, a three-piece patch for outlaw clubs or side patches. The three-piece patch consists of the club logo and the top and bottom patches, usually crescent shaped, which are referred to as rockers. The number and arrangement of patches is somewhat indicative of the nature of the club. Though many motorcycle clubs wear the three-piece patch arrangement, this is not necessarily an indication that a club is an outlaw motorcycle club.

Law enforcement agencies have confiscated colors and other club paraphernalia of these types of clubs when they raid a clubhouse or the home of an MC member, and they often display these items at press conferences.[20] These items are then used at trial to support prosecution assertions that MC members perform criminal acts on behalf of their club. Courts have found that the probative value of such items is far outweighed by their prejudicial effects on the defense.[21]

One percenter

"1%er" shown at the Clubhouse of the Bandidos MC, Chapter Berlin

Some outlaw motorcycle clubs can be distinguished by a 1% patch worn on the colors. This is claimed to be a reference to a comment made by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) in which they stated that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying that the last one percent were outlaws. As a result, some outlaw motorcycle clubs used it to unite or express themselves and are commonly referred to as "one percenters". The comment, supposedly a response to the Hollister riot in 1947,[22][23] is denied by the AMA—who claim to have no record of such a statement to the press, and that the story is a misquote.[24]

According to the ATF they are also known as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMG).[25]

Other patches

Other patches may be worn by members, including phrases and symbols. The style or meaning of these other patches can vary between clubs. Some, such as a skull and crossbones patch, or the motto "Respect Few, Fear None", are worn in some clubs by members who commit murder or other acts of violence on behalf of the club.[26][27][28][29]

There are also wings or biker's wings which are earned something like jump wings or pilot's wings, but with various color-coded meanings, e.g. in some clubs, it is said that a member who has had sex with a woman with venereal disease can wear green wings,[30][31] while purple wings indicate having had sex with a corpse.[32][29] However, it has also been suggested that these definitions are a hoax, intended to make fools of those outside the outlaw biker world, and also to serve the purpose of provoking outrage among the square public and authorities.[33]

Frequently, additional patches may involve the use of Nazi symbols, such as swastikas or the SS death's head. These generally do not indicate Nazi sympathies, but serve to express the outlaw biker's total rejection of social constraints, and desire for the shock value among those who fail to understand the biker way.[34][35]

Gender and race

Male dominated one-percenter MCs (OMCs) do not allow women to become full-patch members.[36][37][38][39] Rather, women have in the past been portrayed as submissive or victims to the men,[40] treated as property, forced into prostitution or street-level drug trafficking, and often physically and sexually abused, [41] their roles as being those of obedient followers and their status as objects. These women are claimed to pass over any pay they receive to their partners or sometimes to the entire club.[42] This appears to make these groups extremely gender segregated, [43] however, this has not always been the case as, for example, during the 1950s and 60s some Hells Angels chapters had women members [44]

Recent academic research has criticized the methodology of such previous studies as being "vague and hazy", and lacking in participant demographics.[45] Such reports may have made clear statements and authoritative analyses about the role of women associate with OMCs but few state how they have come to such conclusions, one admitting that, “[his] interviews with biker women were limited least [his] intentions were misinterpreted” by their male companions [46] and that the such views of women are mythic and "sexist research" in itself, using deeply flawed methodologies and serve two highly political purposes of maintaining a dominance myth of women by men and amplifying the deviance of OMC men. [45]

These myths about OMC women being that they are subservient working class woman, used as objects for club sexual rituals, are hard bitten, unattractive, and politically conservative, and 'money makers' for the biker men and clubs, i.e. prostitutes, topless barmaids or strippers who are forced to hand over their money to the club. [47] A recent paper notes the changing role of women within OMGs in recent times [48] and another states that they now have agency, political savvy and have reframed the narratives of their lives. “We did it. We showed them we are real women dealing with real men. I'd much prefer to be living with an OMC member than some dork who is a pawn in the system“ stated one woman who felt she and her peers had "set the record straight". [49] One such woman even went as far as to described the previous work done by men about women in the OMC world as “the men that wrote that must be meatheads”.[45] They are part of the scene because they want to be and enjoy it. Women who have broken from society's stereotypically defined roles and find freedom with the biker world. [50]

Female partners, sisters, mothers, aunties and children, particularly female children, are often the central meaning of an OMC member's life. In the vast majority of cases, the children and partners of the OMC members are the reason for their existence as men and their job, as a man, is to protect the women and children. Their women are fiercely proud to be partners of OMC members. [45]

Outlaw motorcycle clubs reflect their social roots and the demographics of motorcyclists in general. High profile outlaw bikers have historically been White and their clubs are typically but not exclusively racially homogeneous.[51][52][53][54] It is claimed that racial discrimination within clubs has led to creation of rival clubs in past, such as the Mongols Motorcycle Club after members were rejected by the local Hells Angels chapter, [55] although many clubs or individual chapters are now multi-racial.

Outlaw motorcycle clubs and crime

Some members of outlaw motorcycle clubs engage in criminal activities and organized crime.[56] Besides their connection with motorcycles and the one percenter subculture, such individuals and motorcycle clubs are seen by law enforcement agencies as being unique among groups carrying out crimes because they maintain websites, identify themselves through patches and tattoos, have written constitutions and bylaws, trademark their club names and logos, even carry out publicity campaigns aimed at cleaning up their public image.[51][11]

There exists on an international level an ongoing conflictual environment between OMCs and the states of the nations in which they reside within which many unhelpful misconceptions and falsehoods are propagated for political purposes. These are used to amplify the deviance of the whole subculture and help define such motorcyclists as 'Outsiders'[57], 'evil doers' [58] and deviants rather than permitting diversity within society.[45]

Outlaw motorcycle gangs

The U.S. Department of Justice defines the term "Outlaw Motorcycle Gang" (OMG) as an organization whose members use their motorcycle clubs as "conduits for criminal enterprises".[56] Both the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Criminal Intelligence Service Canada have designated four MCs as "Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs"; the Hells Angels, the Pagans, the Outlaws, and the Bandidos,[59][60] known as the "Big Four".[61] These four have a large enough national impact to be prosecuted under the Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute.[62] The California Attorney General also lists the Mongols and the Vagos Motorcycle Club as outlaw motorcycle gangs.[63][64]

The FBI asserts that OMGs support themselves primarily through drug dealing, trafficking in stolen goods, and extortion, and that they fight over territory and the illegal drug trade [65] and collect $1 billion in illegal income annually.[66][67][68][69][70][71] In 1985[72] a three-year, eleven-state FBI operation named Roughrider culminated in the largest OMG bust in history, with the confiscation of $2 million worth of illegal drugs, as well as an illegal arsenal of weapons, ranging from Uzi submachine guns to antitank weapons.[73] In October, 2008, the FBI announced the end of a 6-month undercover operation by agents into the narcotics trafficking by the Mongols Motorcycle Club. The bust went down with 160 search warrants and 110 arrest warrants[74]

Canada, especially, has in the past two decades experienced a significant upsurge in crime involving outlaw motorcycle clubs, most notably in what has been dubbed the Quebec Biker war, which has involved more than 150 murders[75] (plus a young bystander killed by an exploding car bomb), 84 bombings, and 130 cases of arson.[76] The increased violence in Canada has been attributed to turf wars over the illegal drug trafficking business, specifically relating to access to the Port of Montreal,[77] but also as the Hells Angels have sought to obtain control of the street level trade from other rival and/or independent gangs in various regions of Canada.[78] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gazette, quoting from the Provincial Court of Manitoba, defines these groups as: "Any group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have voluntarily made a commitment to band together and abide by their organizations' rigorous rules enforced by violence, who engage in activities that bring them and their club into serious conflict with society and the law".[76]

Members and supporters of these clubs insist that illegal activities are isolated occurrences and that they, as a whole, are not criminal organizations. They often compare themselves to police departments, wherein the occasional "bad cop" does not make a police department a criminal organization and the Hells Angels sponsors charitable events for Toys for Tots in an attempt to legitimize themselves with public opinion.[79]

Contrary to other criminal organizations, OMGs operate on an individual basis instead of top-down, which is how supporters can claim that only some members are committing crimes. Belonging guarantees to each member the option of running criminal activity, using other members as support - the main characteristic of OMGs being "amoral individualism" in contrast to the hierarchical orders and bonds of "amoral familism" of other criminal organizations such as the Mafia.[80] ATF agent William Queen, who infiltrated the Mongols, wrote that what makes a group like them different from the Mafia is that crime and violence are not used as expedients in pursuit of profit, but that the priorities are reversed. Mayhem and lawlessness are inherent in living "The Life" and the money they obtain by illegal means is only wanted as a way to perpetuate that lifestyle.[81]

Recently, authorities have tried tactics aimed at undermining the gang identity and breaking up the membership. But in June 2011 the High Court of Australia overturned a law that outlawed motorcycle clubs and required members to avoid contact with one another.[82] In the US, a Federal judge rejected a prosecutor's request to seize ownership of the Mongols Motorcycle Club logo and name, saying the government had no right to the trademarks.[83][84] Federal prosecutors had requested, as part of a larger criminal indictment, a court order giving the government ownership of the logo in order to prevent members from wearing the gang's colors.[85]

Relationships between outlaw motorcycle clubs

Certain large one-percent MCs have rivalry between each other and will fight over territory and other issues. Sometimes smaller clubs are forced into or willingly accept supportive roles for a larger one-percent club and are sometimes be required to wear a "support patch" on their vests that shows their affiliation with the dominant regional club. Smaller clubs are often allowed to form with the permission of the dominant regional club. Clubs which resist have been forcibly disbanded by being told to hand over their colors or the threat of aggression.[86][87][88] However, modern day club members tend to be older veterans and, given the cost of ownership of a Harley Davidson type motorcycle, increasingly well-to-do.

In Australia [89] and the United States, many MCs have established state-wide MC coalitions.[90] These coalitions are composed of MCs who have chapters in the state, and the occasional interested third party organization, and hold periodic meetings on neutral ground where representatives from each club meet in closed session to resolve disputes between clubs and discuss issues of common interest. Local coalitions or confederations of clubs have eliminated some of the inter-club rivalry and together they have acted to hire legal and PR representation.[91][90]

Cultural influence

Outlaw motorcyclists and their clubs have been frequently portrayed and parodied to the point of victimization in movies and the media generally, giving rise to an "outlaw biker film" genre.[92] It generally exists as a negative stereotype in the public's subconscious[93] and yet has inspired fashion trends[94][95][96] for both males and females, as "biker babes".[97][98][99] The appearance has even been exploited by the fashion industry bringing it into legal conflict with some clubs.[100] A fetishistic look which conveys sex, danger, rebelliousness, masculinity and working class values.[101]

The biker style has influenced the look of other sub-cultures such as punk,[101] heavy metal,[102] gay leather subculture[103] and cybergoth fashion,[104] and, initially as an American subculture, has had an international influence.[105] Bikers, their clothing and motorcycles have become cultural icons[106][107] of mythic status, their portrayal generally exaggerating a criminal or deviant association exploited by the media for their own often financial interests.[108]

On television, the series Sons of Anarchy portrays a multiracial outlaw motorcycle club, founded mainly by Vietnam War veterans, which is involved in various crimes, its interactions within their community and with underworld gangs. The show's creator thought it was too obvious to have them be methamphetamine dealers, and so instead they deal in illegal guns.[109][110]

Software developers Rockstar North produced Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned, a downloadable add-on to their main game, where players can attempt to become the leader of an outlaw motorcycle gang.[111]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Motorcycle club colors.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Drew, A. J. (2002), The everything motorcycle book: the one book you must have to buy, ride, and maintain your motorcycle, Adams Media Corp, pp. 193–203, 277, ISBN 1-58062-554-1, 9781580625548 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  2. ^ a b Dulaney, William L. (November 2005), "A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs", International Journal of Motorcycle Studies
  3. ^ a b Wolf, Daniel R. (1992), The Rebels: a brotherhood of outlaw bikers, University of Toronto Press, p. 4, ISBN 0-8020-7363-8, 9780802073631 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  4. ^ a b Joans, Barbara (2001), Bike lust: Harleys, women, and American society, Univ of Wisconsin Press, p. 15, ISBN 0-299-17354-2, 9780299173548 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  5. ^ a b Reynolds, Tom (2001), Wild ride: how outlaw motorcycle myth conquered America, TV Books, pp. 43–44, ISBN 1-57500-145-4, 9781575001456 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  6. ^ 1% - Example of Bylaws- Motorcycle Club and Riding Club Education
  7. ^ "Under and Alone: The True Story of the Undercover Agent Who Infiltrated America's Most Violent Outlaw Motorcycle Gang". Author William Queen, 2004
  8. ^ Biker Gangs and Organized Crime. Thomas Barker. Elsevier, 1 Oct 2007
  9. ^ Brown, Roland; McDiarmid, Mac (2000), The Ultimate Motorcycle Encyclopedia: Harley-Davidson, Ducati, Triumph, Honda, Kawasaki and All the Great Marques, Anness Publishing, p. 352, ISBN 1-84038-898-6, 9781840388985 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  10. ^ Joans, Barbara (2001), Bike Lust, Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 5, ISBN 0-299-17354-2, 9780299173548, As middle America rides and parties with the urban middle class, neither discusses the skeleton in the closet. Neither draws attention to the fact that much of the Harley mystique, most of the unwritten rules of the road, and many of the values and ideals come from the unruly and bastard parent, the outlaw club {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  11. ^ a b Adler, Jeff (2001-03-03), "The Fall of a Hells Angel Leader; Indictment Alleges Spokesman's Charity Masks Drug Ring.", The Washington Post, Washington, D.C., p. A.07
  12. ^ Klugh, David (7 October 2009), "Motorcycle Gang Training For Yakima", Kima Tv, The problem with that according to Steve Cook is that if you eat in local restaurants, drink in local bars or even participate in local charity events, you already associate with them.

    Charity rides, toy donations... Cook has learned these are part of the disguise.

    'What they don't tell you is what they're doing the rest of the year. They're selling drugs. They're stealing motorcycles. They're beating people up. They're committing a laundry list of crimes.'

  13. ^ Renegades Do Good Works, Too But Officials Say Biker Gang Is Simply Polishing Its Image. [Final Edition] Richard S. Koonce, Virginian - Pilot ( Norfolk, Va. ) 1999-12-29, A.1
  14. ^ Assoc, American Motorcyclist (March 2003), "Gang fears hurt charity ride", American Motorcyclist
  15. ^ Austin, Paige; Bjelland, Sonja (2005-12-06), "Gunfight blamed on bikers // About 150 people queried after violence at a toy giveaway", The Press - Enterprise, Riverside, Calif., Witnesses blame tensions between two rival motorcycle gangs for a shooting at a Christmas toy drive that left a firefighter and two others injured. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |unused_data= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Austin, Paige (December 8, 2005), "Neighbors want site of shooting shut down", The Press - Enterprise, Riverside, Calif., p. B.01, Next week Norco city leaders will consider revoking an operating permit for Maverick Steakhouse where a Christmas toy drive Sunday ended in violence after several gunmen fired into the crowd.

    Witnesses say a fight between two rival biker clubs at the event led to the shooting in which at least three people where injured, including a Norco firefighter.

  17. ^ Calligeros, Marissa (June 22, 2009), "Bikie 'colours' banned from Morcombe charity ride", Brisbane Times, 'Ride organisers received an unlawful edict from police blocking the participation of riders wearing clothing that identified them as members of some motorcycle clubs,' Mr Walker said.

    'You can't say that to our members...these guys live for their patches.'

    He said bikies would never, ever ride without patches as a cardinal rule.

  18. ^ Joyce, Nikkii (3 August 2009), "Police blitz hits bikers' charity ride", Sunshine Coast Daily
  19. ^ Associated Press (9 November 2002), "National Briefing Mid-Atlantic: Pennsylvania: Biker Gang Sues Over Exclusion From Charity Event", New York Times, New York, N.Y., p. A.17, The Warlocks motorcycle gang has filed a lawsuit accusing the Philadelphia Police Department of preventing its members from participating in a motorcycle parade to deliver toys to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia on Sunday. Joshua Briskin, a lawyer for the gang, said the Warlocks had taken part in the event for 15 years. The suit, seeking unspecified compensation, says the group's civil rights were violated.
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  34. ^ Pratt, Alan R. (2006), "Motorcycling, Nihilism, and the Price of Cool; Nihilism and FTW Style", in Rollin (ed.), Harley-Davidson and philosophy: full-throttle Aristotle; Volume 18 of Popular culture and philosophy, Open Court Publishing, ISBN 0-8126-9595-X, 9780812695953, 'Dangerous Motorcycle Gangs,' a widely circulated two-hour police course, notes that a white cross on a biker's colors is earned by robbing a grave, a red cross by 'committing homosexual fellatio with a witness present.' Green wings denote the wearer performed cunnilingus on a venereally diseased woman and purple wing signify—get this!—oral sex with a dead woman! (p. 32). As a rejection of values and an expression of nihilism, what could be more aberrant and grossly offensive? And even if these interpretations are inaccurate or fabricated by bikers themselves as a joke, they still reveal the outrage that the outlaw biker expression of nihilism intended to inspire. {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |editorfirst= ignored (|editor-first= suggested) (help)
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  52. ^ Hopper, Columbus B.; Moore, Johnny "Big John" (Summer 1983), "Hell on Wheels; The Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs", Journal of American Culture, vol. 6, no. 2, Bowling Green, Ohio, pp. 58–9, doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1983.0602_58.x, Outlaw cyclists are generally male and between 21 and 45 years of age. The average age for a club studied was 34. There are black gangs, white gangs, and Mexican and other Spanish-speaking gangs. Although race does not appear to be important as a creed or philosophical orientation to them, virtually all of the clubs are racially unmixed. And it should be mentioned that bikers who are in prisons, as prisoners have done generally, band together along racial lines (Killinger and Cromwell, 1978).
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References

  • Coulthart, Ross and McNab, Duncan, Dead Man Running: An Insider's Story on One of the World's Most Feared Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, the Bandidos Allen & Unwin, 2008, (ISBN 1-74175-463-1)
  • Hayes, Bill. The Original Wild Ones: Tales of The Boozefighters Motorcycle Club, Est. 1946. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks, 2005.
  • Veno, Arthur, The Mammoth Book of Bikers, Constable & Robinson, 2007 (ISBN 0-7867-2046-8)
  • Vieth, Errol, "Angels in the Media: Constructing Outlaw Motorcyclists", in Consent and Consensus, edited by Denis Cryle and Jean Hiliier, Perth, API Network, 2005, 97–116 (ISBN 1-920845-12-7).
  • Winterhalder, Edward, Out in Bad Standings: Inside the Bandidos Motorcycle Club - The Making of a Worldwide Dynasty, Blockhead City Press, 2005/Seven Locks Press, 2007 (ISBN 0-9771747-0-0)
  • Winterhalder, Edward, & De Clercq, Wil, The Assimilation: Rock Machine Become Bandidos – Bikers United Against the Hells Angels, ECW Press, 2008 (ISBN 1-55022-824-2)
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