Pashtuns: Difference between revisions

Pashtuns
پښتانه
*Pax̌tānə*
Regions with significant populations
Pakistan	49,342,892 (2012)
Afghanistan	12,776,369 (2012)
UAE	338,315 (2009)
United States	138,554 (2010)
Iran	110,000 (1993)
United Kingdom	100,000 (2009)
Germany	37,800 (2012)
Canada	26,000 (2006)
India	13,000 (2009)
Russia	9,800 (2002)
Australia	8,154 (2006)
Malaysia	5,500 (2008)
Tajikistan	4,000 (1970)
Languages
	Pashto; Urdu, Dari and English as second languages
Religion
	Islam (Sunni); with small Shia minority

Browse history interactively

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The Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتانه Pax̌tānə; sing. masculine: پښتون Pax̌tūn, feminine: پښتنه Pax̌tana; also Pakhtuns), historically known by the exonyms Afghans (Persian: افغان, Afğān)^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] and Pathans (tr. from Hindustani, Paṭhān),^[17]^[18] are an ethnic group with populations in Afghanistan and Pakistan.^[19] The Pashtun people are generally classified as Eastern Iranian who use Pashto language and follow Pashtunwali, which is a traditional set of ethics guiding individual and communal conduct. Their origin is unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called Pakthas (Pactyans) between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC,^[20]^[21] who may be the early ancestors of the Pashtun people. Often characterised as a warrior and martial race, their history is mostly spread amongst various countries of South and Central Asia, centred on their traditional seat of power in medieval Afghanistan.

During the Delhi Sultanate era, the Pashtun Lodi dynasty replaced the Turkic rulers in North India. Some ruled out the Bengal Sultanate. Other Pashtuns fought the Safavids and Mughals before obtaining an independent state in the early-18th century,^[22] which began with a successful revolution by Mirwais Hotak followed by conquests of Ahmad Shah Durrani.^[23] The Barakzai dynasty played a vital role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires. Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and reigned as the dominant ethno-linguistic group for over 300 years, with nearly all rulers being Pashtun. They also made up majority of the mujahideen groups in the 1980s and the Taliban in the 1990s. The current Afghan governments under Hamid Karzai and Mohammad Ashraf Ghani are also dominated by Pashtuns.

Many members have left their native land to other parts of the world where they achieved international fame. Abdul Ahad Mohmand journeyed into outer space in 1988, spending nine days aboard Mir space station, the first Afghan and 4th Muslim to do so. Zalmay Khalilzad became the first Muslim and first Afghan to become Ambassador of the United States. A number of Bollywood superstars in India are of Pashtun descent, including Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, Saif Ali Khan, Feroz Khan, Kader Khan, and Madhubala. Others rose to high-ranking officials at the World Bank, the United Nations and other international organizations. Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani Schoolgirl became the youngest ever Nobel Peace Prize recipient in 2014.

They are also an important community in Pakistan, which has the largest Pashtun population, and constitute the second-largest ethnic group, having attained presidency there and high rankings in sports. They are the world's largest (patriarchal) segmentary lineage ethnic group. According to Ethnologue, the total population of the group is estimated to be around 50 million^[12] but an accurate count remains elusive due to the lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979. Estimates of the number of Pashtun tribes and clans range from about 350 to over 400.^[22]^[24]

Geographic distribution

File:Pashtun Language Location Map.svg

Native Pashtun areas in orange

The vast majority of Pashtuns are found in the traditional Pashtun homeland, located in an area south of the Oxus River in Afghanistan and west of the Indus River in Pakistan, which includes Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and part of Balochistan. Additional Pashtun communities are located in western and northern Afghanistan, the Gilgit–Baltistan and Kashmir regions and northwestern Punjab province of Pakistan. There are also sizeable Muslim communities in India, which are of largely Pashtun ancestry.^[25]^[26] Throughout the Indian subcontinent, they are often referred to as Pathans.^[27] Smaller Pashtun communities are found in the countries of the Middle East, such as in the Khorasan Province of Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Europe, and the Americas, particularly in North America.

Important metropolitan centres of Pashtun culture include Peshawar, Quetta, Kandahar, Jalalabad, kunduz, Karachi and Lashkar Gah. There are a number of smaller Pashtun dominated towns such as Swat, Khost, Asadabad, Gardēz, Farah, Pul-i-Alam, Mingora, Bannu, Parachinar, Swabi, Maidan Shar, Tarin Kowt and others. The cities of Kabul and Ghazni in Afghanistan are home to around 25% Pashtun population while Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif each has at least 10%.^[19] With as high as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Sindh, Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pashtuns in the world.^[28]^[29] In addition, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore also have sizeable Pashtun populations.

Pashtuns comprise little over 15%^[1]^[30] of Pakistan's population. In Afghanistan they are the largest ethnic group and make up an estimated 42% of the population according to the CIA World Factbook.^[2] Other sources give 45–60%^[31] because the exact figure remains uncertain in Afghanistan, and are affected by the 1.7 million Afghan refugees that remain in Pakistan, a majority of which are Pashtuns.^[32] Another 937,600 Afghans live in Iran according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).^[33] A cumulative population assessment suggests a total of around 49 million individuals all across the world.^[12]

History and origins

The history of the Pashtun people is ancient and has not been fully researched. Excavations of prehistoric sites suggest that early humans were living in what is now Afghanistan and North-west Pakistan at least 50,000 years ago.^[36] Since the 2nd millennium BC, cities in the region now inhabited by Pashtuns have seen invasions and migrations, including by Ancient Iranian peoples, the Medes, Persians and Ancient Macedonians (or Greek Macedonians) of antiquity, Kushans, Hephthalites, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Mughals, and others. In recent times, people of the Western world have explored the area as well.^[36]^[37]^[38]

Most historians acknowledge that the origin of the Pashtuns is somewhat unclear, although there are many conflicting theories, some modern and others archaic, both among historians and the Pashtuns themselves.^[39]

"... the origin of the Afghans is so obscure, that no one, even among the oldest and most clever of the tribe, can give satisfactory information on this point."^[40]

"Looking for the origin of Pashtuns and the Afghans is something like exploring the source of the Amazon. Is there one specific beginning? And are the Pashtuns originally identical with the Afghans? Although the Pashtuns nowadays constitute a clear ethnic group with their own language and culture, there is no evidence whatsoever that all modern Pashtuns share the same ethnic origin. In fact it is highly unlikely."^[41]

Early precursors to some of the Pashtuns may have been old Iranian tribes that spread throughout the eastern Iranian plateau.^[42] According to the Russian scholar Yu. V. Gankovsky, the Pashtuns probably began as a "union of largely East-Iranian tribes which became the initial ethnic stratum of the Pashtun ethnogenesis, dates from the middle of the first millennium CE and is connected with the dissolution of the Epthalites (White Huns) confederacy." He proposes Kushan-o-Ephthalite origin for Pashtuns^[43]^[44] but others draw a different conclusion. According to Abdul Hai Habibi, some oriental scholars hold that the second largest Pasthun tribe, the Ghiljis, are the descendants of a mixed race of Hephthalite and Pakhtas who have been living in Afghanistan since the Vedic Aryan period.^[34] That Nasher Khans descend from the Ghaznavid Kings, for example, is a common assumption.^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48] The Nasher (also: Nashir) (Dari: الناشر, Persian: الناشر, Arabic: الناشر) are a noble Afghan family and Khans of the Kharoti (Ghilji) tribe.^[49]

They are intimately tied to the history of modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. Following Muslim conquests from the 7th to 11th centuries, many Pashtun ghazis (warriors) invaded and conquered much of the northern parts of South Asia during the periods of the Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Khiljis, Lodis, Suris and Durranis.

Ancient references

A variety of ancient groups with eponyms similar to Pakhtun have been hypothesized as possible ancestors of modern Pashtuns. The Greek historian Herodotus mentioned a people called Pactyans [Πάκτυες] living in the same area (Achaemenid's Arachosia Satrapy) as early as the 1st millennium BCE.^[21]^[50] Furthermore, the Rigveda (1700–1100 BC) mentions a tribe called Paktha ^[51] inhabiting eastern Afghanistan and academics have proposed their connection with today's Pakhtun people.^[20]

Some modern-day Pashtun tribes have also been identified living in ancient Ariana (i.e. Alexander's historians mentioned "Aspasii" in 330 BC and that may refer to today's Afridis).^[52] Herodotus has mentioned the same Afridi tribe as "Apridai" over a century earlier.^[53] Strabo, who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, claims that the tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana and to their east was India.

In the Middle Ages until the advent of modern Afghanistan in the 18th century and the division of Pashtun territory by the 1893 Durand Line, Pashtuns were often referred to as ethnic "Afghans". The earliest mention of the name Afghan (Abgân) is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE,^[13]^[54]^[55] which is later recorded in the 6th century CE in the form of "Avagānā" by the Indian astronomer Varāha Mihira in his Brihat-samhita.^[14] It was used to refer to a common legendary ancestor known as "Afghana", propagated to be grandson of King Saul of Israel.^[39]

Hiven Tsiang, a Chinese pilgrim, visiting the present-day Afghanistan area several times between 630 to 644 CE also speaks about them.^[13]^[56] In Shahnameh 1–110 and 1–116, it is written as Awgaan.^[13] Ancestors of many of today's Turkic-speaking Afghans settled in the Hindu Kush area and began to assimilate much of the culture and language of the Pashtun tribes already present there.^[57] Among these were the Khalaj people which are known today as Ghilji.^[58] According to several scholars such as V. Minorsky, the name "Afghan" is documented several times in the 982 CE Hudud-al-Alam.^[55]

"Saul, a pleasant village on a mountain. In it live Afghans".^[41]
— Hudud ul-'alam, 982 CE

The village of Saul was probably located near Gardez, Afghanistan. Hudud ul-'alam also speaks of a king in Ninhar (Nangarhar), who had Muslim, Afghan and Hindu wives.^[41] Al-Biruni wrote about Afghans in the 11th century as various tribes living in the western mountains of India and extending to the region of Sind, which would be the Sulaiman Mountains area between Khorasan and Hindustan. It was reported that between 1039 and 1040 CE Mas'ud I of the Ghaznavid Empire sent his son to subdue a group of rebel Afghans near Ghazni. An army of Arabs, Afghans, Khiljis and others was assembled by Arslan Shah Ghaznavid in 1119 CE. Another army of Afghans and Khiljis was assembled by Bahram Shah Ghaznavid in 1153 CE. Muhammad of Ghor, ruler of the Ghorids, also had Afghans in his army along with others.^[59] A famous Moroccan travelling scholar, Ibn Battuta, visiting Afghanistan following the era of the Khilji dynasty in early 1300s gives his description of the Afghans.

"We travelled on to Kabul, formerly a vast town, the site of which is now occupied by a village inhabited by a tribe of Persians called Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principle mountain is called Kuh Sulayman. It is told that the prophet Sulayman (Solomon) ascended this mountain and having looked out over India, which was then covered with darkness, returned without entering it."^[60]
— Ibn Battuta, 1333

Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Ferishta), writes about Afghans and their country called Afghanistan in the 16th century.

"The men of Kábul and Khilj also went home; and whenever they were questioned about the Musulmáns of the Kohistán (the mountains), and how matters stood there, they said, "Don't call it Kohistán, but Afghánistán; for there is nothing there but Afgháns and disturbances." Thus it is clear that for this reason the people of the country call their home in their own language Afghánistán, and themselves Afgháns. The people of India call them Patán; but the reason for this is not known. But it occurs to me, that when, under the rule of Muhammadan sovereigns, Musulmáns first came to the city of Patná, and dwelt there, the people of India (for that reason) called them Patáns—but God knows!"^[61]
— Ferishta, 1560–1620

One historical account connects the native Pakhtuns of Pakistan to a possible Ancient Egyptian past but this lacks supporting evidence.

"I have read in the Mutla-ul-Anwar, a work written by a respectable author, and which I procured at Burhanpur, a town of Khandesh in the Deccan, that the Afghans are Copts of the race of the Pharaohs; and that when the prophet Moses got the better of that infidel who was overwhelmed in the Red Sea, many of the Copts became converts to the Jewish faith; but others, stubborn and self-willed, refusing to embrace the true faith, leaving their country, came to India, and eventually settled in the Sulimany mountains, where they bore the name of Afghans."^[15]
— Ferishta, 1560–1620

Additionally, although this too is unsubstantiated, some Afghan historians have maintained that Pashtuns are linked to the ancient Israelites. Mohan Lal quoted Mountstuart Elphinstone who wrote:

"The Afghan historians proceed to relate that the children of Israel, both in Ghore and in Arabia, preserved their knowledge of the unity of God and the purity of their religious belief, and that on the appearance of the last and greatest of the prophets (Muhammad) the Afghans of Ghore listened to the invitation of their Arabian brethren, the chief of whom was Khauled (or Caled), son of Waleed, so famous for his conquest of Syria...if we consider the easy way with which all rude nations receive accounts favourable to their own antiquity, I fear we much class the descents of the Afghans from the Jews with that of the Romans and the British from the Trojans, and that of the Irish from the Milesians or Brahmins."^[62]
— Mountstuart Elphinstone, 1841

Henry Walter Bellew concluded in 1864 that the Yousefzai Pashtuns likely have Greek roots.^[63]^[64] Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the Seleucid Empire controlled the Pashtun area until 305 BCE when they gave much of it to the Indian Maurya Empire as part of an alliance treaty.^[65]

Anthropology and oral traditions

Some anthropologists lend credence to the oral traditions of the Pashtun tribes themselves. For example, according to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites is traced to Nimat Allah al-Harawi, who compiled a history for Khan-e-Jehan Lodhi in the reign of Mughal Emperor Jehangir in the 17th century.^[53] Another book that corresponds with Pashtun historical records, Taaqati-Nasiri, states that in the 7th century BCE, a people called the Bani Israel settled in the Ghor region of Afghanistan and from there began migrating southeast. These references to Bani Israel agree with the commonly held view by Pashtuns that when the twelve tribes of Israel were dispersed, the tribe of Joseph, among other Hebrew tribes, settled in the Afghanistan region.^[66] This oral tradition is widespread among the Pashtun tribes. There have been many legends over the centuries of descent from the Ten Lost Tribes after groups converted to Christianity and Islam. Hence the tribal name Yusufzai in Pashto translates to the "son of Joseph". A similar story is told by many historians, including the 14th century Ibn Battuta and 16th century Ferishta.<ref 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^ ^a ^b "Pakistan population: 190,291,129 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%] = 29,342,892". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 10 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun 42%] = 12,776,369". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 20 September 2010.
^ "United Arab Emirates: Demography" (PDF). Encyclopædia Britannica World Data. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
^ 42% of 200,000 Afghan-Americans = 84,000 and 15% of 363,699 Pakistani-Americans = 54,554. Total Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns in USA = 138,554.
^ ^a ^b "Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)". SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
^ Maclean, William (10 June 2009). "Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns". Reuters. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
^ Relations between Afghanistan and Germany: Germany is now home to almost 90,000 people of Afghan origin. 42% of 90,000 = 37,800
^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada". 2.statcan.ca. 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
^ [1]
^ "Perepis.ru". perepis2002.ru (in Russian).
^ "20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia" (Microsoft Excel download). 2006 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 June 2008. Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lewis, Paul M. (2009). "Pashto, Northern". SIL International. Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Retrieved 18 September 2010. Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Afghan and Afghanistan". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Afghan". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica Online Edition. 15 December 1983. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Firishta). "History of the Mohamedan Power in India". Persian Literature in Translation. Packard Humanities Institute. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
^ "Afghanistan: Glossary". British Library. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
^ James William Spain (1963). The Pathan Borderland. Mouton. p. 40. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
^ Pathan. World English Dictionary. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Pathan (pəˈtɑːn) — n a member of the Pashto-speaking people of Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, and elsewhere, most of whom are Muslim in religion [C17: from Hindi]
^ ^a ^b "Ethnic map of Afghanistan" (PDF). Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor. National Geographic Society. 2003. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
^ ^a ^b Nath, Samir (2002). Dictionary of Vedanta. Sarup & Sons. p. 273. ISBN 81-7890-056-4. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b "7". The History of Herodotus. Translated by George Rawlinson. The History Files. 4 February 1998 [original written 440 BC]. Retrieved 10 January 2007.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ ^a ^b Romano, Amy (2003). A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 0-8239-3863-8. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
^ Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree; et al. "Last Afghan empire". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 10 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ Syed Saleem Shahzad (20 October 2006). "Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies". Retrieved 22 April 2010.
^ "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001". Census of India. 2001. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
^ "Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India". Khyber.org. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
^ Cyril Glassé; Huston Smith (2003). The New Encyclopædia of Islam. Rowman Altamira. The Pashto-speaking tribesman who live in Afghanistan, where they are one of the main ethnic groups, and in Pakistan, where they are generally called by the variant term Pathan (Hindi and Urdu).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (17 July 2009). "Pakistan: Karachi's Invisible Enemy City potent refuge for Taliban fighters". Frontline on PBS. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
^ Syed Saleem Shahzad (10 January 2007). "How the Taliban keep their coffers full". Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ "Pakistan Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security" (PDF). Brookings Institution. 29 December 2011. p. 13. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
^
See:
- "Ethnic groups". BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2013. Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.
- Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry (2008). The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America (9 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 46. ISBN 0-618-81017-X. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Even within the largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns (about 50 percent of the population) ..."
- Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. p. 10088. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- Taylor, William J. Jr.; Kim, Abraham (2000). Asian Security to the Year 2000. DIANE Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 1-4289-1368-8. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 24 October 2010. Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans ...
- Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2009). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. Elsevie. p. 845. ISBN 0-08-087774-5. Retrieved 24 September 2010. Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.
- Hawthorne, Susan; Winter, Bronwyn (2002). September 11, 2001: feminist perspectives. Spinifex Press. p. 225. ISBN 1-876756-27-6. Retrieved 24 September 2010. Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun ...
^ "UNHCR country operations profile – Pakistan". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Retrieved 17 April 2010.
^ "UNHCR country operations profile – Islamic Republic of Iran". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Retrieved 17 April 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Khaljies are Afghan". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
^ Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1970). An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. Vol. First Edition. Kabul: Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization. p. 492. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
^ ^a ^b John Ford Shroder. "Afghanistan – VII. History". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
^ "Country Profile: Afghanistan" (PDF). Library of Congress. Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. August 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ "Kingdoms of South Asia – Afghanistan (Southern Khorasan / Arachosia)". The History Files. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Pashtun". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2010. The origins of the Pashtun are unclear. According to Pashtun tradition, they are descended from Afghana, grandson of King Saul of Israel, though most scholars believe it more likely that they arose from an intermingling of ancient Aryans from the north or west with subsequent invaders.
^ Lal, Mohan (1846). Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul. Vol. Volume 1. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 3. ISBN 0-7787-9335-4. Retrieved 10 September 2010. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. ISBN 0-631-19841-5. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ "Old Iranian Online". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
^ Gankovsky, Yu. V. (1982). A History of Afghanistan. Progress Publishers. p. 382.
^ Quddus, Syed Abdul (1987). The Pathans. Moscow: Ferozsons. p. 29. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
^ http://afghanembassy.com/viewtopic.asp?id=1331&t=Afghan%20Leaders%20Yearbook
^ Meher, Jagmohan: Afghanistan: Dynamics of Survival, p. 29, at Google Books
^ International Business Publiction: Afghanistan. Country Studiy Guidy, Volume 1, Strategic Information and Developments, p. 66, at Google Books
^ http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=556&task=view&total=2916&start=857&Itemid=2
^ http://www.khyber.org/tribes/info/Kharoti_a_Short_Note.shtml
^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh7060.htm; see Verse
^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv07018.htm
^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 77. ISBN 969-35-2020-3. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 150. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ "History of Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ ^a ^b Noelle-Karimi, Christine; Schetter, Conrad J.; Schlagintweit, Reinhard (2002). Afghanistan -a country without a state?. IKO. p. 18. ISBN 3-88939-628-3. Retrieved 24 September 2010. The earliest mention of the name 'Afghan' (Abgan) is to be found in a Sasanid inscription from the third century AD, and it appears in India in the form of 'Avagana' ...
^ "The cradle of Pathan culture". dawn.com. Dawn News.
^ "Islamic conquest". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ V. Minorsky. The Turkish dialect of the Khalaj. Vol. 10 (2 ed.). University of London. pp. 417–437. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
^ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 151. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ Ibn Battuta (2004). Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 (reprint, illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 0-415-34473-5. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (1560–1620). "The History of India, Volume 6, chpt. 200, Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History (p.8)". Sir H. M. Elliot. London: Packard Humanities Institute. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ Cite error: The named reference Lal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Bellew, Henry Walter (1864). A general report on the Yusufzais. Sang-e-Meel Publications.
^ Ahmed, Khaled. "Daily Times – Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
^ Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). "An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Name". Strabo (64 BC – 24 AD). American International School of Kabul. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010. Alexander took these away from the Aryans and established settlements of his own, but Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus (Chandragupta), upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange 500 elephants. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Alden Oreck. "The Virtual Jewish History Tour, Afghanistan". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 10 January 2007.

[CIA-Pak-pop-1] "Pakistan population: 190,291,129 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%] = 29,342,892". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 10 February 2012.

[CIA-Afghan-pop-2] "Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun 42%] = 12,776,369". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 20 September 2010.

[Pashto_in_UAE-3] "United Arab Emirates: Demography" (PDF). Encyclopædia Britannica World Data. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 15 March 2008.

[Pashtuns_in_USA-4] 42% of 200,000 Afghan-Americans = 84,000 and 15% of 363,699 Pakistani-Americans = 54,554. Total Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns in USA = 138,554.

[Ethnologue-Pashto-5] "Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)". SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 5 May 2012.

[6] Maclean, William (10 June 2009). "Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns". Reuters. Retrieved 6 August 2009.

[BMZ-7] Relations between Afghanistan and Germany: Germany is now home to almost 90,000 people of Afghan origin. 42% of 90,000 = 37,800

[Canada-census-8] "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada". 2.statcan.ca. 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2010.

[9] [1]

[10] "Perepis.ru". perepis2002.ru (in Russian).

[Pashtuns_in_Australia-11] "20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia" (Microsoft Excel download). 2006 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 June 2008. Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.

[Ethnologue-12] Lewis, Paul M. (2009). "Pashto, Northern". SIL International. Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Retrieved 18 September 2010. Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.

[Habibi-13] "Afghan and Afghanistan". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Retrieved 24 October 2010.

[Iranica-14] "Afghan". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica Online Edition. 15 December 1983. Retrieved 27 September 2010.

[Ferishta-15] Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Firishta). "History of the Mohamedan Power in India". Persian Literature in Translation. Packard Humanities Institute. Retrieved 10 January 2007.

[Brit-lib-16] "Afghanistan: Glossary". British Library. Retrieved 15 March 2008.

[Hindi1-17] James William Spain (1963). The Pathan Borderland. Mouton. p. 40. Retrieved 1 January 2012.

[Hindi3-18] Pathan. World English Dictionary. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Pathan (pəˈtɑːn) — n a member of the Pashto-speaking people of Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, and elsewhere, most of whom are Muslim in religion [C17: from Hindi]

[NatGeo-19] "Ethnic map of Afghanistan" (PDF). Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor. National Geographic Society. 2003. Retrieved 24 October 2010.

[Nath-20] Nath, Samir (2002). Dictionary of Vedanta. Sarup & Sons. p. 273. ISBN 81-7890-056-4. Retrieved 10 September 2010.

[Heredotus-21] "7". The History of Herodotus. Translated by George Rawlinson. The History Files. 4 February 1998 [original written 440 BC]. Retrieved 10 January 2007.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[Romano-22] Romano, Amy (2003). A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 0-8239-3863-8. Retrieved 17 October 2010.

[Last-Afghan-empire-23] Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree; et al. "Last Afghan empire". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 10 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

[24] Syed Saleem Shahzad (20 October 2006). "Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies". Retrieved 22 April 2010.

[India-census-25] "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001". Census of India. 2001. Retrieved 17 March 2008.

[Indian_Pathans-26] "Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India". Khyber.org. Retrieved 30 January 2008.

[Bhasha-27] Cyril Glassé; Huston Smith (2003). The New Encyclopædia of Islam. Rowman Altamira. The Pashto-speaking tribesman who live in Afghanistan, where they are one of the main ethnic groups, and in Pakistan, where they are generally called by the variant term Pathan (Hindi and Urdu).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[PBS-28] Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (17 July 2009). "Pakistan: Karachi's Invisible Enemy City potent refuge for Taliban fighters". Frontline on PBS. Retrieved 15 March 2008.

[A-Times-29] Syed Saleem Shahzad (10 January 2007). "How the Taliban keep their coffers full". Retrieved 10 September 2010.

[brookings-pakindex-30] "Pakistan Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security" (PDF). Brookings Institution. 29 December 2011. p. 13. Retrieved 25 January 2012.

[31] See:
"Ethnic groups". BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2013. Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.

Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry (2008). The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America (9 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 46. ISBN 0-618-81017-X. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Even within the largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns (about 50 percent of the population) ..."

Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. p. 10088. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

Taylor, William J. Jr.; Kim, Abraham (2000). Asian Security to the Year 2000. DIANE Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 1-4289-1368-8. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

"AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 24 October 2010. Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans ...

Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2009). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. Elsevie. p. 845. ISBN 0-08-087774-5. Retrieved 24 September 2010. Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.

Hawthorne, Susan; Winter, Bronwyn (2002). September 11, 2001: feminist perspectives. Spinifex Press. p. 225. ISBN 1-876756-27-6. Retrieved 24 September 2010. Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun ...

[32] "Ethnic groups". BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2013. Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.

[33] Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry (2008). The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America (9 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 46. ISBN 0-618-81017-X. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Even within the largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns (about 50 percent of the population) ..."

[34] Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. p. 10088. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

[35] Taylor, William J. Jr.; Kim, Abraham (2000). Asian Security to the Year 2000. DIANE Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 1-4289-1368-8. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

[36] "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 24 October 2010. Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans ...

[37] Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2009). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. Elsevie. p. 845. ISBN 0-08-087774-5. Retrieved 24 September 2010. Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.

[38] Hawthorne, Susan; Winter, Bronwyn (2002). September 11, 2001: feminist perspectives. Spinifex Press. p. 225. ISBN 1-876756-27-6. Retrieved 24 September 2010. Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun ...

[32] "UNHCR country operations profile – Pakistan". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Retrieved 17 April 2010.

[33] "UNHCR country operations profile – Islamic Republic of Iran". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Retrieved 17 April 2010.

[Khaljies_are_Afghan-34] "Khaljies are Afghan". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. Retrieved 19 August 2012.

[Dupree3-35] Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1970). An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. Vol. First Edition. Kabul: Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization. p. 492. Retrieved 17 June 2012.

[JFS-36] John Ford Shroder. "Afghanistan – VII. History". Retrieved 31 October 2009.

[37] "Country Profile: Afghanistan" (PDF). Library of Congress. Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. August 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2010.

[HF-38] "Kingdoms of South Asia – Afghanistan (Southern Khorasan / Arachosia)". The History Files. Retrieved 16 August 2010.

[Brit-Pashtun-39] "Pashtun". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2010. The origins of the Pashtun are unclear. According to Pashtun tradition, they are descended from Afghana, grandson of King Saul of Israel, though most scholars believe it more likely that they arose from an intermingling of ancient Aryans from the north or west with subsequent invaders.

[40] Lal, Mohan (1846). Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul. Vol. Volume 1. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 3. ISBN 0-7787-9335-4. Retrieved 10 September 2010. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

[Vogelsang-41] Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. ISBN 0-631-19841-5. Retrieved 22 August 2010.

[42] "Old Iranian Online". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 10 February 2007.

[Gankovsky-43] Gankovsky, Yu. V. (1982). A History of Afghanistan. Progress Publishers. p. 382.

[44] Quddus, Syed Abdul (1987). The Pathans. Moscow: Ferozsons. p. 29. Retrieved 25 October 2010.

[afghanembassy.com-45] ttp://afghanembassy.com/viewtopic.asp?id=1331&t=Afghan%20Leaders%20Yearbook

[46] Meher, Jagmohan: Afghanistan: Dynamics of Survival, p. 29, at Google Books

[47] International Business Publiction: Afghanistan. Country Studiy Guidy, Volume 1, Strategic Information and Developments, p. 66, at Google Books

[48] ttp://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=556&task=view&total=2916&start=857&Itemid=2

[49] ttp://www.khyber.org/tribes/info/Kharoti_a_Short_Note.shtml

[50] ttp://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh7060.htm; see Verse

[51] ttp://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv07018.htm

[52] Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 77. ISBN 969-35-2020-3. Retrieved 10 September 2010.

[Houtsma-150-53] Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 150. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

[Britannica-Abgan-54] "History of Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 22 November 2010.

[Abgan-55] Noelle-Karimi, Christine; Schetter, Conrad J.; Schlagintweit, Reinhard (2002). Afghanistan -a country without a state?. IKO. p. 18. ISBN 3-88939-628-3. Retrieved 24 September 2010. The earliest mention of the name 'Afghan' (Abgan) is to be found in a Sasanid inscription from the third century AD, and it appears in India in the form of 'Avagana' ...

[Dawn-56] "The cradle of Pathan culture". dawn.com. Dawn News.

[57] "Islamic conquest". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Retrieved 10 September 2010.

[Khalaj-58] V. Minorsky. The Turkish dialect of the Khalaj. Vol. 10 (2 ed.). University of London. pp. 417–437. Retrieved 10 January 2007.

[59] Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 151. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

[60] Ibn Battuta (2004). Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 (reprint, illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 0-415-34473-5. Retrieved 10 September 2010.

[61] Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (1560–1620). "The History of India, Volume 6, chpt. 200, Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History (p.8)". Sir H. M. Elliot. London: Packard Humanities Institute. Retrieved 22 August 2010.

[Lal-62] Cite error: The named reference Lal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Bellew1864-63] Bellew, Henry Walter (1864). A general report on the Yusufzais. Sang-e-Meel Publications.

[64] Ahmed, Khaled. "Daily Times – Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. Retrieved 1 December 2012.

[65] Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). "An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Name". Strabo (64 BC – 24 AD). American International School of Kabul. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010. Alexander took these away from the Aryans and established settlements of his own, but Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus (Chandragupta), upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange 500 elephants. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Jewish-library-66] Alden Oreck. "The Virtual Jewish History Tour, Afghanistan". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 10 January 2007.

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