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{{redirect|Karshi|the racehorse|Karshi (horse)}}
{{redirect|Chitrali language|other Chitrali languages|Languages of Chitral}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{original research|date=October 2013}}
|name = Karachi
|native_name = <span style="line-height:1.6">{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|کراچی}}}}</span>
|nickname = The Gateway to Pakistan, The City of Lights, Mini Pakistan, Capital of Sindh , The City Of Quaid
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|image_skyline = Karachi Montage 02.PNG
|image_size =
|image_caption = Clockwise from top:
[[:File:Karachi sky line.jpg|Karachi Skyline]], [[:File:KPT HQ.jpg|KPT HQ]], [[:File:PRC Towers and PNSC Building Karachi.jpg|PRC Towers & PNSC]], [[:File:Karachi - Pakistan-market.jpg|Karachi Market]], [[:File:Manora - Tallest Lighthouse of Pakistan P11008351.jpg|Manora Lighthouse]], [[:File:Nagan Ch Karachi.jpg|Nagan Interchange]] and [[:File:Tomb Jinnah.jpg|MA Jinnah Tomb]].
|image_seal = Logo of Karachi Metropolitan Corporation.png
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location of Karachi in Pakistan
|pushpin_map = Sindh
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{PAK}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Sindh]]
|seat_type = City Council
|seat = City Complex, [[Gulshan Town|Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town]]
|parts_type = Districts <ref name="govt">{{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=84 |title=District in Karachi |publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref>
|parts_style = coll
|parts = 6
|p1 = [[Karachi East District|Karachi East]]
|p2 = [[Karachi West District|Karachi West]]
|p3 = [[Karachi South District|Karachi South]]
|p4 = [[Karachi Central District|Karachi Central]]
|p5 = [[Malir District|Malir]]
|p6 = [[Korangi District|Korangi]]
|government_footnotes =<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/ |title=Government |publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref>
|government_type = Metropolitan City
|leader_title = [[Council–manager government|City administrator]]
|leader_name = Sajjad Hussain Abbasi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=21 |title=Administrator Office |publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref>
|leader_title1 = Metropolitan commissioner
|leader_name1 = Samiuddin Siddiqui <ref>{{cite web |url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=54 |title=Administrator Office |publisher = Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref>
|leader_title2 = [[Commissioner]]
|leader_name2 = Shoaib Ahmed Siddiqui <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=53 |title=LIST OF COMMISSIONER & ADDITIONAL COMMISSIONERS |publisher = Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref>
|established_title = Metropolitan Corporation
|established_date = 2011
|latd = 24 |latm = 51 |lats = 36 | latNS = N
|longd = 67 |longm = 0 |longs = 36 |longEW = E
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|area_magnitude = 1 E+6
|area_footnotes =<ref name=geography>{{cite web |url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/AboutKarachi/GeographyDemography/tabid/270/Default.aspx |title=Geography & Demography |publisher=City District Government of Karachi |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 3527
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 8
|population_as_of = 2013
|population_note =
|population_total = 24,000,000<ref name="city">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html citypopulation.de|title=The Principal Agglomerations of the World|last=Brinkhoff|first=Thomas|publisher=City Population|accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="http://tribune.com.pk">{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/614409/population-explosion-put-an-embargo-on-industrialisation-in-karachi/ |title=Population explosion: Put an embargo on industrialisation in Karachi |publisher=http://tribune.com.pk |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in Pakistan|1st (Pakistan)]], [[List of cities proper by population|1st (World)]]
|population_demonym = Karachiite
|national_languages = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]{{Smallsup|2}}[[Pashto language|Pashto]]{{Smallsup|2}}[[Persian language|Persian]]{{Smallsup|2}}English{{Smallsup|2}}
|timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]
|utc_offset = +05:00
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|area_code = +9221-XXXX XXXX
|area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes in Pakistan|Dialling code]]
|postal_code = 74XXX&nbsp;– 75XXX
|postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Pakistan|Postal codes]]
|website = {{URL|www.kmc.gos.pk}}
}}
}}
'''Karachi''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|کراچی}}}} / [[ALA-LC]]: {{transl|Urdu|ALA-LC|''Karācī''}} {{IPA-hns|kəˈrɑːˌtʃi|IPA|Karachi_pronunciation.ogg}}) is the [[List of capitals in Pakistan|capital]] of the province of [[Sindh]], as well as the Aamna Home town. It is main port city of the country. Karachi is the world's [[List of metropolitan areas by population|6th largest metropolitan area]].<ref name="city"/> It is the [[List of cities proper by population|largest city in the world]] by population.<ref name="citymayors1">{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-mayors-1.html|title=Largest cities and their mayors in 2011 |publisher=City Mayors|accessdate=5 February 2010}}</ref> It is also the main [[seaport]] and [[financial centre]] of the country. Karachi is also known as ''City of Lights'' mainly due to city's night life, for which it is famous as the city which never sleeps. Karachi metro has an estimated population of over 23.5 million people as of 2013,<ref name="http://tribune.com.pk"/> and area of approximately {{convert|3527|km2|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcci.com.pk/MyKarachi/AboutKarachi.aspx |title=About Karachi |publisher=Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://urban.unhabitat.org.pk/Region/Sindh/Karachi.aspx |title=Karachi > Gallery |publisher=UN-Habitat |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> resulting in a density of more than 6,000 people per square kilometre (15,500 per square mile).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-13637-Sindh-population-surges-by-81.5-pc,-households-by-83.9-pc |title=Sindh population surges by 81.5 pc, households by 83.9 pc |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date=2 April 2012 |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref>


{{Infobox language
Karachi is the 7th largest<ref>http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf</ref> urban agglomeration in the world and the [[List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries|largest city]] in the [[Muslim world]].<ref name="citymayors2">{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2|title=World Urbanization Prospects, 2009 revision (online data)|accessdate=11 May 2011}}</ref> It is Pakistan's centre of [[banking]], [[industry]], economic activity and [[trade]] and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in [[textiles]], [[shipping]], [[automotive industry]], [[entertainment]], [[the arts]], [[fashion]], [[advertising]], [[publishing]], [[software development]] and [[medical research]]. The city is a hub of higher education in [[South Asia]] and the [[Muslim world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistancity.org/karachi_online.html |title=Pakistan City Karachi Online Information |publisher=Pakistancity.org |accessdate=6 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20100416074831/http://pakistancity.org:80/karachi_online.html |archivedate=16 April 2010 }}</ref>
|name=Khowar
|altname=Chitrali
|nativename={{lang|khw|کهووار}}
|states=[[Pakistan]]
|region=[[Chitral District]]
|ethnicity=[[Kho people]]
|speakers={{sigfig|242,000|2}}
|date=1992–2000
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Dardic languages|Dardic]]
|fam5=Chitrali
|script=[[Khowar alphabet]] ([[Arabic script]])
|nation=
|iso3=khw
|glotto=khow1242
|glottorefname=Khowar
|lingua=59-AAB-aa
}}
[[File:Khowar-jey.jpg|thumbnail|Khowar letter jeem]]'''Khowar''' ({{lang|khw|کهووار}}), also known as '''Chitrali''' ({{lang|khw|چترالي}}) and '''Arniya''', is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] branch spoken by [[kho people]] of Chitral, Pakistan . The separate nature of the Dardic languages is clear, however, they form close relationship with other Indo-Aryan languages, especially Punjabi.<ref>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-</ref>


It is spoken by the [[Kho people]] in [[Chitral District|Chitral]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], in the [[Ghizer]] district of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] (including the [[Yasin Valley]], Phandar [[Ishkoman]] and Gupis), and in parts of Upper [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]]. [[Chitrali people|Speakers of Khowar]] have also migrated heavily to Pakistan's major urban centres with [[Peshawar]], [[Islamabad]], [[Lahore]] and [[Karachi]], having sizeable populations. It is spoken as a second language in the rest of [[Gilgit Valley|Gilgit]] and [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]]. There are believed to be small numbers of Khowar speakers in [[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Istanbul]].
Karachi is also ranked as a [[Global city|beta world city]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html
|title=GaWC&nbsp;– The World According to GaWC 2008|publisher=Lboro.ac.uk|date=3 June 2009|accessdate=14 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html|title=GAWC World Cities Ranking List|publisher=Diserio.com|accessdate=14 September 2009}}</ref> It was the capital of [[Pakistan]] until [[Islamabad]] was constructed as a capital to spread development evenly across the country and to prevent it from being concentrated in Karachi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC&pg=PA187&dq=islamabad+forward+thrust+capital&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rsOjT_vOLuLF0QXsyaCNCQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=islamabad%20forward%20thrust%20capital&f=false|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|accessdate=4 May 2012}}</ref> Karachi is the location of the [[Port of Karachi]] and [[Port Qasim|Port Bin Qasim]], two of the region's largest and busiest ports. After the independence of Pakistan, the city population increased dramatically when hundreds of thousands of [[Muslim]] [[Muhajir people|Muhajirs]] from [[India]] and from other parts of South Asia came to settle in Karachi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pqa.gov.pk/about_karachi.php |title=Port Qasim &#124; About Karachi |publisher=Port Qasim Authority |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>


Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, and one of the [[languages of Chitral|14 designated regional languages there]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
The city is located on the [[Arabian Sea]] coastline. It is also known as the Uroos ul Bilaad "The Bride of the Cities" and the "City of Lights",<ref name="Rizwan – 30 October 2012 said">{{cite news|author=Rizwan – 30 October 2012 said: |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/05/14/comment/editors-mail/karachi-the-city-of-lights/ |title=Karachi: the city of lights |publisher=Pakistan Today |date=30 October 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Karachi city of lights">{{cite news|url=http://pakobserver.net/201212/07/detailnews.asp?id=185729 |title=Karachi city of lights |publisher=Pakobserver.net |date=7 December 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> and the "City of the Quaid", having been the birth and burial place of ''[[Quaid-e-Azam]]'', the Great Leader, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of [[Pakistan]], who made the city his home after Pakistan's [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] from the [[British Raj]] on 14 August 1947. According to [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], In 2009 Karachi had a total [[GDP]] of $78 billion with conservative projections expecting it to rise to $193 billion in 2025.<ref name="pwc1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025|publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers|accessdate=12 February 2010}}</ref>


==History==
==Phonology==
{{Main|History of Karachi|Timeline of Karachi history}}


Khowar has a variety of dialects, which may vary phonemically.<ref name=Edelman>{{cite book|last=Edelman|first=D. I.|title=The Dardic and Nuristani Languages|year=1983|publisher=Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR)|location=Moscow|pages=210}}</ref> The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.<ref name=Bashir1>{{Citation
===Founding and Early History===
|last= Bashir |first= Elena L.
The Late [[Palaeolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] sites found by [[Karachi University]] team on the [[Mulri Hills]], in front of Karachi University Campus, constitute one of the most important [[Archaeology|archaeological]] discoveries made in [[Sindh]] during the last fifty years. The last [[hunter-gatherers]], who left abundant traces of their passage, repeatedly inhabited the Hills. Some twenty different spots of [[flint tools]] were discovered during the surface surveys.
|title= Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An areal and typological perspective
|journal= Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan
|year= 1988
|url=http://salc.uchicago.edu/sites/salc.uchicago.edu/files/bashirdissertation.pdf
| pages= 37–40
}}</ref><ref name=Bashir2>{{Citation
|last= Bashir |first= Elena L., Maula Nigah and Rahmat Karim Baig
|title= A Digital Khowar-English Dictionary with Audio
|url= http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/khowar/
}}</ref>


===Vowels===
Karachi was known to the ancient [[Greeks]] by many names: [[Krokola]], the place where [[Alexander the Great]] camped to prepare a fleet for [[Babylonia]] after his campaign in the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]]; [[Morontobara]] (probably [[Manora, Karachi|Manora]] island near [[Port of Karachi|Karachi harbour]]), from whence Alexander's admiral [[Nearchus]] set sail; and [[Barbarikon]], a port of the [[Bactria]]n kingdom. It was later known to the [[Arab people|Arabs]] as [[Debal]] from where [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712.<ref>[http://www.houstonkarachi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44%3Akarachi-history&catid=3%3Aabout-hksca&Itemid=11] {{wayback|url=http://www.houstonkarachi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44%3Akarachi-history&catid=3%3Aabout-hksca&Itemid=11 |date=20141221114214 }}</ref>


{|class="wikitable"
Karachi was reputedly founded as "Kolachi" by [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribes from [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] and [[Makran]], who established a small fishing community in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2002/08/08/fea.htm# |title=DAWN&nbsp;– Features; August 8, 2002 |publisher=Dawn.Com |date=8 August 2002 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> Descendants of the original community still live in the area on the small island of [[Abdullah Goth]], which is located near the Karachi Port. The original name "Kolachi" survives in the name of a well-known Karachi locality named [[Mai Kolachi]] in [[Balochi language|Balochi]].
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-align=center
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|i}} || || {{IPA|u}}
|-align=center
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|e}}
|
|{{IPA|o}}
|-align=center
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA|a}}
|
|}


Khowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of [[Vowel length|long vowels]] {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, and {{IPA|/uː/}}. Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic, with one author stating "vowel-length is observed mainly as a substitute one. The vowel-length of phonological value is noted far more rarely."<ref name=Edelman/> Unlike the neighboring and related [[Kalash language|Kalasha language]], Khowar does not have retroflex vowels.<ref name=Bashir1/>
===Mughal Empire===
[[Mirza Ghazi Beg]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] administrator of [[Sindh]], is among the first historical figures credited for the development of coastal Sindh (consisting of regions such as the Makran coast and the Indus delta),{{where|date=February 2014}} including the cities of [[Thatta]], [[Bhambore]] and Karachi. During the rule of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] administrator of [[Sindh]], [[Mirza Ghazi Beg]] the city was well fortified against [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colonial incursions in [[Sindh]]. Debal and the Manora Island and was visited by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[admiral]] [[Seydi Ali Reis]] and mentioned in his book [[Mirat ul Memalik|Mir'ât ül Memâlik]] in 1554. The ancient names of Karachi included: [[Krokola]], [[Barbarikon]], [[Nawa Nar]], [[Rambagh, Karachi|Rambagh]], [[Kurruck]], [[Auranga Bandar]], [[Minnagara]], [[Kolachi (port)|Kolachi]], [[Morontobara]], [[Kolachi-jo-Goth]], [[Banbhore]], [[Debal]], [[Barbarice]] and [[Kurrachee]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR18&lpg=PR18&dq=karachi+laxmi+salt+works&source=bl&ots=_jNVPU2ZaQ&sig=cjPamo8B37E8mAjIh2Y26if2NII&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GgizU97wNYeKqAakr4KYDA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=karachi%20laxmi%20salt%20works&f=false|title=Kurrachee|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap8IAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A gazetteer of the province of Sindh|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref>


===Consonants===
The village that later grew out of this settlement was known as [[Kolachi-jo-Goth]] (Village of Kolachi in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]). By the late 1720s, the village was trading across the [[Arabian Sea]] with [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] and the [[Persian Gulf]] region. The local [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] populace built a small fort, that was constructed for the protection of the city, armed with cannons imported by Sindhi sailors from Muscat, [[Oman]]. The fort had two main gateways: one facing the sea, known as Kharra Darwaaza (Brackish Gate) ([[Kharadar]]) and the other facing the [[Lyari River]] known as the Meet'ha Darwaaza (Sweet Gate) ([[Mithadar]]), which correspond to the modern areas of [[Kharadar]] and Mithadar.


{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
The name Karachi was used for the first time in a [[Dutch language|Dutch]] document of 1742, when a merchant ship ''de Ridderkerk'' shipwrecked nearby its coast.<ref>''The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Diewel-Sind (Pakistan) in the 17th and 18th centuries'', Floor, W. Institute of Central & West Asian Studies, University of Karachi, 1993–1994, p. 49.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/95544|title=The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595-1795|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref>
|-style="font-size: 90%;"

! colspan="2" |
The region continued to be ruled by the Talpur Amir's of Sindh who remained under nominal suzerainty of the Mughals till 1843.
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]

! [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
===British Raj===
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
[[File:429068485 5f192dcf9f o.jpg|thumb|[[D. J. Science College]] in the 19th century]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
After some exploratory missions to the area, the [[British East India Company]] captured the town when [[HMS Wellesley|HMS ''Wellesley'']] anchored off Manora island on 1 February 1839. Two days later, the little fort surrendered.<ref>{{cite book|title=Recollections of four years' service in the East with H.M. fortieth regiment|last=Neill|first=, John Martin Bladen|authorlink=|year=1846|publisher=|location=|isbn=|page=|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/recollectionsoff00neilrich|accessdate=27 November 2009}}</ref> The town was later annexed to [[British East India Company]] held territories in India when parts of [[Sindh]] was captured by Major General [[Charles James Napier]] after their victory in the [[Battle of Miani]] on 17 February 1843.
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]

! Post-<br>velar
On his departure in 1847, [[Charles James Napier|Napier]] is said to have remarked, "Would that I could come again to see you in your grandeur!" Karachi was made the capital of Sindh after British victory in 1843. On Napier's departure, it was added along with the rest of Sindh to the [[Bombay Presidency]], a move that caused resentment among the native [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]]. The British realised the importance of the city as a military cantonment and as a port for exporting the produce of the [[Indus River]] basin, and developed its [[Port of Karachi|harbour]] for shipping. The foundations of a city municipal government were laid down and infrastructure development was undertaken. New businesses opened up and the population of the town began rising.
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

The arrival of the troops of the [[East India Company|Company Bahadur]] in 1843 spawned the foundation of the new section, the military cantonment. The cantonment formed the basis of the 'white' town, where the local population had limited access. This town was modelled after English industrial parent-cities, where work and residential spaces were separated, as were residential from recreational places. The 'native' town in the northwest, was enlarged to accommodate the burgeoning mercantile population. When the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] broke out in [[South Asia]], the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, declared allegiance to rebels and joining their numbers on 10 September 1857. Nevertheless, the British were able to quickly reassert control over Karachi and defeat the uprising. Officer William 'Waf' Frost was considered to be instrumental in quelling the rebellion and was rewarded for his valor with an [[Order of the British Empire]]. This was awarded to him on 23 April 1858. However, he remains unpopular in areas of Karachi to this day.
[[File:Karachi04.jpg|Elphinstone Street c. 1930|thumb|250px|[[Elphinstone Street]] in 1930]]
In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from [[South Asia]] to [[England]], when a direct [[telegraph]] connection was laid between Karachi and [[London]].<ref>{{cite journal
|title = The Persian Gulf Submarine Telegraph of 1864
|last = Harris
|first = Christina Phelps
|journal = [[The Geographical Journal]]
|issn = 14754959
|volume = 135
|issue = 2
|year = 1969
|pages = 169–90
|doi = 10.2307/1796823
|jstor = 1796823
|via = [[JSTOR]]
|registration = y
}}</ref> In 1878, the city was connected to the rest of British India by rail. Public building projects, such as [[Frere Hall]] (1865) and the [[Empress Market]] (1890), were undertaken. In 1876, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, was born in the city according to some accounts, which by now had become a bustling city with mosques, temples, courthouses, paved streets and a harbour. By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat exporting port in the East.<ref>[Herbert Feldman [1970]: Karachi through a hundred years: the centenary history of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1860–1960. 2. ed. Karachi: Oxford UP (1960).]</ref> Before 1880 the majority of the population of Karachi consisted of the indigenous [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] and [[Baloch people|Balochis]] (who also spoke Sindhi as a second language).

These developments in Karachi resulted in an influx of economic migrants: [[Parsi]]s, [[Hindu]]s, Christians, [[Jews]], [[Marathis]], [[Goan Christian]], Chinese, British, [[Arabs]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]]. The population of the city was about 105,000 inhabitants by the end of the 19th century, with a mix of nationalities. British colonialists embarked on works of sanitation and transportation&nbsp;– such as gravel paved streets, drains, street sweepers, and a network of [[Tram]]s and horse-drawn trolleys.

===Karachi Post-Independence===
By the time of [[Pakistan]]'s [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolis with slightly under half a million people, and classical and colonial European styled buildings lining the city's thoroughfares. Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan, which at the time included present-day [[Bangladesh]], approximately {{convert|1000|km|abbr=on}} to the east, and not physically connected to Pakistan. In 1947, Karachi was the focus for settlement by [[Muslim]] [[Muhajir people|Muhajirs]] fleeing from the [[Persecution of Muslims|anti-Muslim]] [[pogrom]]s in India, who expanded the city's population and transformed its [[Demographics of Karachi|demographics]] and [[Economy of Karachi|economy]].
[[Image:Hindu Gymkhana Karachi.jpeg|200px|thumb|left|The Hindu Gymkhana Building was built by wealthy Hindus migrated after the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of Pakistan. The building was adaptively reused and now houses the [[National Academy of Performing Arts]].]]

In 1958, the capital of Pakistan was moved from Karachi to [[Rawalpindi]]. The foreign embassies in Karachi moved to the newly developed capital [[Islamabad]], near Rawalpindi. There are [[Consul (representative)|Consulates]] and [[The Honorary Consul|Honorary Consulates]] as [[Diplomatic missions in Karachi]].

During the 1960s, Karachi was seen as an economic role model around the world. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and one of them, [[South Korea]], copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan" and the World Financial Center in [[Seoul]] is designed and modeled after Karachi.<ref>Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan: 1960–65, Karachi: Govt. Printing Press, 1960, p. 393</ref><ref>Planning Commission, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1964–65, Rawalpindi: Govt. Printing Press, 1965, p. 212.</ref> Karachi had both a municipal corporation and a Karachi Divisional Council in the 1960s, which developed schools, colleges, roads, municipal gardens, and parks. The Karachi Divisional Council had working committees for education, roads, and residential societies development and planning.<ref>Government archives, Sindh for Municipality and divisional administration</ref> In the late 1960s, the capital shifted from [[Rawalpindi]] to the newly built [[Islamabad]]. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development.

The 1970s also saw major [[Karachi labour unrest of 1972|labour struggles in Karachi's]] industrial estates. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of thousands of [[Afghan people|Afghan]] refugees from the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] into Karachi; they were followed in smaller numbers by refugees escaping from [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848|title=Afghan refugees population in Pakistan|work= Cambridge Journal|publisher=Journals.cambridge.org|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> Karachi ethnic groups included: [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]], [[Saraiki people|Seraikis]], [[Pashtun people|Pakhtuns]], [[Baloch people|Balochis]], [[Memon people|Memons]], [[Bohra people|Bohras]], [[Ismaili people|Ismailis]], etc. After the 1970s Karachi has become home to about five to seven million [[Pashtuns]], which is more than [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name=pbs>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html|title=Karachi's Invisible Enemy|author=Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy|publisher=PBS|date=17 July 2009|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="The National">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090825/FOREIGN/708249931|title=In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder|publisher=The National|date=24 August 2009|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> In the late 1980s and early 1990s, ethnic and [[Politics of Karachi|political]] violence broke out across the city between Muhajir followers of the [[Mohajir Qaumi Movement]] fought with ethnic [[Sindhis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Punjabis]], and security forces. As a result, the [[Pakistan Army|Army]] was deployed to restore peace in the city.<ref name=Minahan>{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |volume=3 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32111-5 |pages=1277–1278}}</ref>

Today, Karachi is an important financial and industrial centre and handles most of the overseas trade of Pakistan and the world, mainly the Asian countries. It accounts for a significant share of the GDP of Pakistan.<ref name="adb"/>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Karachi|Environment of Karachi}}
[[File:Karachi ali 2010008 lrg.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of Karachi]]
City geographic coordinates are 24°51′ N 67°02′ E. Most of the land consisted largely of flat or rolling plains, with hills on the western and [[Manora, Karachi|Manora]] Island and the Oyster Rocks. The Arabian Sea beach lines the southern coastline of Karachi. [[Mangrove]]s and creeks of the [[Indus River Delta|Indus delta]] can be found toward the southeast side of the city. Toward the west and the north is [[Cape Monze]], locally known as [[Ras Muari]], an area marked by projecting sea cliffs and rocky sandstone promontories. Some excellent beaches can be found in this area. [[Khasa Hills]] and [[Mulri Hills]] lie in the northwest and form the border between [[North Nazimabad Town]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=204319&Cat=4&dt=10/18/2009|title=A story behind every name|date=21 October 2009|work=The News International, Pakistan|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref> and [[Orangi Town]]. The [[Manghopir Hills]] lies northwest of Karachi, between [[Hub River]] and [[Manghopir]]. The hills in Karachi are the offshoots of the [[Kirthar Range]]. The highest point of these hills in Karachi is about 528m in the extreme north. All these hills are devoid of vegetation and have wide intervening plains, dry river beds and water channels.<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf The case of Karachi, Pakistan]</ref> The rivers in Karachi are [[Malir River]] and [[Lyari River]]. The [[Indus River]] flood plain is near Karachi. The city is located on the [[Arabian Sea]] coastline. It is known as the Uroos ul Bilaad "The Bride of the Cities" and the "City of Lights",<ref name="Rizwan – 30 October 2012 said"/><ref name="Karachi city of lights"/> and the "City of the Quaid", having been the birth and burial place of ''[[Quaid-e-Azam]]'', the Great Leader, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of [[Pakistan]], who made the city his home after Pakistan's [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] from the [[British Raj]] on 14 August 1947.

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Karachi}}
Located on the coast, Karachi has an [[arid climate]] with low average precipitation levels (approx. {{convert|250|mm|abbr=on}} per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July–August [[monsoon]] season. Winters are warm and dry, while the summers are hot and humid; the proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. December and January are dry and pleasant as compared to the warm summers that dominate through the late spring (March) to the pre-monsoon season (June). Compared to other parts of Pakistan, Karachi's weather is considered mild and can be compared to Florida's weather (except for the precipitation).

The city's highest monthly rainfall, {{convert|429.3|mm|abbr=on}}, occurred in July 1967.<ref name="pakmet">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm |title=Climate data&nbsp;– Karachi |publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan |accessdate=24 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20100422011000/http://www.pakmet.com.pk:80/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm |archivedate=22 April 2010 }}</ref> The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about {{convert|278.1|mm|in}} of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/18/top2.htm ] {{wayback|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/18/top2.htm |date=20140711042200 }}</ref>
Karachi's highest recorded temperature is {{convert|47|C|abbr=on}}, which was recorded on 18 June 1979,<ref name=pakmet/> and the lowest is {{convert|0.0|C|F}}, recorded on 21 January 1934.<ref name=pakmet/>

{{Karachi weatherbox}}

==Cityscape==
{{wide image|Skyline of Karachi.jpg|1100px|Skyline of Karachi as seen from the [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road|I.I. Chundrigar Road]]}}
The oldest portions of Karachi were laid out in a manner typical of cities in South Asia. A small settlement developed around the present day neighborhood of [[Mithadar]]. This original portion of the city was encircled by a short wall. When the British conquered Sindh in the 19th century, Karachi witnessed explosive growth. Initially the areas around Mithadar, such as [[Kharadar]], [[Jodia Bazar]], and [[Sarafa Bazar]] were to witness growth and development along the lines of growth in the earlier [[Mithadar]] neighborhood - that is, with narrow winding streets with shops on the ground floors of buildings, and warehouse and living quarters above. Several of the streets in these areas reflect the area's formerly strong Hindu influences, such as [[Daryalal Street, Karachi|Daryalal Street]], [[Ram Bharti Street, Karachi|Ram Bharti Street]], and [[Virjee Street]]. Rapid growth ensued after the British laid out the spacious and sprawling [[Karachi Cantonment]] to the east of the so-called "Native Town." As the British expanded their rule in Sindh, they set out to create grand civic buildings. Examples such as the [[Karachi Municipal Corporation]] building, and the [[Karachi Port Trust]] Building were located in the "Native Town," while other buildings such as the [[D. J. Science College|Diwan Dayaram Jethamal Science College]], and [[Frere Hall]] from 1865 were built in the colonial administrative center. The British also built large churches in the city, such as the [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi|St. Patrick's Cathedral]].
[[Image:KPT HQ.jpg|thumb|The [[Karachi Port Trust]] building, completed in 1915.]]

As the British presence grew in the area, the native population expanded as the city became an important trading center. The areas to the north and northeast of the city grew rapidly without urban planning, resulting in the regions of Karachi today comprising [[Lyari Town]]. To the north of the colonial center grew fashionable neighborhoods for Karachi's wealthy natives in places such as [[Garden, Karachi|Garden]]. The British also developed the neighborhoods of [[Clifton, Karachi|Clifton]] and [[Bath Island]] around this time as wealthy sea-side suburbs. Wealthy natives bestowed the city with some of its finest architecture after 1900. Examples of this include the [[Karachi Gymkhana]], the [[Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi|Hindu Gymkhana]], and the [[Mohatta Palace]]. Public works were also commissioned by natives, one such example being the [[Jehangir Kothari Parade]] - built in 1921 by a wealthy Zoroastrian (Parsi) Karachiite.
[[File:Frere hall Karachi.jpg|thumb|thumb|left|[[Frere Hall]] - completed in 1865]]

On the Eve of the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]], the town was clearly delineated between three portions. The first was the "Native Town" centered on Mithadar, Kharadar, Manora Island, and Lyari town where much of the local population lived in cramped quarters. The second area was almost exclusively for European residents, and was centered on [[Saddar]], the Cantonment, and Clifton. The third area was for wealthy and educated natives who were centered in the Garden districts north of the city. Karachi's grand civic monuments were located primarily in the Native Town and in the European quarters, while the commercial heart of the city was centered on Saddar and the Bandar Road.

Following [[Pakistan Movement|independence]], and the massive influx of Muslim refugees who fled from [[Persecution of Muslims|anti-Muslim]] [[pogram]]s in India, the city required that large swathes of land on the outskirts of the city be turned into tent-cities for the new refugee population. The Muslim refugees struggled and slowly gained a foothold in the business community that had been left vacant by departing Hindus. New middle-class neighborhoods were laid out with wide boulevards from the 1950s-1970s in places such as [[Nazimabad]], while tracts of single family homes developed in the eastern and southeast parts of the city in a large area known as [[Defence Housing Authority, Karachi|Civil Defence]]. Lower classes crammed further into Lyari town, and expanded into the outlying lower-middle class areas of [[Orangi Town]] in the 1960s-1990s. Slums began to also arise, especially in the Lyari, Korangi, Keamari, and eastern parts of Orangi township, and are known by the local term "Katchi Abadis."

As Karachi descended into ethnic and political strife in the 1990s, large numbers of middle class Karachiites began to leave the central portions of the city, leaving areas in the original "Native Town" to deteriorate. New and sprawling townships arose at the peripheries of the city, and continued to spread outwards from places like [[North Karachi]] to [[Surjani Town]]. Despite a sharp drop in crime compared to the 1990s, the exodus of middle-class families continues, although neighborhoods such as Clifton and Garden have made a turn around and are now once again centers of new development aimed at the ever expanding middle class of Pakistan.

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Karachi}}
{{Multiple image
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| caption1 = [[Ocean Tower]]
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| caption2 =The Empress Markets were where British colonial administrators in Karachi did their shopping
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| caption4 = [[Habib Bank Plaza]]
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[[File:Empress Market at Sunset.jpg|thumb|right|Empress Market at Sunset]]
Karachi is the financial and commercial capital of Islamic Republic of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.192.147.139/CDGK/Portals/0/Department/Master%20Plan/App%20KSDP-2020%20VERSION%20ANNEXURE1.pdf |title=Annexures |publisher=City District Government Karachi |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> In line with its status as a major port and the country's largest metropolis, it accounts for a lion's share of Pakistan's revenue. According to the [[Federal Board of Revenue]]'s 2006–2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax.<ref name="fbr0607">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbr.gov.pk/YearBook/2006-2007/FBRyearbook2006-2007.pdf|title=Federal Board of Revenue Year Book 2006–2007|accessdate=12 April 2009}}</ref> Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports.<ref name="fbr0607"/> Therefore, Karachi collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, out of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.<ref name="fbr0607"/> (Note: Revenue collected from Karachi includes revenue from some other areas since the Large Tax Unit (LTU) Karachi and Regional Tax Offices (RTOs) Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur & Quetta cover the entire province of Sindh and Balochistan).<ref name="fbr0607"/> Karachi's indigenous contribution to national revenue is around 25%.<ref name="adb"/>

[[File:Composition of Karachi's Economy.png|thumb|left|Composition of Karachi's economy]]
Karachi's contribution to Pakistan's manufacturing sector amounts to approximately 30 percent.<ref name="stepmother">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c99-15.asp|title=Karachi: Step-motherly treatment|author=Pakistan and Gulf Economist|accessdate=15 October 2007}}</ref> A substantial part of Sindh's gross domestic product (GDP) is attributed to Karachi<ref name="gdp4">{{cite web|url=http://www.spdc-pak.com/pubs/pubdisp.asp?id=nps5 |title=Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates |author=Social Policy and Development Center |accessdate=1 January 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20080410155311/http://spdc-pak.com:80/pubs/pubdisp.asp?id=nps5 |archivedate=10 April 2008 }}</ref><ref name="dawngdp2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/02/21/ebr3.htm|title=Sindh, Balochistan's share in GDP drops|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref> (the GDP of Sindh as a percentage of Pakistan's total GDP has traditionally hovered around 28%–30%; for more information, see [[economy of Sindh]]).<ref name="gdp4"/><ref name="dawngdp2"/><ref name="dawngdp1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/16/ebr3.htm|title=Sindh's GDP estimated at Rs 240 billion|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="dawngdp3">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/ebr1.htm|title=Sindh share in GDP falls by 1pc|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref> Karachi's GDP is around 20% of the total GDP of Pakistan.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Produced-Under-TA/38405/38405-PAK-DPTA.pdf|title=Karachi Mega-Cities Preparation Project|author=Asian Development Bank|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="coastline">{{cite web|url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/karachi.htm|title=The Karachi Coastline Case|author=The Trade & Environment Database|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref> A [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] study released in 2009, which surveyed the [[List of cities by GDP|2008 GDP of the top cities]] in the world, calculated Karachi's GDP (PPP) to be $78 billion<ref name="pwc1" /> (projected to be $193 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.5%).<ref name="pwc1"/> It confirmed Karachi's status as Pakistan's largest economy, well ahead of the next two biggest cities [[Lahore]] and [[Faisalabad]], which had a reported GDP (PPP) in 2008 of $40 billion and $14 billion, respectively.<ref name="pwc1"/> Karachi's high GDP is based on its industrial base, with a high dependency on the financial sector. Textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, food, banking and insurance are the major segments contributing to Karachi's GDP. In February 2007, the [[World Bank]] identified Karachi as the most business-friendly city in Pakistan.<ref name="dawn4">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/02/14/ebr1.htm|title=World Bank report: Karachi termed most business-friendly|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=15 October 2007}}</ref>

Karachi is the nerve center of Pakistan's economy. The economic stagnation caused by political anarchy, ethnic strife and resultant military operation during the late 1980s and 1990s led to an exit of industry from Karachi. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road|I. I. Chundrigar Road]]; according to a 2001 report, nearly 60% of the cashflow of the Pakistani economy takes place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign [[multinational corporation]]s operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. The [[Karachi Stock Exchange]] is the largest stock exchange in Pakistan, and is considered by many economists to be one of the prime reasons for Pakistan's 8% GDP growth across 2005.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2005/nf20050422_9277_db016.htm |title=Pakistan: After the Crash |publisher=Businessweek |date=21 April 2005 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> A recent report by [[Credit Suisse]] on Pakistan's stock market is a testimonial to its strong fundamentals, estimating Pakistan's relative return on equities at 26.7 percent, compared to Asia's 11 percent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thakur |first=Pooja |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&tkr=ENGRO%3APA&sid=afU5S7jTdEl4 |title=Pakistan Stocks May Advance, Credit Suisse Says (Update1) |publisher=Bloomberg |date=24 August 2009 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

Karachi has seen an expansion of [[information technology|information and communications technology]] and [[electronic media]] and has become the software outsourcing hub of Pakistan. [[Call centre]]s for foreign companies have been targeted as a significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 10% to gain foreign investments in the IT sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/pdf/IT%20&%20Telecom.pdf |title=Sector Overview |publisher=Pakistan Board of Investment |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN015892.pdf |title=Information technology policy of Pakistan |publisher=United Nations Public Administration Network |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> Many of Pakistan's independent [[television in Pakistan|television]] and radio stations are based in Karachi, including world-popular [[Business Plus (TV Channel)|Business Plus]], [[AAJ TV|AAJ News]], [[Geo TV]], [[Kawish Television Network|KTN]],<ref name="ktn">{{cite web|url=http://www.ktn.com.pk|title=Welcome to KTN TV|publisher=KTN|accessdate=20 February 2008}}</ref> [[Sindh TV]],<ref name="sindhtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm|title=Sindh TV|publisher=Sindh TV|accessdate=20 February 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080102071108/http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm |archivedate = 2 January 2008}}</ref> [[CNBC Pakistan]], [[TV ONE (Pakistan)|TV ONE]], [[ARY Digital]], [[Indus Media Group|Indus Television Network]], [[Samaa TV]] and [[Dawn News]], as well as several local stations.

Karachi has large industrial zones such as Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, [[Korangi]], Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi, located on the fringes of the main city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/industrialzone.asp |title=The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20130915145918/http://www.fpcci.com.pk/industrialzone.asp |archivedate=15 September 2013 }}</ref> Its primary areas of industry are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. In addition, Karachi has a cottage industry and there is a Free Zone with an annual growth rate of nearly 6.5%. The [[Karachi Expo Centre]] hosts regional and international exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epb.gov.pk/v1/expocenter/ |title=Full Service Interactive Agency&nbsp;– MAGSNET LIMITED |publisher=Epb.gov.pk |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20140112132910/http://www.epb.gov.pk:80/v1/expocenter/ |archivedate=12 January 2014 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! Name of Estate !! Location !!Established !! Area in acres
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| || || || ||
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
|[[S.I.T.E Industrial Area|SITE Karachi]] || [[SITE Town]] || 1947 || 4700<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.site-association.org/Background_and_Profile.html |title=Welcome To S.I.T.E Association of Industry of Karachi |publisher=Site-association.org |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| ({{IPAlink|q}})
|
|-
|-
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| [[Korangi Industrial Area]] || [[Korangi Town]] || 1960 || 8500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kati.pk/ |title=Welcome |publisher=Korangi Association of Trade & Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|g}}
| ||
|-
|-
! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| [[Landhi Industrial Area]] || [[Landhi Town]] || 1949 || 11000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://landhi.org/aboutus/landhifacts.php |title=Landhi.Org |publisher=Landhi Association of Trade and Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| [[North Karachi Industrial Area]] || [[New Karachi Town]] || 1974 || 725<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkati.org/ |title=North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry |publisher=North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|ts}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈʂ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}}
| || ||
|-
|-
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| [[Federal B Industrial Area]] || [[Gulberg Town, Karachi|Gulberg Town]] || 1987 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fbati.com/ |title=Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry |publisher=Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry |date=17 December 2013 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
|
| {{IPAlink|dz}}
| {{IPAlink|ɖʐ}}
| {{IPAlink|dʒ}}
| || ||
|-
|-
! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| [[Korangi Creek Industrial Park]] || [[Korangi Creek Cantonment]] || || 250<ref>{{cite web|author=APP |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/634069/construction-approved-korangi-creek-industrial-park-land-up-for-grabs/ |title=Construction approved: Korangi Creek Industrial Park land up for grabs&nbsp;– The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date=20 November 2013 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
|
| {{IPA|tsʰ}} (?)
| {{IPA|ʈʂʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| || ||
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| [[Bin Qasim Industrial Zone]] || [[Bin Qasim Town]] || 1970 || 25000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bqati.com.pk/ |title=BQATI {Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry} |publisher=Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|f}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ʂ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|x}}
|
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
|-
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| [[Karachi Export Processing Zone]] || [[Landhi Town]] || 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2000/issue13/etc6.htm |title=Export Processing Zone Authority |publisher=Pakistaneconomist.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> || 315<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epza.gov.pk/karachi.html |title=Welcome To EPZA |publisher=Epza.gov.pk |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
|
| {{IPAlink|z}}
| {{IPAlink|ʐ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɣ}}
| ||
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| [[Pakistan Textile City]] || [[Bin Qasim Town]] || 2004 || 1250<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.textilecity.com.pk/ |title=Textile City |publisher=Textile City |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}{{IPA|(ʲ)}} {{IPAlink|ɫ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
| ||
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| [[West Wharf Industrial Area]] || [[Keamari Town]] || || 430
|-
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| [[SITE Super Highway Phase-I]] || [[Super Highway]] || 1983 || 300<ref name=site/>
| || || || ||
|-
| [[SITE Super Highway Phase-II]] || [[Super Highway]] || 1992 || 1000<ref name=site>{{cite web|url=http://www.site.com.pk/ |title=site.com.pk |publisher=Sindh Industrial Trading Estates |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
|}
|}


The phonemic status of {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} is unclear in the sources
There are development projects proposed, approved and under construction in Karachi. Among projects of note, [[Emaar Properties]] is proposing to invest $43bn (£22.8bn) in Karachi to develop [[Bundal Island]], which is a {{convert|12000|acre|km2}} island just off the coast of Karachi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5387590.stm |title=Business &#124; Pakistan agrees $43bn development |publisher=BBC News |date=28 September 2006 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The [[Karachi Port Trust]] is planning a Rs. 20 billion, {{convert|1947|ft|m|0}} high [[Port Tower Complex]] on the [[Clifton, Karachi|Clifton]] shoreline.<ref name="tower">{{cite web|url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html |title=K.P.T. Projects |author=Karachi Port Trust |accessdate=17 April 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20060324213740/http://www.kpt.gov.pk:80/Projects/Proj.html |archivedate=24 March 2006 }}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/12/local4.htm|title=KPT to build Rs 20bn tower complex|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=20 April 2006}}</ref> It will comprise a hotel, a shopping center, an exhibition center and a [[revolving restaurant]] with a viewing gallery offering a panoramic view of the coastline and the city.<ref>{{cite web|author=Hamdard University Project Office|url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/|title=Port Tower Complex, Karachi|publisher=Kpt.gov.pk|date=12 October 2006|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref>


===Tone===
==Civic administration==
{{Main|Politics of Karachi|List of mayors of Karachi|List of Union Councils of Karachi|Commissioner of Karachi}}
[[File:KMCbuilding.jpg|thumb|[[Karachi Municipal Corporation Building]]]]
[[Image:IICROAD.jpg|thumb|Karachi's financial heart is centered on I.I.Chundrigar Road]]


Khowar, like many [[Dardic languages]], has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.<ref name=Baart>{{Citation
The first form of government was a conservancy board established in 1846 to control the spread of cholera in the city.<ref name=cdgkhistory>{{cite web|url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Government/CDGKHistory/tabid/276/Default.aspx|title=CDGK History|publisher=City-District Government of Karachi|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> The board became a municipal commission in 1852, and a municipal committee the following year.<ref name=cdgkhistory/> The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into a municipal corporation with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors.<ref name=cdgkhistory/> In 1948, the [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]] of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately {{convert|2103|km2|abbr=on}} of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of [[West Pakistan]] in 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/upk.html|title=Pakistan Provinces|publisher=Statoids.com|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> However, the municipal corporation remained in existence and in 1976 became a metropolitan corporation, followed by the creation of zonal municipal committees, which lasted until 1994.<ref name=cdgkhistory/> Two years later the metropolitan area was divided into five districts, each with a municipal corporation.<ref name=cdgkhistory/>
|last= Baart |first= Joan L. G.
|title= Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan
|year= 2003
|publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics
|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/linguistics/tone_in_np.pdf
| pages= 3, 6
}}</ref>


==Comparative Vocabulary==
In 2001, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi. It was structured as a three-tier federation, with the two lower tiers composed of 18 [[Tehsil|towns]] and 178 [[Union councils of Pakistan|union councils]],<ref name=tiers>{{cite web|url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Towns/tabid/72/Default.aspx|title=CDGK Towns|publisher=City District Government of Karachi|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> with each tier focused on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/default.asp|title=Local Government |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Each union council comprised thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the union mayor (''nazim'') and deputy union mayor (''naib nazim'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/union_admin_07.htm |title=Composition of the Union Council|publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Each town council comprised the deputy union mayors in the town as well as elected representatives for women, peasants and workers, and minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/tehsil_mucipal_admin_02.htm|title=Tehsil and Town Councils|publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> The district council comprised all of the union mayors in the district as well as elected representatives for women, peasants and workers, and minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_02.htm|title=Zila Council|publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Each council was also included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. [[Naimatullah Khan]] was the first Nazim of Karachi and [[Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Paracha]] was the first district co-ordination officer (DCO) of Karachi, Paracha even served as the last Commissioner of Karachi. [[Syed Mustafa Kamal]] was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and [[Nasreen Jalil]] was elected as the City Naib Nazim.


The names of the days of the week, in Khowar, are compared with their equivalents in [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Sanskrit]], and English.
Again in 2011, City District Government of Karachi has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts namely [[Karachi East District|Karachi East]], [[Karachi West District|Karachi West]], [[Karachi Central District|Karachi Central]], [[Karachi South District|Karachi South]] and [[Malir District|Malir]]. In November 2013, another district, "Korangi" carved out from District East after which the number of districts in Karachi rose to Six. So there are now six administrative districts in Karachi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1054395 | title= Korangi notified as sixth district of Karachi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-125271-Korangi-made-sixth-district-of-Karachi- | title= Korangi made sixth district of Karachi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/07/sindh-back-to-5-divisions-after-11-years/ |title= Sindh back to 5 divisions after 11 years
{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Aligi |first=Irfan |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/208342/changing-hands-karachi-split-into-5-districts/ |title=Changing hands: Karachi split into 5 districts&nbsp;– The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/ |title=Welcome to official website of Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> City administrator is Muhammad Hussain Syed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=21 |title=Administrator Karachi |publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> and Municipal Commissioner of Karachi is Matanat Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=54 |title=Metropolitan Commissioner |publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The position of [[Commissioner of Karachi]] was created and Shoaib Ahmad Siddiqui was appointed as the Commissioner of Karachi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://commissionerkarachi.gos.pk/|title=Home Page - Commissioner Karachi|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref> There are also six [[Cantonments (Pakistan)|military cantonments]] which are administered by the Military.

{{Town and cantonment wise map of Karachi}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Karachi|Ethnic groups in Karachi|Religion in Karachi}}
Karachi's inhabitants, locally known as Karachiites, are composed of ethno-linguistic groups from all parts of [[Pakistan]], as well as migrants from [[South Asia]], making the city's population a diverse [[melting pot]]. At the end of the 19th century, the population of the city was about 105,000, with a gradual increase over the next few decades, reaching more than 400,000 on the eve of independence. Estimates of the population range from 15 to 18 million,<ref name=npr>{{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748|title=The Urban Frontier—Karachi|publisher=NPR|date=2 June 2008|accessdate=17 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/10/local5.htm|title=Karachi population to hit 27.5 million in 2020|work=Dawn|date=10 July 2007|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> of which an estimated 90% are migrants from different backgrounds. The city's population is estimated to be growing at about 5% per year (mainly as a result of internal rural-urban [[Human migration|migration]]), including an estimated 45,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of Pakistan.<ref name="migrants">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/16/letted.htm#1 |title=Karachi turning into a ghetto |date=16 January 2006 |work=Dawn |accessdate=24 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20100107043312/http://www.dawn.com:80/2006/01/16/letted.htm |archivedate=7 January 2010 }}</ref>

The earliest inhabitants of the area that became Karachi were [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] tribes such as the [[Jokhio]], [[Mallaah]] and [[Jats of Sindh|Jat]] in the east and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] in the west and. Before the end of British colonial rule and the subsequent [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the population of the city was majority [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] [[Muslim]]s, [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s, but the community is still present numbering around 250,000 residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org/hindupopulation.asp |title=Population of Hindus in the World |publisher=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=120>
File:Karachi downtown.jpeg|A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province
File:Charminar-Bahadurabad, Karachi.jpg|Charminar Chowrangi, [[Bahadurabad]] is one of Karachi's densely populated areas largely developed in the early 1960s
File:Karachi Mandir.jpg|200-year-old [[Shri Swaminarayan Temple]] in central Karachi. Karachi has one of the world's largest Hindu communities outside of India with a population of around 250,000 people.
</gallery>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! English
!|Rank
! Shina
!|Language
! Sanskrit
!|1998 census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urckarachi.org/Karachi%20Census.HTM |title=Urban Resource Centre |publisher=Urckarachi.org |date= |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref>
! Khowar
!|Speakers
!|1981 census
!|Speakers
|-
|-
| 1
| Sunday
| Adit
! [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| Aditya vara
| 48.52%
| yak shambey
| 4,497,747
| 54.34%
| 2,830,098
|-
|-
| 2
| Monday
| Tsunduro
! [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br><small>(incl. [[Saraiki language|Saraiki dialect]])</small><br>
| Som vara
| 16.05%
| du shambey
| 1,488,016
| 13.99%
| 728,617
|-
|-
| 3
| Tuesday
| Ungaroo
! [[Pashto language|Pashto]]
| Mangala vara
| 11.42%
| sey shambey
| 2,158,650
| 8.71%
| 453,628
|-
|-
| Wednesday
| 4
| Bodo
! [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| Budha vara
| 7.22%
| char shambey
| 669,340
| 6.29%
| 327,591
|-
|-
| Thursday
| 5
| Bressput
! [[Balochi language|Balochi]]
| Brhashpati vara
| 4.34%
| panch shambey
| 402,386
| 4.39%
| 228,636
|-
|-
|
| Friday
| Shooker
! Others
| Shukra vara
| 12.44%
| Adina
| 1,153,126

| 12.27%
| 639,560
|-
|-
| Saturday
|
| Shimshere
! All
| Sanischa vara
| 100%
| shambey
| 9,269,265
| 100%
| 5,208,132
|}
|}


==Dialects==
{{PakistanCensusPop
* Standard Khowar
|title=Population growth
* Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)
|1881=73560
* Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley)
|1891=105199
* Gherzikwar (Ghizer Valley)
|1901=136297
* Gilgiti Khowar (Gilgit-Baltistan), spoken by a few families in Gilgit city.
|1911=186771
|1921=244162
|1931=300799
|1941=435887
|1951=1068459
|1961=1912598
|1972=3426310
|1981=5208132
|1998=9339023
|2007=14500000
|2010=18000000
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_major_cities/pop_major_cities.html|title=Population size and growth of major cities|publisher=Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan|accessdate=24 August 2010}}<br/>Note: The 1998 census showed a population of about 9 million but this did not include workers living in Karachi but registered as living elsewhere in Pakistan by the [[National Database and Registration Authority]] as well as large numbers of [[Afghan refugees]], Bangladeshis, Indians, Nepalis and others (incl. Filipinos, Iranians, Iraqis, Burmese).</ref><ref name=npr/>
<br/>†Huge population rise between 1941 and 1951 due to<br/>large scale migration after independence in 1947
}}
[[File:Karachi population.svg|thumb|right|Trend of population growth (in millions) in Karachi]]


==Writing system==
The city was, and still is home to a large community of [[Gujarati Muslim]]s who were one of the earliest settlers in the city, and still form the majority in [[Saddar Town]]. Important [[Gujarati Muslim]] communities in the city include the [[Memon people|Memon]], [[Chhipa]], [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]], [[Khoja]], [[Mustaali|Bohra]] and [[Tai (caste)|Tai]].


Khowar has been written in the [[Nasta'liq script]] since the early twentieth century. Prior to that, the language was carried on through [[oral tradition]]. Today [[Urdu]] and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been written in the Roman script since the 1960s.
Other early settlers included the [[Marwari Muslims]], [[Parsi]]s, [[Marathi Muslims]] and [[Konkani Muslims]] from [[Maharashtra]] (settled in Kokan Town), [[Goan Catholics]] and [[Anglo-Indians]]. Most non-Muslims left the city to India in the 1950s, after independence, but there are still small communities of [[Parsi]]s, [[Goan Catholics]] and [[Anglo-Indians]] in the city.


==Khowar media==
The [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947 saw the influx of [[Muslim]] [[Muhajir people|Muhajirs]] from [[India]] fleeing from [[Persecution of Muslims|anti-Muslim]] [[pogram]]s. The majority of the [[Urdu language|Urdu]]-speaking and other non-[[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Muslim refugees that fled from various Indian states settled in Karachi, which is why the culture of the city is a blend of [[South Asia]]. Most of the property vacated by non-Muslims, who left Karachi due to the new settlements made by these refugees, were granted to Muslim refugees through claims on behalf of the property they claimed leaving behind in India.<ref name="http">{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml|title=Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent |publisher=Merinews.com |date= |accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> Today, the descendants of these Muslim refugees are known as [[Muhajir people|Muhajirs]] and form a large, powerful group in Karachi. These Muhajirs include Urdu, [[Gujarati Muslims|Gujarati]], [[Marathi Muslims|Marathi]], [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani]], Rajasthani, and [[Mappila|Malabari Muslims]] from [[India]]. After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], thousands of [[Bihari people|Biharis]] and [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] from [[Bangladesh]] arrived in the city, and today Karachi is home to 1 to 2 million ethnic [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] from Bangladesh (see [[Bangladeshis in Pakistan]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\12\17\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3 |title=Falling back |work=Daily Times |accessdate=24 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110805231755/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C12%5C17%5Cstory_17-12-2006_pg12_3 |archivedate=5 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103|title=Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh|publisher=Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland|date=10 January 2007|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> many of whom migrated in the 1980s and 1990s. They were followed by [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] Muslim refugees from western [[Burma]] (for more information, see [[Burmese people in Pakistan]]),.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/derek-flood/from-south-to-south-refug_b_100387.html|title=From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan|work=Huffington Post|date=12 May 2008|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-333213-Bengali-and-Rohingya-leaders-gearing-up-for-LG-polls|title=Bengali and Rohingya leaders gearing up for LG polls|work=thenews.com.pk|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> These small ethno-linguistic groups are being [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] in the Urdu-speaking community.<ref name="http"/>


===Television channels===
Karachi is host to many Western expatriates in Pakistan including [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|Asian refugees]] from [[Uganda]]. One under-privileged sub-ethnic group is the [[Siddi]]s ([[Black people|Africans]]&nbsp;– Sheedi) who are now naturalised Sindhi speakers. They are descended from African slaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2008/06/23/local11.htm|title=Sheedis have been hurt most by attitudes|work=Dawn|date=23 June 2008|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Many other refugees from [[Iran]] (who stayed till the late 1980s) and the Central Asian countries constituting the former Soviet Union have also settled in the city as political or economic migrants. A large numbers of [[Arab people|Arabs]], [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] and an economic elite of [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] from Sri Lanka.<ref name="conflictedkarachi">{{cite web|url=http://blog.dawn.com/2010/08/26/conflicting-karachi/ |title= Conflicted Karachi &#124; The Dawn Blog &#124; Pakistan, Cricket, Politics, Terrorism, Satire, Food, Culture and Entertainment |publisher=Blog.dawn.com |date=26 August 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> Expatriates from China have a history going back to the 1940s; today, many of the Chinese are second-generation children of immigrants who came to the city and worked as dentists, chefs and shoemakers.<ref name="conflictedkarachi"/><ref name="DawnKarachi">{{citation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040715054506/http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm|archivedate=15 July 2004|url=http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm|date=9 July 2001|accessdate=26 July 2009|periodical=Dawn|title=The melting pot by the sea|last=Ramzi|first=Shanaz}}</ref>
{{main|Television in Pakistan}}


{| class="wikitable"
During [[World War II]], about 3,000 [[Polish people|Polish]] refugees from the [[Soviet Union]] were evacuated to Karachi by the [[British Raj|British]]. Some of these Polish families settled permanently in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbj.pl/article-54930-polish-pakistan-relations-a-need-for-understanding.html |title=Warsaw Business Journal&nbsp;– Online Portal |publisher=wbj.pl |date=13 June 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNENuKhDGfwC&pg=PA27&dq=polish+refugees+karachi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1XwcU9_yCIaHygHt8IHwDw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=polish%20refugees%20karachi&f=false|title=The Exile Mission|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2015}}</ref> There are also communities of American<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997/nov/14/news/mn-53634 |title=After Slayings, Americans in Karachi Weigh Choices&nbsp;– Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=12 June 2009 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> and British expatriates.
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''TV Channel'''

| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Genre'''
After the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]], a considerable number of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Muslim]]s from Pakistani Punjab settle in Karachi. Punjabi and Pashtun are two out of three major ethnic groups in Karachi. The [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]], originally from the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] and northern [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], are settled in Karachi post independence. Additionally several Afghan Pashtun refugees settled in Karachi during the 80's,<ref name=pbs /><ref name="The National" /> including 50,000 registered [[Afghan refugees]] in the city.<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/43827/the-pakhtun-in-karachi/ |title=Columnists &#124; The Pakhtun in Karachi |work=Time |date=28 August 2010 |accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref><ref name="thefridaytimes.com">[http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110715&page=5], thefridaytimes</ref><ref name="thefridaytimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2009/02/10/local9.htm|title=UN body, police baffled by minister’s threat against Afghan refugees|publisher=Dawn Media Group|date=2009-02-10|accessdate=2012-01-24}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Founded'''
There is also a sizeable community of [[Kashmiri Muslims]] from the [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|author=M R Narayan Swamy |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610 |title=Where Malayalees once held sway &#124; Latest News & Updates at |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=5 October 2005 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Official Website'''

According to the last official census of the city, which was held in 1998, the linguistic distribution of the city was: [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: 48.52%; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: 16.05%; [[Pashto language|Pashto]]: 25.01%; <[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: 7.22%; [[Balochi language|Balochi]]: 4.34%; others: 12.44%. The others include [[Dari (Eastern Persian)|Dari]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Dawoodi Bohra]], [[Memon language|Memon]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Siddi|Makrani]], [[Hazara people|Hazara]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]], [[Burushaski language|Burushaski]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Farsi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|url=http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html |title=Karachi |publisher=Findpk.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20131014142856/http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html |archivedate=14 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
{{Main|Tourism in Karachi|List of beaches in Karachi}}
Karachi is a tourist destination for domestic and international tourists. Some tourist attractions near Karachi city are:

'''Beaches:''' The beaches of Karachi are the main attraction for tourists. There are many beautiful seasides near city like [[Seaview, Clifton Beach|Seaview]], [[Manora Island]], [[Sandspit Beach]], [[Hawke's Bay Beach]], [[Paradise Point, Pakistan|Paradise Point]], [[French Beach, Karachi|French Beach]], [[Cape Monze]], and Nathiagali Beach.

[[File:Clifton Beach, Karachi.jpg|thumb|center|800px|A panorama of Clifton Beach]]

<gallery mode=packed heights=120>
File:Mazare Quaid.JPEG|[[Mazar-e-Quaid]]
File:Karachi beach, 2007.jpg|Karachi Beach
File:Bagh-e-Qasim Karachi.jpg|Bagh Ibne Qasim
</gallery>

'''Museums:''' The main museum of Karachi is [[National Museum of Pakistan]] others are [[PAF Museum, Karachi|Pakistan Air Force Museum]] and [[Pakistan Maritime Museum]].

'''Parks:''' Some popular parks are [[Bagh Ibne Qasim]], [[Boat Basin Park]], [[Mazar-e-Quaid]], [[Karachi Zoo]], [[Hill Park, Karachi|Hill Park]], [[Safari Park, Karachi|Safari Park]], [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi|Bagh-e-Jinnah]], [[PAF Museum, Karachi|PAF Museum Park]] and [[Pakistan Maritime Museum|Maritime Museum Park]].

'''Historic places and buildings:''' [[Chaukhandi tombs|Chowkandi graveyard]] is the most historic place in Karachi, famous for hundred-year old tombs. Historic buildings in the city were constructed in the [[British raj|British era]] like [[Karachi Port Trust]], [[Sindh High Court]]. [[Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi|Hindu Gymkhana]], [[Karachi Municipal Corporation Building|KMC Head Office]], [[Khaliq Deena Hall|Ghulam Husain Khalikdina Hall]], [[Frere Hall]], [[Empress Market]], [[Jehangir Kothari Parade]], [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi|St Patrick's Church]], [[Mohatta Palace]] and [[Karachi Cantonment Railway Station]] buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hamarakarachi.com/view_detail.asp?cid=58&cat_name=Historical%20Buildings |title=Karachi Online |publisher=HamaraKarachi |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

'''Lake and National Park:''' [[Hub Dam|Hub lake]] is 56 kilometres away in north of Karachi. It is an ideal place to birds watching, picnic, swimming and fishing. The [[Kirthar National Park]] is also located near this lake. The park is the home of [[Striped hyena]]s, [[Wolves]], [[Ratel]]s, [[Urial]]s, [[Chinkara|Indian Gazelles]] and [[wild goat|Sind wild goat]]s.

==Art and culture==
{{Main|Culture of Karachi}}
{{See also|Culture of Pakistan|Muhajir culture|Sindhi culture}}
<gallery mode=packed heights=120>
File:Mohatta Palace.jpg|[[Mohatta Palace]]
File:Khi National Museum.jpg|[[National Museum of Pakistan]]
File:Karachijahangir.jpg|[[Jehangir Kothari Parade]]
File:Karachi St. Patricks Cathedral-2.jpg|[[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi]]
File:Adnan Asim's Karachi City. 3 Talwar ( Swords ) Clifton, Karachi.jpg|3 Talwar (Swords), Clifton, Karachi
File:Port Grand, Karachi.JPG|[[Port Grand Food and Entertainment Complex]]
</gallery>

Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The [[National Academy of Performing Arts]],<ref name="napa">{{cite web|url=http://www.napa.org.pk|title=Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts|author=National Academy of Performing Arts|accessdate=17 April 2006}}</ref> located in the newly renovated [[Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi|Hindu Gymkhana]], offers a two-year diploma course in performing arts that includes classical music and contemporary theatre. The [[All Pakistan Music Conference]], linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in [[Lahore]], has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apmc.info/ |title=All Pakistan Music Conference &#124; Established in 1959 |publisher=All Pakistan Music Conference |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The National Arts Council (''Koocha-e-Saqafat'') has musical performances and [[mushaira]]. The [[Kara Film Festival]] annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/951275/karawood-film-festival-to-kick-start-september-7/ | title=Karawood film festival to kick start September 7| work=[[The Express Tribune]]| accessdate=18 December 2015 |date=5 September 2015}}</ref> Karachi is home to theatre, music and dance performance groups, such as Thespianz Theater, a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistanbusinessjournal.com/b2b-directory/thespianz-theater_95750.html|title=Thespianz Theater|work=PakistanBusinessJournal.com|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1134478|title=Thespianz Theater brings string puppetry to PACC|author=Entertainment Desk|work=dawn.com|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> Karachi has museums that present exhibitions on a regular basis, including the [[Mohatta Palace]] and the [[National Museum of Pakistan]]. [[Karachi Expo Centre]] hosts regional and international exhibitions.

===Architecture===
{{See also|Architecture of Karachi|Pakistani architecture|List of tallest buildings in Karachi}}
Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied [[architectural style]]s. The downtown districts of [[Saddar]] and [[Clifton, Karachi|Clifton]] contain early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]] [[Karachi Port Trust|KPT]] building to the [[Sindh High Court]] Building. Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when [[Frere Hall]], [[Empress Market]] and [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] were completed. The [[Mock Tudor]] architectural style was introduced in the [[Karachi Gymkhana]] and the Boat Club. [[Neo-Renaissance architecture]] was popular in the 19th century and was the language for St. Joseph's Convent (1870) and the [[Sind Club]] (1883).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm | title=Heritage Revisited| publisher=Historickarachi.com| accessdate=26 August 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080822124715/http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm |archivedate = 22 August 2008}}</ref> The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in [[Lady Dufferin Hospital]] (1898)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_5.htm | title=Public Arch 5| publisher=Historickarachi.com| accessdate=26 August 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071024103906/http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_5.htm |archivedate = 24 October 2007}}</ref> and the [[Karachi Cantonment Railway Station|Cantt. Railway Station]]. While [[Italianate]] buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed [[Indo-Saracenic]] or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0BeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=Karachi+Indo-Saracenic+or+Anglo-Mughal&source=bl&ots=bmpMYDTaE1&sig=Y3eYVqimKFo1KaFVn-wYe_5ekWk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO8JW2jebJAhVM6SYKHR0sAlMQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=Karachi%20Indo-Saracenic%20or%20Anglo-Mughal&f=false|title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City|date=1 June 2014|author=Laurent Gayer|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=1934271225|page=34}}</ref>

The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the [[Saddar]] area (known as Elphinstone Street in British days) is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the [[Italianate]] and [[Indo-Saracenic]] style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The [[Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi|Hindu Gymkhana]] (1925) and [[Mohatta Palace]] are examples of Mughal revival buildings.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_1.htm | title=Public Architecture| publisher=Historickarachi.com| accessdate=26 August 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174246/http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_1.htm |archivedate = 15 April 2008}}</ref> The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase.<ref name="Daily Times">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\09\30\story_30-9-2008_pg12_9 |title=Culture department takes notice of Freemason Lodge Building |work=Daily Times |accessdate=16 January 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110805231747/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C09%5C30%5Cstory_30-9-2008_pg12_9 |archivedate=5 August 2011 }}</ref>

[[Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture]] is one of the prime examples of Architectural conservation and restoration where an entire Nusserwanjee building from [[Kharadar]] area of Karachi has been relocated to Clifton for adaptive reuse in an art school. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a given layout, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months.<ref name="Indus Valley Website">{{cite web|url=http://www.indusvalley.edu.pk/nusserwanjeehistory.html|title=Nusserwanjee Building (Relocation) Project|work=Daily Times|accessdate=26 February 2013}}</ref>

Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the [[Pakistan State Oil]] Headquarters building. The city has examples of modern [[Islamic architecture]], including the [[Aga Khan University]] hospital, [[Masjid e Tooba]], Faran Mosque, Bait-ul Mukarram Mosque, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the [[Textile Institute of Pakistan]]. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story [[townhouse]]s, are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road]] features a range of extremely tall buildings. The most prominent examples include the [[Habib Bank Plaza]], PRC Towers and the [[MCB Tower]] which is the tallest skyscraper in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcb.com.pk/mcb/mcb_tower.asp|title=MCB Tower, the tallest skyscraper of Karachi|publisher=Mcb.com.pk|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref>

===Art galleries===
{{main|List of Art Galleries of Karachi}}
There are many [[Art museum|art galleries]] in Karachi for the [[art exhibition|exhibition of art]] especially the [[visual art]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theculturetrip.com/asia/pakistan/articles/10-stunning-contemporary-art-galleries-in-karachi-pakistan/|title=10 Stunning Contemporary Art Galleries in Karachi, Pakistan|work=The Culture Trip|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{Main|List of sports venues in Karachi}}
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Sindh Cricket team match with Australia in 1935.jpg|thumb
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| caption1 = Match between Sindh & Australia in Karachi on 22 November 1935 was report by Daily Sydney Morning Herald
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| caption1 = [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]]
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| caption2 = [[Karachi Golf Club]], one of the largest golf clubs in Karachi
}}

When it comes to sports Karachi has a distinction, because some sources cite that it was in 1877 at Karachi in (British) India, where the first attempt was made to form a set of rules of badminton<ref>{{cite book |title= Better Badminton for All |last=Downey |first=Jake |page=13 |year=2003 |publisher=Pelham Books |isbn=0720702283 }}</ref> and likely place is said to Frere Hall.

The [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]] is the city's only world-class cricket stadium, and is the second largest cricket stadium in Pakistan, after the [[Gaddafi Stadium]] in [[Lahore]]. The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 [[Test cricket|Test matches]] played at the National Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/22/1506_t.html|title=Test Matches played on National Stadium, Karachi|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> The first [[One Day International]] at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball.

The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/846/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> Karachi Blues,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/444/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Blues|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> Karachi Greens,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/446/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Greens|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> and Karachi Whites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/445/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Whites|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> The National Stadium hosted two group matches (Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3 March), and a quarter-final match (South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March) during the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/series/60981.html?template=fixtures|title=Fixtures|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref>

The city has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sports.gov.pk/Participation/National%20Games.htm#RPNG|title=National Games|publisher=Pakistan Sports Board|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> Sports like badminton, volleyball, and basketball are popular in schools and colleges. [[Association football|Football]] is especially popular in [[Lyari Town]], which has a large Afro-Balochi community and has always been a football-mad locality in Karachi. The [[Peoples Football Stadium]] is perhaps the largest football stadium in Pakistan with respect to capacity, easily accommodating around 40,000 people.

In 2005, the city hosted the [[SAFF Championship]] at this ground, as well as the [[Geo Super Football League 2007]], which attracted capacity crowds during the games. The popularity of golf is also increasing, with clubs in Karachi like Dreamworld Resort, Hotel & Golf Club, [[Arabian Sea Country Club]], DA Country & Golf Club. The city has facilities for [[field hockey]] (the [[Hockey Club of Pakistan]], UBL Hockey Ground), [[boxing]] (KPT Sports Complex), [[Squash (sport)|squash]] ([[Jahangir Khan]] Squash Complex), and [[polo]]. There are marinas and boating clubs. [[National Bank of Pakistan Sports Complex]] is [[First-class cricket]] venue and Multi-purpose sports facility in Karachi,

;Professional Karachi teams
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
| Khyber News TV ({{Nastaliq|خیبر نیوز ٹیلی ویژن}})||News and current affairs || &nbsp; || http://www.khybernews.tv/
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | League
! scope="col" | Sport
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Established
|-
|-
|AVT Khyber TV ({{Nastaliq|اے وی ٹی خیبر}}) || Entertainment || &nbsp; || http://www.avtkhyber.tv/
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Karachi Dolphins]]
| [[Haier T20 Cup|National T20 League]]/[[National One-day Championship]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]]
| 2004
|-
|-
| K2 TV ({{Nastaliq|کے ٹو}}) || Entertainment, news and current affairs || &nbsp; || http://www.kay2.tv/
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Karachi Zebras]]
| [[Haier T20 Cup|National T20 League]]/[[National One-day Championship]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]]
| 2004
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[HBL FC|Karachi HBL FC]]
| [[Pakistan Premier League|PPL]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Peoples Football Stadium]]
| 1975
|}
|}


==Education==
===Radio===
These are not dedicated Khowar channels but play most programmes in Khowar.
{{Main|Education in Karachi}}
{{See also|List of schools in Karachi|List of colleges in Karachi|List of universities in Karachi}}


{{main|Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation}}
{{Multiple image
{| class="wikitable"
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| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Radio Channel'''
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| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Founded'''
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|Radio Pakistan Chitral||Entertainment||||http://www.radio.gov.pk/
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|Radio Pakistan Peshawar||Entertainment||||http://www.radio.gov.pk/
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|Radio Pakistan Gilgit||Entertainment||||http://www.radio.gov.pk/
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|}
| caption1 = [[B. V. S. Parsi High School|Bai Virbaijee Soparivala (B.V.S.) Parsi High School]]
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| caption2 = Aga Khan University Karachi, Pakistan
| image6 = SSUET.jpg|thumb
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| alt6 =
| caption6 = [[Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology]]
}}

Education in Karachi is divided into five levels: [[Primary education|primary]] (grades one through five); [[Middle school|middle]] (grades six through eight); [[Secondary education|high]] (grades nine and ten, leading to the [[Secondary School Certificate]]); [[Secondary education|intermediate]] (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and [[university]] programs leading to [[undergraduate education|graduate]] and [[post-graduate education|advanced]] degrees. There are many schools, colleges, intitutes and universities in Karachi.

==Transportation==
{{Main|Transport in Karachi}}
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| caption1 = Karachi Transport Network (click to enlarge)
| image2 =Karachi Cantt Train Railway Station.jpg|thumb
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| caption2 = [[Karachi Cantonment Railway Station]]
| image3 =Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG
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| caption3 = Front view of [[Jinnah International Airport]]
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| caption4 = [[Port of Karachi]]
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| caption5 = [[Port Qasim]]
| image6 =Malir bridge.jpg
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| caption6 = [[Malir River Bridge]]. The largest bridge in Pakistan (5,000 m)
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| alt7 =
| caption7 = Nagan Bridge
| image8=Kemari Boat Basin @ Karachi.jpg
| width8 = 200
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| caption8 = Boat Harbour in Kemari
}}

===Rapid transits===
* '''[[Rapid transit|Mass Rapid Transit]]'''
[[Karachi Circular Railway]] is operation in the city of Karachi since 1969. Metro train system is planned to be built in Karachi. Its name is [[Karachi Metro]].

* '''[[Bus Rapid Transit]]'''
* Karachi: Karachi BRT System is a Six Corridor Mass Transit Project whose studies started in 2008. The corridors include: 1. Surjani Town to Jama Cloth Market (21.1&nbsp;km) 2. Model Colony to Regal Chowk (24.4&nbsp;km) 3. Landhi to Luck Star Hotel (20.4&nbsp;km) 4. Baldia to Shershah via Hub River Road (9.7&nbsp;km) 5. Hwaksbay to Gulbai via Mauripur (11.8&nbsp;km) 6. Orangi to Board Office (3.9&nbsp;km). The plan to construct corridor 3 is in progress will be initiated this year (2013). Two Rail based Mass Transit Corridors are also present in the study. All these studies are prepared by JICA. These include: 1. 22.4&nbsp;km (14. 1&nbsp;km elevated) route from New Sabzi Mandi to Tower via M A Jinnah Road 2. 18.5&nbsp;km Elevated route from Nagan Chowrangi to Korangi via Rashid Minhas Road. The Project of [[Karachi Circular Railway]] will also be started this year (2013).
* Karachi Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) has prepared a mass transit network for Karachi with 2030 vision suggesting 2 metro system lines and 6 RBT lines, besides [[Karachi Circular Railway]] KCR revitalisation programme. The first Green Line Corridor, will be laid from Surjani to Jamia Cloth Market(21&nbsp;km). The second Red Line Corridor will cover from Model Colony to Regal Chowk via Safoora Chowrangi (24.4&nbsp;km). The third Corridor will cover from Dawood Chowrangi to Numaish Chowrangi and Lucky Star via 8000 road Korangi and FTC (22&nbsp;km).JICA has also prepared feasibility study of two RBTS lines (Green line-Surjani to Jama Cloth market and red line-model colony to Regal Chowk via Safoora Goth, university road) and pre-facility of blue line from Sohrab Goth to tower.
* Karachi being Economic Engine of growth and over 18 million populated is facing tremendous growth in traffic at 7.2 percent annually, beside its disproportionate yearly growth of buses and other transport sources of 17 percent causing congestion and accidents and increasing in travelling time. This project consists of six Corridors in collaboration with JICA. The Basic Design Theme comes from the [[Bogotá]], Columbia, Transmilenio Model. The work would have started in 2009, but due to budget constraits unavailability of feasibility report the work halted.
* Karachi: The fresh development was made to start BRTS "yellow line" as a Pilot Project in the city. According to KMC, BRTS will be a 22-km route from Dawood Chowrangi to Numaish Chowrangi and Lucky Star via 8000 road Korangi and FTC under public Private Partnership mode where daily rider-ship is about 0.7 million per day. The proposed RBTS would cater 13,000 passengers per hour per direction.

===Road===
Due to a growing population traffic problems and pollution are major challenges for Karachi. The level of air pollution in Karachi is significantly higher than [[World Health Organization]] standards.<ref name="The state of ambient air quality in Pakistan—a review">{{cite news|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/f718jn535422j0wh/|title=The state of ambient air quality in Pakistan—a review|author=Ian Colbeck, Zaheer Ahmad Nasir and Zulfiqar Ali|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>

[[Lyari Expressway]] is a highway under construction along the [[Lyari River]] in Karachi, [[Sindh]], Pakistan. [[Lyari Expressway]]'s North bound section is under construction, While the South bound corridor is now completed and it was inaugurated for traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistaniat.com/2008/02/11/lyari-expressway-south-bound-inaugurated/ |title=Lyari Expressway (South Bound) Inaugurated : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN |publisher=Pakistaniat.com |date= |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> This toll highway is designed to relieve congestion in the city of Karachi.

[[Karachi Northern Bypass]] (M10) begins north of Karachi at the end of [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah|Mohammad Ali Jinnah Road]], near the junction of the [[Super Highway|M9]]. It then continues north for a few kilometres before turning west, where it forms an interchange with the [[National Highways of Pakistan|N25]]. After this interchange it eventually turns south back towards Karachi and merges onto the KPT Flyover at [[Karachi Port]].

===Rail===
The city has an international rail link, the [[Thar Express]]. The train links Karachi Cantonment Station with Bhagat Ki Kothi station in [[Jodhpur]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.tv/12-4-2010/75294.htm |title=Thar Express escapes blast near Karachi |publisher=GEO.tv |date=4 December 2010 |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref>

===Air===
The [[Jinnah International Airport]] in Karachi is the largest and busiest airport of Pakistan. It handles 10 million [[passenger]]s a year. The airport receives the largest number of foreign airlines in the country, a total of 35 airlines and cargo operators fly to Jinnah International predominantly from the Middle East and Southeast Asia. All of Pakistan's airlines use Karachi as their primary [[transport hub]] including PIA&nbsp;– [[Pakistan International Airlines]],<ref>http://piac.aero</ref> [[Airblue]] and [[Shaheen Air International]]. The city's old [[airport terminal]]s are now used for [[Hajj]] flights, offices, cargo facilities, and ceremonial visits from [[head of state|heads of state]]. US Coalition forces used the old terminals for their [[Military logistics|logistic]] supply operations as well. The city has two other [[airstrip]]s, used primarily by the armed forces.

===Sea===
The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the [[Port of Karachi]] and the nearby [[Port Qasim]]. These seaports have modern facilities and not only handle trade for Pakistan, but serve as ports for Afghanistan and the landlocked Central Asian countries. Plans have been announced for new passenger facilities at the Port of Karachi.<ref name="projects">{{cite web|url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html |title=Projects |publisher=Karachi Port Trust |accessdate=19 November 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20071021030810/http://www.kpt.gov.pk:80/Projects/Proj.html |archivedate=21 October 2007 }}</ref>

Recently,{{when|date=December 2015}} Port Qasim Authority (PQA) has announced that an implementation agreement is being signed for the development of a 'pollution free' Coal, Cement and Clinker Terminal (CCCT) worth $175 million with a handling capacity of up to eight million tons per year at port. This step would save the environment from irreparable damages and the health of the port workforce and nearby populations from serious respiratory diseases which would have been a serious threat if the powdery coal was handled in open/bulk on berths at port.<ref name="Environment">{{cite news|url=http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=946354/ |title=News &#124; Business News &#124; Current News &#124; Latest World News &#124; Current World News &#124; Pakistan News |publisher=Brecorder.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:CNBC Pakistan HQ at night.jpg|thumb|TechnoCity Corporate Tower]]
{{Main|Media in Karachi|Cinema in Karachi|List of television stations in Karachi|List of magazines in Karachi|List of newspapers in Karachi}}
Many of Pakistan's private television and radio channels are based in Karachi, including [[Express Entertainment]], [[Dawn News]], Awaz TV, [[Business Plus (TV Channel)|Business Plus]], [[Geo TV]], [[CNBC Pakistan]], [[Hum TV]], [[TV ONE (Pakistan)|TV ONE]], [[AAJ TV]], [[SAMAA TV]], [[ARY Digital]], [[Metro One]], [[Indus Media Group|Indus Television Network]], [[Kawish Television Network]] (KTN) and [[Sindh TV]], Dharti TV as well as several local stations; local channels include [[Good News TV]]. It also has Islamic channels [[ARY Qtv]] and [[Madani Channel]].

Many of Pakistan's news television networks are based in Karachi, including [[GEO News]], [[ARY One World]], [[Dawn News]] and [[AAJ TV|AAJ News]]. [[AAG TV]] and [[MTV Pakistan]] are the main music television channels, and [[Business Plus (TV Channel)|Business Plus]] and [[CNBC Pakistan]] are the main business television channels based in the city.


===Newspapers===
===Newspapers===
{{see also|List of newspapers in Pakistan#Khowar}}
The bulk of Pakistan's periodical publishing industry is centred in Karachi, including magazines such as ''[[Spider (computer magazine)|Spider]]'', ''[[Herald (Pakistan)|The Herald]]'', ''[[Humsay]]'', ''[[The Cricketer (Pakistan)|The Cricketer]]'', ''[[Moorad Shipping News]]'', and ''The Internet''.
{| class="wikitable"

| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Newspaper'''
Major advertising companies including Interflow Communications, and Orient McCann Erickson have their head offices in Karachi.
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''City(ies)'''

| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Founded'''
==Health and medicine==
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Official Website'''
{{Main|List of hospitals in Karachi|Environment of Karachi}}
|-
Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals and more than 80 private hospitals, including the [[Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases]], [[National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases]], [[Civil Hospital]],[[Combined Military Hospital]], [[PNS Rahat]], [[PNS Shifa]], [[Abbasi Shaheed Hospital]], [[Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi|Aga Khan University Hospital]], [[Holy Family Hospital, Karachi|Holy Family Hospital]], [[Liaquat National Hospital]], [[Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre]], [[Ziauddin Hospital]], and [[Lady Dufferin Hospital]]. Medical schools include the [[Dow Medical College]], [[Aga Khan University]], [[Sindh Medical College]], [[Dow International Medical College]], [[Baqai Medical University]], [[Jinnah Medical & Dental College]], [[Hamdard College of Medicine & Dentistry]], [[Anklesaria Hospital]] and [[Ziauddin Medical University]].
| Chitral Vision ({{Nastaliq|چترال وژن}})
| Karachi, [[Chitral]], [[Pakistan]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| Chitral Today
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| http://chitraltoday.net
|}<!--Do not delete this line. You will break the table.-->


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=120>
<gallery>
File:Allam Iqbal’s poetry’s versified khowar translation by Rahmat Aziz Chitrali.jpg|[[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Iqbal]]'s poetry's versified khowar translation by [[Rehmat Aziz Chitrali]]
File:Port-Grand-Karachi-03.jpg|Fountain at Port Grand Complex
|''[[Chitral Vision]]'', [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and Khowar Language coloured newspaper of [[Chitral]], [[Pakistan]]
File:Port Grand 01.JPG|Port Grand Food Street
File:Park in Shadman Town, Karachi.jpg| Park in Shadman Town
File:Chaukundi1.JPG|[[Chaukhandi tombs]]
File:Karachi Mandir.jpg|[[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Karachi|Swaminarayan Temple]]
File:Bagh-e-Qasim Karachi.jpg|[[Bagh Ibne Qasim]] on [[Seaview, Clifton Beach]] at midnight.
File:IICROAD.jpg|[[I. I. Chundrigar Road]]-[[Korangi Road]]
File:FishingshipsatKarachiHarbour.JPG|Fishing boats at the [[Port of Karachi]]
File:Clifton beach karachi.jpg|[[Seaview, Clifton Beach]]
File:STS087-715-70.JPG|Karachi from space
File:Karachi Streetshots.jpg|Street in Karachi
File:Manora Beach 1100641.JPG|Manora Beach
</gallery>

==Notable Colonial Era Edifices==
<gallery mode=packed heights=120>
File:City_Court_%281%29.JPG|[[Asia House]] City Courts
File:City_Courts.JPG|City Courts
File:St.patrick%27s_cathederal%27s_Christ_the_King_Monument.jpg|Christ the King Monument
File:DJ_Science_College.jpg|[[DJ Science College]]
File:Faiz-e-Hussaini_Building_01.jpg|Faiz-e-Hussaini Building
File:Flag_Staff_House_%28Quaid-e-Azam_House_Museum%292.jpg|Flag Staff House
File:Austin_mini850mk1_governorhouse.jpg|Governor House
File:Jehangir_Kothari_Parade_and_Pavilion.JPG|[[Jehangir Kothari Parade]]
File:Karachi_Cantt_st_1.jpg|[[Karachi Cantonment]]
File:Karachi_cantt._station_facade.JPG|Karachi Cantonment2
File:Heart_of_Karachi_Commerce_05.jpg|Karachi Chamber of Commerce
File:Khaliq_Deena_Hall.jpg|[[Khaliq Deena Hall]]
File:Kabir118-02.jpg|[[Lady Dufferin Hospital]]
File:Khyber_Hotel..JPG|Khyber Hotel
File:Lotia_Building_No._2.jpg|Lotia Building
File:Max_Denso_Hall_and_Library,_02.jpg|Max Denso Hall and Library
File:Mereweather_Clock_Tower,_Karachi.jpg|Mereweather Clock Tower
File:Mohammad_Ali_Building.jpg|Mohammad Ali Building
File:Mules_Mansion_01.jpg|Mules Mansion
File:The_Grandeur_of_the_British_Raj_in_between_the_hustle_and_bustle_of_a_Karachi_market.jpg|NED Dispensary Saddar
File:ILACO_House_02.jpg|Old ILACO House
File:Shri_Laxmi_Narayan_Mandir.JPG|[[Shri Laxmi Narayan Mandir]]
File:The_Sindh_High_Court.jpg|The Sindh High Court
File:Victoria_Museum_%28now_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan_Building%29.jpg|Victoria Museum
File:Quaid-e-Azam_Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_Birth_Place.JPG|[[Wazir Mansion]]

</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Div col|2}}
{{Portal|Khowar}}
* [[Cuisine of Karachi]]
* [[Kho people]]
* [[List of Art Galleries of Karachi]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Karachi]]
* [[List of parks and gardens in Karachi]]
* [[List of cemeteries in Karachi]]
* [[List of people from Karachi]]
* [[List of places in Karachi]]
* [[List of streets of Karachi]]
* [[Sister cities of Karachi]]
* [[Transport in Karachi]]
* [[World's largest cities]]
{{Div col end}}
{{portal bar|Geography|<!-- Eurasia -->|Asia|South Asia|Pakistan|Sindh|Karachi}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Additional references===
* Bashir, Elena (2001) "Spatial Representation in Khowar". ''Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society''. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
* {{cite book |last=Decker |first=D. Kendall |year=1992 |title=Languages of Chitral |ISBN= 969-8023-15-1 |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=32850}}
* L'Homme, Erik (1999) ''Parlons Khowar. Langue et culture de l'ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan''. Paris: L'Harmattan
* [[Georg Morgenstierne|Morgenstierne, Georg]] (1936) "Iranian Elements in Khowar". ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', Vol. VIII, London.
* [[Badshah Munir Bukhari]] (2001) ''Khowar language''. University publisher. Pakistan
* Morgenstierne, Georg (1947) "Some Features of Khowar Morphology". ''Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap'', Vol. XIV, Oslo.
* Morgenstierne, Georg (1957) ''Sanskritic Words in Khowar''. Felicitation Volume Presented to S. K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84–98 [Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, 267–72]
* [[Sam Sloan|Mohammad Ismail Sloan]] (1981) ''Khowar-English Dictionary''. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
* Decker, Kendall D. (1992). ''Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5)''. National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 969-8023-15-1.


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Khowar language}}
{{Sister project links|Karachi|commons=Category:Karachi|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Karachi|voy=Karachi}}
{{Incubator|code= khw/Main Page}}
* {{official website|http://www.kmc.gos.pk/}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.nb.no/baser/morgenstierne/english/index.html| title=Georg Morgenstierne| publisher=National Library of Norway| year=2001| accessdate=11 January 2009}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Sindh/Localities/Karachi/}}
* {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/lngFrameL.html| title=Khow`ar Lexicon| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2011| accessdate=16 January 2012}}
<!---THESE LINKS SHOULD BE ENOUGH!--->
* {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/IndoAryan/Chitral/Khow/KhowLanguage/Lexicon/phon.html| title=The Sound System of Khow`ar| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2012| accessdate=16 January 2012}}

* {{cite web| url=https://www.branah.com/khowar| title=The Khowar Language Text Editor| author=Chitrali, Rehmat Aziz.| year=2015| accessdate=15 October 2015}}
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[[Category:Capitals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Dardic languages]]
[[Category:Cities of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Chitral]]
[[Category:Coastal cities and towns in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Former national capitals]]
[[Category:Khowar language| ]]
[[Category:Karachi| ]]
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[[Category:Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean]]

Revision as of 17:32, 25 December 2015

"Chitrali language" redirects here. For other Chitrali languages, see Languages of Chitral.

Khowar
Chitrali
کهووار
Native toPakistan
RegionChitral District
EthnicityKho people
Native speakers
(240,000 cited 1992–2000)[1]
Khowar alphabet (Arabic script)
Language codes
ISO 639-3khw
Glottologkhow1242
Linguasphere59-AAB-aa
Khowar letter jeem

Khowar (کهووار), also known as Chitrali (چترالي) and Arniya, is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic branch spoken by kho people of Chitral, Pakistan . The separate nature of the Dardic languages is clear, however, they form close relationship with other Indo-Aryan languages, especially Punjabi.[2]

It is spoken by the Kho people in Chitral in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in the Ghizer district of Gilgit-Baltistan (including the Yasin Valley, Phandar Ishkoman and Gupis), and in parts of Upper Swat. Speakers of Khowar have also migrated heavily to Pakistan's major urban centres with Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi, having sizeable populations. It is spoken as a second language in the rest of Gilgit and Hunza. There are believed to be small numbers of Khowar speakers in Afghanistan, China, Tajikistan and Istanbul.

Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, and one of the 14 designated regional languages there.[citation needed]

Phonology

Khowar has a variety of dialects, which may vary phonemically.[3] The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.[4][5]

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Khowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of long vowels /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, and /uː/. Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic, with one author stating "vowel-length is observed mainly as a substitute one. The vowel-length of phonological value is noted far more rarely."[3] Unlike the neighboring and related Kalasha language, Khowar does not have retroflex vowels.[4]

Consonants

Labial Coronal Retroflex Palatal Velar Post-
velar 		Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop voiceless p t ʈ k (q)
voiced b d ɖ g
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
Affricate voiceless ts ʈʂ tʃ
voiced dz ɖʐ dʒ
aspirated tsʰ (?) ʈʂʰ tʃʰ
Fricative voiceless f s ʂ ʃ x h
voiced z ʐ ʒ ɣ
Approximant l(ʲ) ɫ j w
Rhotic ɾ

The phonemic status of /tsʰ/ is unclear in the sources

Tone

Khowar, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.[6]

Comparative Vocabulary

The names of the days of the week, in Khowar, are compared with their equivalents in Shina, Sanskrit, and English.[citation needed]

English Shina Sanskrit Khowar
Sunday Adit Aditya vara yak shambey
Monday Tsunduro Som vara du shambey
Tuesday Ungaroo Mangala vara sey shambey
Wednesday Bodo Budha vara char shambey
Thursday Bressput Brhashpati vara panch shambey
Friday Shooker Shukra vara Adina
Saturday Shimshere Sanischa vara shambey

Dialects

  • Standard Khowar
  • Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)
  • Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley)
  • Gherzikwar (Ghizer Valley)
  • Gilgiti Khowar (Gilgit-Baltistan), spoken by a few families in Gilgit city.

Writing system

Khowar has been written in the Nasta'liq script since the early twentieth century. Prior to that, the language was carried on through oral tradition. Today Urdu and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been written in the Roman script since the 1960s.

Khowar media

Television channels

Main article: Television in Pakistan
TV Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Khyber News TV (خیبر نیوز ٹیلی ویژن) News and current affairs   http://www.khybernews.tv/
AVT Khyber TV (اے وی ٹی خیبر) Entertainment   http://www.avtkhyber.tv/
K2 TV (کے ٹو) Entertainment, news and current affairs   http://www.kay2.tv/

Radio

These are not dedicated Khowar channels but play most programmes in Khowar.

Main article: Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
Radio Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Radio Pakistan Chitral Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Peshawar Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Gilgit Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/

Newspapers

See also: List of newspapers in Pakistan § Khowar
Newspaper City(ies) Founded Official Website
Chitral Vision (چترال وژن) Karachi, Chitral, Pakistan    
Chitral Today     http://chitraltoday.net

See also

References

  1. ^ Khowar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-
  3. ^ a b Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 210.
  4. ^ a b Bashir, Elena L. (1988), "Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An areal and typological perspective" (PDF), Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan: 37–40
  5. ^ Bashir, Elena L., Maula Nigah and Rahmat Karim Baig, A Digital Khowar-English Dictionary with Audio{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6

Additional references

  • Bashir, Elena (2001) "Spatial Representation in Khowar". Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
  • Decker, D. Kendall (1992). Languages of Chitral. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
  • L'Homme, Erik (1999) Parlons Khowar. Langue et culture de l'ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan. Paris: L'Harmattan
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1936) "Iranian Elements in Khowar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. VIII, London.
  • Badshah Munir Bukhari (2001) Khowar language. University publisher. Pakistan
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1947) "Some Features of Khowar Morphology". Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Vol. XIV, Oslo.
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1957) Sanskritic Words in Khowar. Felicitation Volume Presented to S. K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84–98 [Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, 267–72]
  • Mohammad Ismail Sloan (1981) Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
  • Decker, Kendall D. (1992). Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
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