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* ''[[Acanthorhodeus]]'' (spiny bitterlings)
* ''[[Acanthorhodeus]]'' (spiny bitterlings)
* ''[[Acheilognathus]]'' (bitterlings)
* ''[[Acheilognathus]]'' (bitterlings)
* ''[[Paratanakia]]'' (bitterlings) <ref name=Chang2014>{{cite journal | last1 = Chang | first1 = C.-H. | last2 = Li | first2 = F. | last3 = Shao | first3 = K.-T. | last4 = Lin | first4 = Y.-S. | last5 = Morosawa | first5 = T. | last6 = Kim | first6 = S. | last7 = Koo | first7 = H. | last8 = Kim | first8 = W. | last9 = Lee | first9 = J.-S. | last10 = He | first10 = S. | last11 = Smith | first11 = C. | last12 = Reichard | first12 = M. | last13 = Miya | first13 = M. | last14 = Sado | first14 = T. | last15 = Uehara | first15 = K. | last16 = Lavoué | first16 = S. | last17 = Chen | first17 = W.-J. | last18 = Mayden | first18 = R.L. | year = | title = Phylogenetic relationships of Acheilognathidae (Cypriniformes: Cyprinoidea) as revealed from evidence of both nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequence variation: Evidence for necessary taxonomic revision in the family and the identification of cryptic species | url = | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 81 | issue = | pages = 182–194 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.026 | pmid=25238947}}</ref>
* ''[[Pseudorhodeus]]'' (bitterlings) <ref name=Chang2014/>
* ''[[Pseudorhodeus]]'' (bitterlings) <ref name=Chang2014/>
* ''[[Rhodeus]]'' (bitterlings)
* ''[[Rhodeus]]'' (bitterlings)

Revision as of 17:20, 28 April 2017

Cyprinidae
Temporal range: Eocene - Holocene
The common carp, Cyprinus carpio
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Ostariophysi
(unranked): Otophysi
(unranked): Cypriniphysae
Order: Cypriniformes
Superfamily: Cyprinoidea
Family: Cyprinidae
Subfamilies

Acheilognathinae
Barbinae
Cultrinae
Cyprininae
Danioninae
Gobioninae
Hypophthalmichthyinae
Labeoninae (disputed)
Leuciscinae
Psilorhynchinae
Rasborinae (polyphyletic?)
Squaliobarbinae (disputed)
Tincinae
and see text

The Cyprinidae are the family of freshwater fishes, collectively called cyprinids, that includes the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives (for example, the barbs and barbels). Also commonly called the "carp family", or "minnow family", Cyprinidae is the largest known fish family and the largest vertebrate animal family in general, with about 3,000 living and extinct species in about 370 genera.[1][2] The family belongs to the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes, of whose genera and species the cyprinids make more than two-thirds.[2][1][3] The family name is derived from the Ancient Greek kyprînos (κυπρῖνος, "carp").

Biology and ecology

Cyprinids are stomachless fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull. The pharyngeal teeth are species-specific and are used by specialists to determine species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves.

Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ, three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose excess gas to the gut.

Giant barbs (Catlocarpio siamensis) are the largest members of this family

Cyprinids are native to North America, Africa, and Eurasia. The largest known cyprinid is the giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis), which may grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in weight.[4] Other very large species that can surpass 2 m (6.6 ft) are the golden mahseer (Tor putitora) and mangar (Luciobarbus esocinus).[5][6] The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length.[7] Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish is Paedocypris progenetica, reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest.[8]

All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs, where the young develop until able to fend for themselves.

Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation, probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach, but some species, like the asp, are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide, and the common rudd, prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the moderlieschen, are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances.

Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp, are specialized herbivores; others, such as the common nase, eat algae and biofilms, while others, such as the black carp, specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp, are specialized filter feeders. For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails.

Relationship with humans

Wild capture of cyprinids by species in million tonnes, 1950–2009, as reported by the FAO[9]

Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia. In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods, such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason.[10]

Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength.

Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are the most important of these, for example in Florida. In some cases, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin, they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. Carp in particular can stir up sediment, reducing the clarity of the water and making it difficult for plants to grow.[11]

Numerous cyprinids have become important in the aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish, which was bred in China from the Prussian carp (Carassius (auratus) gibelio). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was much fancied by Chinese nobility as early as 1150 AD and after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan. In the latter country, from the 18th century onwards, the common carp was bred into the ornamental variety known as koi – or more accurately nishikigoi (錦鯉), as koi (鯉) simply means "common carp" in Japanese.

Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins, rasborines, and true barbs.[12] Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia, and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria.[citation needed]

One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish (Danio rerio). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates, in particular fish.[13]

Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced the wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct. In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Systematics

Rainbow shark, Epalzeorhynchos frenatum, a somewhat aggressive aquarium fish

The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example, the Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis, too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty.[14]

Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche, or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family.[15]

The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps (Hypophthalmichthyinae) with Xenocypris, though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae.[15]

The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of the Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African "barbs" do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps (Cyprinus) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such a radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature.[16]

The tench, Tinca tinca, is of unclear affiliations and often placed in a subfamily of its own.

The tench (Tinca tinca), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron 1 supports the view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris, Hemigrammocypris, and Yaoshanicus. They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene, when their divergence presumably occurred.[17]

A DNA-based analysis of these fish places the Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae.[18] The subfamilies Acheilognathinae, Gobioninae, and Leuciscinae are monophyletic.

Acheilognathus longipinnis: Acheilognathinae
Blue danio, Danio kerri: Danioninae
Pseudogobio esocinus , Gobioninae
Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix: Xenocyprinae, alternatively Hypophthalmichthyinae
Rohu, Labeo rohita, of the disputed Labeoninae

Subfamilies and genera

Flame chub Hemitremia flammea, one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae)
Ide, Leuciscus idus , one of the Eurasian daces
Sailfin shiner, Notropis hypselopterus, a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae
Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, a minnow related to some North American daces
Sarmarutilus rubilio, a European roach

Subfamily Leuciscinae

Trigonostigma somphongsi, a rasbora, a relative of the blue danio above
Black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus: Squaliobarbinae

Incertae sedis

Hemigrammocypris rasborella, of uncertain relationship:
Possibly related to Aphyocypris.

Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Cyprinidae". FishBase. July 2015 version.
  2. ^ a b Eschmeyer, W.N., Fong, J.D. (2015) Species by family/subfamily in the Catalog of Fishes, California Academy of Sciences (retrieved 2 July 2015)
  3. ^ Nelson, Joseph (2006). Fishes of the World. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  4. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Catlocarpio siamensis". FishBase. March 2015 version.
  5. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Tor putitora". FishBase. March 2017 version.
  6. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Luciobarbus esocinus". FishBase. March 2017 version.
  7. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Ptychocheilus lucius". FishBase. March 2015 version.
  8. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Paedocypris progenetica". FishBase. March 2015 version.
  9. ^ Based on data sourced from the FishStat database
  10. ^ Magri MacMahon (1946): pp.149-152
  11. ^ GSMFC (2005), FFWCC [2008]
  12. ^ Riehl & Baensch (1996): p.410
  13. ^ Helfman et al. (1997): p.228
  14. ^ de Graaf et al. (2007), He et al. (2008a,b)
  15. ^ a b He et al. (2008a)
  16. ^ Howes (1991), de Graaf et al. (2007), IUCN (2009)
  17. ^ He et al. (2008b)
  18. ^ Tao W, Mayden RL, He S (2012) Remarkable phylogenetic resolution of the most complex clade of Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes): A proof of concept of homology assessment and partitioning sequence data integrated with mixed model Bayesian analyses. Mol Phylogenet Evol pii: S1055-7903(12)00381-8. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.024
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Chang2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Borkenhagen, K (2014). "A new genus and species of cyprinid fish (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) from the Arabian Peninsula, and its phylogenetic and zoogeographic affinities". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 97: 1179–1195. doi:10.1007/s10641-014-0315-y.
  21. ^ a b Pethiyagoda, R.; Meegaskumbura, M.; Maduwage, K. (2012). "A synopsis of the South Asian fishes referred to Puntius (Pisces: Cyprinidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 23 (1): 69–95.
  22. ^ a b c d Kottelat, M. (2013): The Fishes of the Inland Waters of Southeast Asia: A Catalogue and Core Bibliography of the Fishes Known to Occur in Freshwaters, Mangroves and Estuaries. Archived December 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2013, Supplement No. 27: 1–663.
  23. ^ Pethiyagoda, R (2013). "Haludaria, a replacement generic name for Dravidia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3646 (2): 199. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.9.
  24. ^ Chang, Meemann; et al. (2008). "Extraordinarily thick-boned fish linked to the aridification of the Qaidam Basin (northern Tibetan Plateau)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13246–13251. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805982105. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last2= (help)
  25. ^ Zhang, C.; Zhao, Y.-H. (2016). Species Diversity and Distribution of Inland Fishes in China. Science Press. p. 296. ISBN 9787030472106. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Zhao, H.-T.; Sullivan, J.P.; Zhang, Y.-G.; Peng, Z.-G. (2014). "Paraqianlabeo lineatus, a new genus and species of labeonine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from South China". Zootaxa. 3841 (2): 257–270. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3841.2.5.
  27. ^ Zhang, E; Zhou, W (2012). "Sinigarra napoense, a new genus and species of labeonin fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Guangxi Province, South China". Zootaxa. 3586: 17–25.
  28. ^ Huang, Y.; Yang, J.; Chen, X. (2014). "Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)". Zootaxa. 3793 (3): 379–386. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.6.
  29. ^ Nguyen, V.H.; Nguyen, H.D.; Nguyen, T.D.P. (2016). "Vinalabeo, a new generic name for Vinalabeo tonkinensis (Cyprinidae, Teleostei)". Journal of Science of Hnue, Natural Sciences. 61 (9): 140–144.
  30. ^ Britz, R., Kottelat, M. & Tan, H.H. (2012): Fangfangia spinocleithralis, a new genus and species of miniature cyprinid from Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 22 (4) [2011]: 327-335.
  31. ^ a b Bianco, P.G.; Ketmaier, V. (2014). "A revision of the Rutilus complex from Mediterranean Europe with description of a new genus, Sarmarutilus, and a new species, Rutilus stoumboudae (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3841 (3): 379–402. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3841.3.4.

Further reading

  • De Graaf, Martin; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Samallo, Johannis; Sibbing, Ferdinand A. (2007). "Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: Indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation". Animal Biology. 57: 39–48. doi:10.1163/157075607780002069.
  • dictionary.com [2009]: Cyprinid. Retrieved 2009-SEP-25.
  • Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC) (2006): Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  • Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (GSMFC) (2005): Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). Version of 2005-08-03. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  • He, Shunping; Mayden, Richard L.; Wang, Xuzheng; Wang, Wei; Tang, Kevin L.; Chen, Wei-Jen; Chen, Yiyu (2008). "Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein-coding gene: Further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (3): 818–29. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.001. PMID 18203625.
  • He, Shunping; Gu, Xun; Mayden, Richard L.; Chen, Wei-Jen; Conway, Kevin W.; Chen, Yiyu (2008). "Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Psilorhynchus (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (1): 419–25. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.012. PMID 18053751.
  • Helfman, Gene (1997). The Diversity of Fishes. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-256-7.
  • Howes, G. J. (1991): Systematics and biogeography: an overview. In: Winfield, I. J. & Nelson, J. S. (eds.): Biology of Cyprinids: 1–33. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London.
  • International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2009): 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. Retrieved 2009-SEP-20.
  • Magri MacMahon, A. F. (1946): Fishlore. Pelican Books.
  • Riehl, Rudiger (1996). Aquarium Atlas. Voyageur Press (MN). ISBN 3-88244-050-3.
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