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Variations exist for each of the cardback fronts. These range from differences in promotional offer stickers applied to the card to differences in photograph illustrating the character. Similarly variations exist for all of the cardback rear designs with the exceptions of the 47-back and 92-back designs that were only available in a single version.
Variations exist for each of the cardback fronts. These range from differences in promotional offer stickers applied to the card to differences in photograph illustrating the character. Similarly variations exist for all of the cardback rear designs with the exceptions of the 47-back and 92-back designs that were only available in a single version.


{{As of | 2012}}, there are 57 different cardback front-rear combinations recognized.<ref>{{citation| last = Kellerman
{{As of | 2012}}, there are 57 different cardback front-rear combinations recognized.<ref>{{citation
|last=Kellerman
⚫
|first = John| title = The Kellerman Book Matrices| work = Rebel Scum| url = http://www.rebelscum.com/kellermancards120.pdf| accessdate = January 12, 2012}}</ref> This does not include figures released through overseas companies or the ''Droids'' or ''Ewoks'' ranges.
|first=John
|title=The Kellerman Book Matrices
|work=Rebel Scum
|url=http://www.rebelscum.com/kellermancards120.pdf
|accessdate=January 12, 2012
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202143751/http://www.rebelscum.com/kellermancards120.pdf
|archivedate=February 2, 2013
|df=
⚫
}}</ref> This does not include figures released through overseas companies or the ''Droids'' or ''Ewoks'' ranges.


==Overseas licenses==
==Overseas licenses==
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In [[Japan]], the line was first controlled by the company [[Takara]], then by Popy and finally by Tsukuda.
In [[Japan]], the line was first controlled by the company [[Takara]], then by Popy and finally by Tsukuda.
<ref>{{citation| title = Japanese Star Wars History 101| last = Komuro| first = Toru| work = Rebel Scum
<ref>{{citation
|title=Japanese Star Wars History 101
|last=Komuro
|first=Toru
|work=Rebel Scum
|url=http://www.rebelscum.com/japanswhistory-japan.asp
⚫
|url = http://www.rebelscum.com/japanswhistory-japan.asp| accessdate = January 12, 2012}}</ref> The licence was acquired in Australia by Toltoys, while in [[Mexico]] it was held by Lili Ledy<ref>{{citation|title = The Lili Ledy Star Wars action figure line| work = Rebel Scum| url = http://www.rebelscum.com/lili-ledy.asp| accessdate = January 12, 2012}}</ref> and in [[Brazil]] by Glasslite.
|accessdate=January 12, 2012
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916200609/http://www.rebelscum.com/japanswhistory-japan.asp
|archivedate=September 16, 2011
|df=
⚫
}}</ref> The licence was acquired in Australia by Toltoys, while in [[Mexico]] it was held by Lili Ledy<ref>{{citation|title=The Lili Ledy Star Wars action figure line |work=Rebel Scum |url=http://www.rebelscum.com/lili-ledy.asp |accessdate=January 12, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117015500/http://www.rebelscum.com/lili-ledy.asp |archivedate=January 17, 2012 |df= }}</ref> and in [[Brazil]] by Glasslite.


In certain cases, figures produced by the non-US licensed companies are substantially different from those sold by Kenner. Takara, for example, sold resculpted versions of Darth Vader, Stormtrooper, and C-3PO. Lili Ledy used different paint detailing and different fabric accessories. Glasslite figures were molded using slightly different, glossier plastic and used different paint detailing. The Glasslite ''Droids'' range was also notable in that it included a character "Vlix" that had not been issued in other countries. The Vlix figure was prototyped for the Kenner line but never made it past the stage of being mocked up on a card.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Salvatore|first1=Ron|title=
In certain cases, figures produced by the non-US licensed companies are substantially different from those sold by Kenner. Takara, for example, sold resculpted versions of Darth Vader, Stormtrooper, and C-3PO. Lili Ledy used different paint detailing and different fabric accessories. Glasslite figures were molded using slightly different, glossier plastic and used different paint detailing. The Glasslite ''Droids'' range was also notable in that it included a character "Vlix" that had not been issued in other countries. The Vlix figure was prototyped for the Kenner line but never made it past the stage of being mocked up on a card.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Salvatore|first1=Ron|title=

Revision as of 08:52, 4 May 2017

The Star Wars "Early Bird Certificate" toyline from a 1977 Kenner Products catalog

The Kenner toy company produced a line of Star Wars action figures based on characters in the original Star Wars movie trilogy. Over 100 unique action figures were produced and sold from 1978 to 1985, during which time over 300 million Star Wars action figures were sold.

History

The license for Star Wars action figures was offered in 1976 to the Mego Corporation, which was the leading company in action figures in the 1970s. Mego refused the offer and the license was subsequently picked up by Kenner, a subsidiary of General Mills.[1]

Although the original Star Wars film had been released in May 1977, Kenner was unprepared for the unprecedented response to the film and the high demand for toys. Unable to build sufficient stock in time for the lucrative Christmas market, they instead sold an "Early Bird Certificate Package" which included a certificate which could be mailed to Kenner and redeemed for four Star Wars action figures.[2][3] The box also contains a diorama display stand, some stickers, and a Star Wars fan club membership card.[4][5][6]

By the time the action figures were offered for direct sale in shops, the range had been augmented with a further eight figures, bringing the total number of figures in the initial release to twelve. These were supplemented later in 1978 with a number of vehicle and playset accessories, as well as the J.C. Penney exclusive Sonic controlled landspeeder and the Sears exclusive Cantina adventure playset which introduced four new figures.[7][8]

The four figures that were first brought out in the Sears Cantina set were released for individual sale with a further four figures later in 1978, bringing the total number of figures to 20. Demand for the action figures and accessories was such that Kenner continued to have difficulty fulfilling demand. Shortages of the toys in the lead up to Christmas 1978 led some to claim that Kenner was deliberately manipulating the market.[9] Sales of Kenner's Star Wars range in 1978 reached 40 million units, accounting for a revenue of $100 million.[10]

In the anticipation of the release of the sequel movie The Empire Strikes Back, Kenner offered its first mail-in promotion, in which four proof of purchases could be redeemed for a new action figure, Boba Fett. This figure was originally intended to feature a backpack with a firing missile, but this was abandoned due to safety concerns.[11] Similar mail in promotions were periodically offered through to 1984.

Sales in 1979 again topped $100 million.[10] Kenner continued to introduce waves of action figures from the sequels and in 1984, the year following the release of the movie Return of the Jedi, the range totaled 79 unique character designs.

In 1985, the figure range was renamed Power of the Force in which a further 15 figures were released. Two further ranges of Star Wars action figures were also released, based on the animated series, Star Wars: Droids and Star Wars: Ewoks. The Droids range comprised 12 figures (two of which were identical to figures from the main Star Wars line) and the Ewoks line comprised six figures.

By mid-1985, the demand for Star Wars merchandise had slowed and Kenner discontinued production of its action figures.

Description

The Star Wars action figures are plastic, usually smaller than four inches (10 cm), and are typically poseable at five points on their bodies, but there are many differences and unique qualities in the individual figures that depart from these norms. Kenner's Star Wars action figures were produced along with vehicles and playsets based on the Star Wars movies.

The majority of figures were packaged individually attached to "cardbacks" in a plastic blister.

Figure variations

Variations exist for most of the different figures. These can range from major resculpts and differences in accessories supplied with the figures, to differences in paint detailing, for instance in hair color, or differences in sculpting materials. Some variations command higher prices in the collector market due to relative scarcity.[4]

During the Empire Strikes Back run, the R2-D2 figure was altered to include an extendable "sensorscope". Similarly, C-3PO was resculpted with removable limbs. In 1985, R2-D2 was again altered to feature a pop-up lightsaber. Both the removable limb C-3PO and pop-up lightsaber R2-D2 were offered with alternate paint detailing in the Droids range.

The lightsaber-wielding characters originally featured a double-telescoping saber mechanism. This was changed to a single-telescoping mechanism early in 1978. As the Luke Skywalker figure was part of the Early Bird promotion, proportionately more of these were released with the double-telescoping mechanism, while double telescoping Ben (Obi-Wan) Kenobi and Darth Vader figures are comparatively more rare and sought-after.[4]

The Sears exclusive Cantina adventure playset contains four action figures. The Snaggletooth figure initially included wears a blue outfit with silver disco style boots, and is about the same size as the Luke and Han figures. Upon George Lucas's request, this "Blue Snaggletooth" was subsequently corrected to represent the character as actually featured in the movie; and a resculpted shorter, barefoot, red-outfitted figure was released. Only the corrected "Red Snaggletooth" was released on blistered cardbacks, which made the "Blue Snaggletooth" more scarce and sought after by collectors.

Early Han Solo figures have a somewhat diminutive head sculpt. This was later replaced by a larger sculpt.

Early Jawa figures were released with a vinyl cape similar to that of Obi-Wan Kenobi. This was later changed to a fabric cloak.

Cardback variations

From the period through to mid-1984, figures sold individually in stores were issued on cardbacks that corresponded to the most current movie, with figures being sold on cardbacks with Star Wars designs through to 1980, then on Empire Strikes Back cards through to 1983, followed by Return of the Jedi cards and Power of the Force cards in 1984.

As the number of figures in the range increased, the cardback design would be altered accordingly. Thus the earliest figures released for direct sale in shops were issued on a cardback, the rear of which illustrated the then full range of 12 figures, known as a 12-back. The 12-back was supplanted by the 20-back, and subsequently by the 21-back, the 31-back, the 32-back, the 41-back, the 45-back, the 47-back, the 48-back, the 65-back, the 77-back, the 79-back and the 92-back.

Variations exist for each of the cardback fronts. These range from differences in promotional offer stickers applied to the card to differences in photograph illustrating the character. Similarly variations exist for all of the cardback rear designs with the exceptions of the 47-back and 92-back designs that were only available in a single version.

As of 2012, there are 57 different cardback front-rear combinations recognized.[12] This does not include figures released through overseas companies or the Droids or Ewoks ranges.

Overseas licenses

Star Wars figures were offered for sale in a number of countries outside of the US. These were usually sold through other companies, many of which were also subsidiaries of General Mills.

In the UK, the Star Wars license was held by Palitoy, which imported the figures and packaged them in the UK on Palitoy branded cardbacks. Analogous arrangements were in place in Spain with the company PBP/Poch, in France with Meccano, in the Benelux countries with Clipper, in Germany with Parker, in Italy with Harbert and in Scandinavia with Brio/Playmix.[13]

In Japan, the line was first controlled by the company Takara, then by Popy and finally by Tsukuda. [14] The licence was acquired in Australia by Toltoys, while in Mexico it was held by Lili Ledy[15] and in Brazil by Glasslite.

In certain cases, figures produced by the non-US licensed companies are substantially different from those sold by Kenner. Takara, for example, sold resculpted versions of Darth Vader, Stormtrooper, and C-3PO. Lili Ledy used different paint detailing and different fabric accessories. Glasslite figures were molded using slightly different, glossier plastic and used different paint detailing. The Glasslite Droids range was also notable in that it included a character "Vlix" that had not been issued in other countries. The Vlix figure was prototyped for the Kenner line but never made it past the stage of being mocked up on a card.[16]

Towards the end of the Star Wars figure run, figures for the European market were issued on trilogo cardbacks, so-called as the cardback front had three logos in English, French and Spanish. The cardback rear was a unique design showing 70 characters. Trilogos are in somewhat greater demand amongst collectors due to overstock having been bought by the US company Kay Bee. The character "Yak Face" that had only previously been issued in Canada and Australia was also available on the Trilogo card.[17]

Reproductions

As the figures were intended as and generally used as toys, accessories such as weapons and cloaks were often lost or stickers were damaged. Once a collectors' market had been established, some collectors started replacing accessories with reproduction items. Such items are generally considered undesirable amongst collectors, particularly where figure variations centering on differences in accessories has led to a price premium, such as with the double telescoping lightsabers or the vinyl-caped Jawa.[18]

Some hard to obtain figures have also been reproduced, often with the aim of passing them off as original, authentic figures. Notable examples include the rocket firing Boba Fett prototype and unpainted prototypes of regular figures.[19][20]

Bootlegs

While officially licensed figures were produced in many countries, others had no official means of distribution. Taking advantage of consumer demand for the toys, manufacturers in some countries released unlicensed, bootleg figures. These vary in materials, casting method and in quality. Some, for instance the figures produced by the manufacturer Uzay in Turkey, are of a high standard and were often cast in unconventional colors with little regard to authenticity.[21] The quirkiness of these figures with their often bizarre psychedelic cardbacks have led to demand from collectors and they frequently demand a high price premium.[22]

Legacy

A renewed interest in Star Wars was apparent by the mid-1990s, due to a rerelease of the trilogy on laserdisc and VHS and in anticipation of the upcoming Star Wars Special Edition.[23] Kenner, which had been bought by Tonka in 1987 and subsequently by Hasbro in 1991, took advantage of this and, in 1995, released a new line of Star Wars action figures, again under the logo Power of the Force. These figures were easily distinguishable from the vintage range due to the new figures being sculpted in more "heroic" style, with larger muscles, and are known to collectors as Power of the Force 2. The Power of the Force 2 figures continued to be branded as Kenner until 1999, when they were rebranded as Hasbro. Hasbro continues to market Star Wars action figures to the present day.

Kenner's success with the Star Wars line motivated creators of other action-adventure movies to market their own action figure lines.[24]

List of Kenner Star Wars action figures

Main article: List of Kenner Star Wars action figures

In the 1982 horror film Poltergeist, two children are shown playing with Star Wars action figures. Later that year, the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial also featured Star Wars action figures, which are included in a scene in which Elliot is introducing E.T. to objects in his everyday life. In the 1987 Star Wars parody film Spaceballs, Rick Moranis' character Dark Helmet is seen playing with action figures which represent characters within the Spaceballs film (including himself), a reference to the popularity of Star Wars action figures.

In the 1994 episode of The Simpsons, "Lisa's Rival", Ralph Wiggum wins a diorama contest with a diorama made up of re-packaged Star Wars action figures. His collection includes Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and Chewbacca. Ralph says "I bent my Wookiee" when he falls on his figure of Chewbacca.

A collection of Star Wars figures is seen during the end credits of the 2012 film Argo.

Star Wars action figures are the subject of a 2014 direct-to-video documentary film, Plastic Galaxy: The Story of Star Wars Toys.

References

  1. ^ Carlisle, Rodney (2009-04-02), Encyclopedia of play in today's society, Sage, p. 345, ISBN 9781412966702, retrieved January 11, 2012
  2. ^ "Production Fails to Meet Heavy Demand for Toy". The Telegraph. Nashua, New Hampshire. December 17, 1977. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  3. ^ "Star Wars Toys Sold Out". Lakeland Ledger. December 18, 1977. p. 27. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c Kellerman, John (2003), Star Wars Vintage Action Figures: A Guide For Collectors, Frontback Books
  5. ^ "Mail-away Offers: Early Bird Package", The Star Wars Collectors Archive, retrieved August 19, 2014
  6. ^ Salvatore, Ron, "Early Bird Certificate Package", The Star Wars Collectors Archive, retrieved August 19, 2014
  7. ^ Salvatore, Ron, "Sonic Controlled Landspeeder", The Star Wars Collectors Archive, retrieved August 19, 2014
  8. ^ Salvatore, Ron, "Cantina Adventure Playset", The Star Wars Collectors Archive, retrieved August 19, 2014
  9. ^ "Shoppers despair over finding electronic toys", The Telegraph-Herald, December 10, 1978, retrieved January 9, 2012
  10. ^ a b "Toymakers are ready months ahead of Santa", The Free Lance Star, February 18, 1980, retrieved January 11, 2012
    "Killer toys", Ellensburg Daily Record, June 19, 1980, retrieved January 11, 2012
  11. ^ This followed the death of a three-year-old boy who choked on a similar missile from a Mattel Battlestar Galactica toy. "Galactica Toy Sales Halted After Boy Dies", Pittsburgh Press, January 10, 1979, retrieved January 9, 2012
  12. ^ Kellerman, John, "The Kellerman Book Matrices" (PDF), Rebel Scum, archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2013, retrieved January 12, 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "European Countries & Companies", Trilogo.info, retrieved January 12, 2012
  14. ^ Komuro, Toru, "Japanese Star Wars History 101", Rebel Scum, archived from the original on September 16, 2011, retrieved January 12, 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "The Lili Ledy Star Wars action figure line", Rebel Scum, archived from the original on January 17, 2012, retrieved January 12, 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Salvatore, Ron. "Vlix Unproduced Carded Sample". The Star Wars Collectors Archive. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  17. ^ "Kay-Bee & the overstock". Trilogo.info. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
    "Collector interest", Trilogo.info, retrieved January 12, 2012
  18. ^ "Repro FAQ". Jawa's Armoury. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  19. ^ Georgoulias, Chris, "Rocket Fett", 12Back.com, retrieved August 19, 2014
  20. ^ "Batch of fake unpainted Palitoy "samples"...", Rebel Scum Forum, retrieved August 19, 2014
  21. ^ Lopez, Gus, "Bootlegs", The Star Wars Collectors Archive, retrieved August 19, 2014
  22. ^ Yglesias, Joseph, "A comprehensive guide to Uzay carded figures", The Star Wars Collectors Archive, retrieved August 19, 2014
  23. ^ "Star Wars toys strike back at toy fair". The Dispatch. February 10, 1996. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  24. ^ Mansour, David (2005). Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-7407-5118-9.
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