List of Nazi concentration camps: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Birkenau gate.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The main gate into [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz II (Birkenau) concentration camp]], where an estimated 1.1 million people were killed.<ref name="USHMM">{{cite web|title=AUSCHWITZ|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005189|publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Birkenau gate.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The main gate into [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz II (Birkenau) concentration camp]], where an estimated 1.1 million people were killed.<ref name="USHMM">{{cite web|title=AUSCHWITZ|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005189|publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>]] |
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This article presents a partial list of the most prominent '''[[Nazi concentration camps|Nazi German concentration camps]] set up across Europe''' during the course of [[World War II]] and the ensuing [[Holocaust]]. A more complete list drawn up in 1967 by the [[German Ministry of Justice]] names about 1,200 camps and subcamps in [[German-occupied Europe|countries occupied by Germany]],<ref name="bundesrecht">Bundesministerium der Justiz (2011), [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103180512/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html List of concentration camps and their outposts in alphabetical order.] Internet Archive. {{de icon}}</ref> while the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] writes: "It is estimated that the Germans established 15,000 camps in the occupied countries."<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/cclist.html ''Concentration Camp Listing''] Sourced from Van Eck, Ludo ''Le livre des Camps.'' Belgium: Editions Kritak; and Gilbert, Martin ''Atlas of the Holocaust.'' New York: William Morrow 1993 ISBN 0-688-12364-3. In this on-line site are the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country.</ref> The concentration camps are not to be confused with the [[extermination camp]]s which were designed and built exclusively to kill prisoners on a massive scale immediately upon arrival.<ref name="HEn-1"/> The extermination camps of [[Operation Reinhard]] such as [[Bełżec extermination camp|Belzec]], [[Sobibór extermination camp|Sobibór]] and [[Treblinka extermination camp|Treblinka]] served as "death factories" in which German SS and police murdered nearly 2,700,000 Jews either by asphyxiation with poison gas or by shooting.<ref name="HEn-1">Holocaust Encyclopedia, [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005145 Killing Centers: An Overview.] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</ref> Meanwhile, the concentration camps listed herein served primarily as detention and [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|slave labor exploitation centers]]. Most of them were destroyed by the Germans in an attempt to hide the evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity; nevertheless tens of thousands of prisoners sent on [[death march]]es were liberated by the Allies afterward.<ref name="ushmm.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005131 | title=Liberation of German Camps | publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | work=Source: Abzug, Bridgman, Chamberlin, Goodell | date=2015 | accessdate=18 July 2015 | author=Holocaust Encyclopedia }}</ref> |
This article presents a partial list of the most prominent '''[[Nazi concentration camps|Nazi German concentration camps]] set up across Europe''' during the course of [[World War II]] and the ensuing [[Holocaust]]. A more complete list drawn up in 1967 by the [[German Ministry of Justice]] names about 1,200 camps and subcamps in [[German-occupied Europe|countries occupied by Germany]],<ref name="bundesrecht">Bundesministerium der Justiz (2011), [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103180512/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html List of concentration camps and their outposts in alphabetical order.] Internet Archive. {{de icon}}</ref> while the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] writes: "It is estimated that the Germans established 15,000 camps in the occupied countries."<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/cclist.html ''Concentration Camp Listing''] Sourced from Van Eck, Ludo ''Le livre des Camps.'' Belgium: Editions Kritak; and Gilbert, Martin ''Atlas of the Holocaust.'' New York: William Morrow 1993 ISBN 0-688-12364-3. In this on-line site are the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country.</ref> The concentration camps are not to be confused with the [[extermination camp]]s which were designed and built exclusively to kill prisoners on a massive scale immediately upon arrival.<ref name="HEn-1"/> The extermination camps of [[Operation Reinhard]] such as [[Bełżec extermination camp|Belzec]], [[Sobibór extermination camp|Sobibór]] and [[Treblinka extermination camp|Treblinka]] served as "death factories" in which German SS and police murdered nearly 2,700,000 Jews either by asphyxiation with poison gas or by shooting.<ref name="HEn-1">Holocaust Encyclopedia, [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005145 Killing Centers: An Overview.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402151811/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005145 |date=2013-04-02 }} United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</ref> Meanwhile, the concentration camps listed herein served primarily as detention and [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|slave labor exploitation centers]]. Most of them were destroyed by the Germans in an attempt to hide the evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity; nevertheless tens of thousands of prisoners sent on [[death march]]es were liberated by the Allies afterward.<ref name="ushmm.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005131 | title=Liberation of German Camps | publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | work=Source: Abzug, Bridgman, Chamberlin, Goodell | date=2015 | accessdate=18 July 2015 | author=Holocaust Encyclopedia }}</ref> |
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The concentration camps held large groups of prisoners without trial or judicial process. In modern historiography, the term refers to a place of systemic mistreatment, starvation, forced labour and murder. In 1933-1939, before the onset of war, most prisoners consisted of German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Roma, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and persons accused of 'asocial' or socially 'deviant' behavior by the Germans.<ref name="HEn-2">Holocaust Encyclopedia, [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005144 Nazi Camps. Introduction.] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</ref> They have not been utilized to sustain the German war effort, unlike the prisoners of 42,500 camps and ghettos in which an estimated 15 to 20 million people were imprisoned and often pressed into slavery during the subsequent years,<ref name="Helman"/> according to research by the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] conducted more recently.<ref name="Helman">{{cite book |work=Jews and Their Foodways |author=Anat Helman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |ISBN=0190265426 |pages=251–252 |title=Exploring the Universe of Camps and Ghettos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrGYCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA251&vq=Geoffrey%2BMegargee&pg=PA251#v=snippet&q=Geoffrey+Megargee&f=false |chapter=''The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos'' by [[Geoffrey P. Megargee]]}}</ref> Though the term 'concentration camp' is often used as a general term for all German camps, there were in fact several types of concentration camps in the German camp system during World War II. Holocaust scholars make a clear distinction between death camps and concentration camps which served a number of war related purposes including prison facilities, labor camps, [[prisoner of war]] camps, and transit camps among others.<ref name="V-L">Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen (2002), [http://www.holocaust-education.dk/lejre/koncudd.asp The difference between concentration camps and extermination camps.] The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.</ref> |
The concentration camps held large groups of prisoners without trial or judicial process. In modern historiography, the term refers to a place of systemic mistreatment, starvation, forced labour and murder. In 1933-1939, before the onset of war, most prisoners consisted of German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Roma, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and persons accused of 'asocial' or socially 'deviant' behavior by the Germans.<ref name="HEn-2">Holocaust Encyclopedia, [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005144 Nazi Camps. Introduction.] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</ref> They have not been utilized to sustain the German war effort, unlike the prisoners of 42,500 camps and ghettos in which an estimated 15 to 20 million people were imprisoned and often pressed into slavery during the subsequent years,<ref name="Helman"/> according to research by the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] conducted more recently.<ref name="Helman">{{cite book |work=Jews and Their Foodways |author=Anat Helman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |ISBN=0190265426 |pages=251–252 |title=Exploring the Universe of Camps and Ghettos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrGYCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA251&vq=Geoffrey%2BMegargee&pg=PA251#v=snippet&q=Geoffrey+Megargee&f=false |chapter=''The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos'' by [[Geoffrey P. Megargee]]}}</ref> Though the term 'concentration camp' is often used as a general term for all German camps, there were in fact several types of concentration camps in the German camp system during World War II. Holocaust scholars make a clear distinction between death camps and concentration camps which served a number of war related purposes including prison facilities, labor camps, [[prisoner of war]] camps, and transit camps among others.<ref name="V-L">Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen (2002), [http://www.holocaust-education.dk/lejre/koncudd.asp The difference between concentration camps and extermination camps.] The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.</ref> |
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| style="background:#ddf;"| [http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/] |
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| align=right | 300 min.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= Mikhman |editor1-first=Dan |editor2-last=Gutman |editor2-first=Israel |year=2005 |title=The encyclopedia of the righteous among the nations: rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. Belgium |publisher=Yad Vashem Publications |isbn=978-9653083769 |ref=harv }}</ref> |
| align=right | 300 min.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= Mikhman |editor1-first=Dan |editor2-last=Gutman |editor2-first=Israel |year=2005 |title=The encyclopedia of the righteous among the nations: rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. Belgium |publisher=Yad Vashem Publications |isbn=978-9653083769 |ref=harv }}</ref> |
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| style="background:#ddf;"| [https://web.archive.org/web/20121130223721/http://www.smirci-krize.cz/fotky-ms-op-skrochovice-koncentracni-tabor-oboz-koncentracyjny.php] |
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Revision as of 21:44, 18 May 2017
This article presents a partial list of the most prominent Nazi German concentration camps set up across Europe during the course of World War II and the ensuing Holocaust. A more complete list drawn up in 1967 by the German Ministry of Justice names about 1,200 camps and subcamps in countries occupied by Germany,[2] while the Jewish Virtual Library writes: "It is estimated that the Germans established 15,000 camps in the occupied countries."[3] The concentration camps are not to be confused with the extermination camps which were designed and built exclusively to kill prisoners on a massive scale immediately upon arrival.[4] The extermination camps of Operation Reinhard such as Belzec, Sobibór and Treblinka served as "death factories" in which German SS and police murdered nearly 2,700,000 Jews either by asphyxiation with poison gas or by shooting.[4] Meanwhile, the concentration camps listed herein served primarily as detention and slave labor exploitation centers. Most of them were destroyed by the Germans in an attempt to hide the evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity; nevertheless tens of thousands of prisoners sent on death marches were liberated by the Allies afterward.[5]
The concentration camps held large groups of prisoners without trial or judicial process. In modern historiography, the term refers to a place of systemic mistreatment, starvation, forced labour and murder. In 1933-1939, before the onset of war, most prisoners consisted of German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Roma, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and persons accused of 'asocial' or socially 'deviant' behavior by the Germans.[6] They have not been utilized to sustain the German war effort, unlike the prisoners of 42,500 camps and ghettos in which an estimated 15 to 20 million people were imprisoned and often pressed into slavery during the subsequent years,[7] according to research by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum conducted more recently.[7] Though the term 'concentration camp' is often used as a general term for all German camps, there were in fact several types of concentration camps in the German camp system during World War II. Holocaust scholars make a clear distinction between death camps and concentration camps which served a number of war related purposes including prison facilities, labor camps, prisoner of war camps, and transit camps among others.[8]
The system of about 20,000 camps in Germany and German-Occupied Europe played a pivotal role in sustaining the German reign of terror economically.[6] Some of the data presented in this table originates from the monograph titled The War Against the Jews by Lucy Dawidowicz among similar others.[9]
Selected examples
Statistical and numerical data presented in the table below originates from a wide variety of publications and therefore does not constitute a representative sample of the total. The Ghettos in German-occupied Europe are generally not included in this list. Relevant information can be found at the separate List of Nazi-era ghettos.
# | Camp name | Country (today) | Camp type | Dates of use | Est. prisoners | Est. deaths | Sub-camps | Webpage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alderney | Channel Islands | Labour camps | Jan 1942 – Jun 1944 | 6,000 | 700 | Lager Borkum, Lager Helgoland, Lager Norderney, Lager Sylt | [1] |
2 | Amersfoort | Netherlands | Transit camp and prison | Aug 1941 – Apr 1945 | 35,000 | 1,000 | [2] | |
3 | Arbeitsdorf | Germany | Labour camp | 8 Apr 1942 – 11 Oct 1942 | 600 min. | none | ||
4 | Auschwitz-Birkenau | Poland | Extermination and labour camp | Apr 1940 – Jan 1945 | 135,000 min.[10] in August 1944 | 1,100,000 min.[11] out of 6,000,000 rec. arrivals [12] | list of 48 sub-camps with description at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum [13] | [10] [11] [13] [12] |
5 | Banjica | Serbia | Concentration camp | Jun 1941 – Sep 1944 | 23,637 | 3,849[14] | ||
6 | Bardufoss | Norway | Concentration camp | Mar 1944 – ???? | 800 | 250 | [15] | |
7 | Bełżec | Poland | Extermination camp | Oct 1941 – Jun 1943 | 434,508 min. | [3] | ||
8 | Bergen-Belsen | Germany | Collection point | Apr 1943 – Apr 1945 | 120,000 | 52,000 | 2 | [4] |
9 | Berlin-Marzahn | Germany | Early a "rest place" then labour camp for Roma | July 1936 – ???? | none | [5] | ||
10 | Bernburg | Germany | Collection point | Apr 1942 – Apr 1945 | 14,385 | 2 | ||
11 | Bogdanovka | Ukraine | Concentration camp | 1941 | 54,000 | 40,000 | ||
12 | Bolzano | Italy | Transit | Jul 1944 – Apr 1945 | 11,116 | |||
13 | Bor | Serbia | Labour camp | July 1943 – September 1944 | 6,000 | 1,800–2,800 | [6] | |
14 | Bredtvet | Norway | Concentration camp | Fall, 1941 – May, 1944 | 1,000 min. | none | ||
14 | Breendonk | Belgium | Prison and labour camp | 20 Sep 1940 – Sep 1944 | 3532 min. | 391 min. | none | [7] |
15 | Breitenau | Germany | "Early wild camp", then labour camp | Jun 1933 – Mar 1934, 1940–1945 |
470 – 8500 | [8] | ||
16 | Buchenwald | Germany | Labour camp | Jul 1937 – Apr 1945 | 266,000 | 56,545 | list | [9] |
17 | Chełmno (Kulmhof) |
Poland | Extermination camp | Dec 1941 – Apr 1943, Apr 1944 – Jan 1945 |
152,000 min. | [10] | ||
18 | Crveni krst | Serbia | Concentration camp | 1941–1944 | 30,000 | 10,000 | ||
19 | Dachau | Germany | Labour camp | Mar 1933 – Apr 1945 | 200,000 | 31,591 | list | [11] |
20 | Drancy | France | Internment camp, transit | 20 Aug 1941 – 17 Aug 1944 | 70,000 | Three of five Paris annexes: Austerlitz, Lévitan and Bassano camps | [12] | |
21 | Falstad | Norway | Prison camp | Dec 1941 – May 1945 | 200 min. | none | [13] | |
22 | Flossenbürg | Germany | Labour camp | May 1938 – Apr 1945 | 96,000 | 30,000 | list of subcamps | [14] |
23 | Fort de Romainville | France | Prison and transit camp | 1940 – Aug 1944 | 8,100 min. | 200 min. | none | [15] |
24 | Fort VII (Posen) | Poland | Concentration, detention, transit | Oct 1939 – Apr 1944 | 18,000 min. | 4,500 min. | [16] | |
25 | Fossoli | Italy | Prison and transit camp | 5 Dec 1943 – Nov 1944 | 2,800 | |||
26 | Grini | Norway | Prison camp | 2 May 1941 – May 1945 | 19,788 | 8 | Fannrem Bardufoss Kvænangen |
|
27 | Gross-Rosen | Poland | Labour camp; Nacht und Nebel camp | Aug 1940 – Feb 1945 | 125,000 | 40,000 | list | [17] |
28 | Herzogenbusch (Vught) |
Netherlands | Concentration camp | 1943 – Summer 1944 | 31,000 | 750 | list | [18] |
29 | Hinzert | Germany | Collection point and subcamp | Jul 1940 – Mar 1945 | 14,000 | 302 min. | [19] | |
30 | Jägala | Estonia | Labour camp | Aug 1942 – Aug 1943 | 200 | 3,000 | none | [20] |
31 | Janowska (Lwów) |
Ukraine | Ghetto; transit, labour, & extermination camp | Sep 1941 – Nov 1943 | 40,000 min. | none | [21] (see "A-Z") | |
32 | Jasenovac | Croatia | Extermination camp for Jews, Serbs, Bosniaks, Croats, and Roma[16] | 1941–1945 | 700,000[17] | 83145[18] | Stara Gradiška concentration camp, Sisak children's concentration camp, Donja Gradina, Jasenovac main | [22] |
33 | Kaiserwald (Mežaparks) |
Latvia | Labour camp | 1942 – 6 Aug 1944 | 20,000? | 16, incl. Eleja-Meitenes |
[23] | |
34 | Kaufering/Landsberg | Germany | Labour camp | Jun 1943 – Apr 1945 | 30,000 | 14,500 min. | [24] | |
35 | Kauen (Kaunas) |
Lithuania | Ghetto and internment camp | ???? | Prawienischken | [25] | ||
36 | Kemna | Germany | Early concentration camp | Jun 1933 – Jan 1944 | 4,500 | none | [26] | |
37 | Klooga | Estonia | Labour camp | Summer 1943 – 28 Sep 1944 | 1,800 | |||
38 | Koldichevo | Belarus | Labour camp | Summer 1942 – Jun 1944 | 22,000 | |||
39 | Le Vernet | France | Internment camp | 1939–1944 | ||||
40 | Majdanek (KZ Lublin) |
Poland | Extermination and labour camp | Jul 1941 – Jul 1944 | 78,000 | [27] | ||
41 | Malchow | Germany | Labour and Transit camp | Winter 1943 – 8 May 1945 | 5,000 | |||
42 | Maly Trostenets | Belarus | Extermination camp | Jul 1941 – Jun 1944 | 60,000-65,000 | [19][20] | ||
43 | Mauthausen-Gusen | Austria | Labour camp | Aug 1938 – May 1945 | 195,000 | 55,000–60,000 | list | [28] |
44 | Mechelen | Belgium | Transit camp | July 1942 – Sep 1944 | 25267 min.[21] | 300 min.[22] | none | [29] |
45 | Mittelbau-Dora | Germany | Labour camp | Sep 1943 – Apr 1945 | 60,000 | 20,000 min. | list | [30] |
46 | Natzweiler-Struthof (Struthof) | France | Labour camp; Nacht und Nebel camp; extermination camp | May 1941 – Sep 1944 | 52,000 | 22,000 | list | [23] |
47 | Neuengamme | Germany | Labour camp | 13 Dec 1938 – 4 May 1945 | 106,000 | 42,900+ | list | [31] |
48 | Niederhagen | Germany | Prison and labour camp | Sep 1941 – early 1943 | 3,900 | 1,285 | none | [32] |
49 | Oberer Kuhberg concentration camp | Germany | Concentration camp | Nov 1933 – 1935 | 0 | Former infantry base Gleißelstetten (Fortress of Ulm) | [33] | |
50 | Oranienburg | Germany | Early concentration camp | Mar 1933 – Jul 1934 | 3,000 | 16 min. | ||
51 | Osthofen | Germany | Collective point | Mar 1933 – Jul 1934 | ||||
52 | Płaszów | Poland | Labour camp | Dec 1942 – Jan 1945 | 150,000 min. | 9,000 min. | list | |
53 | Ravensbruck | Germany | Labour camp for women | May 1939 – Apr 1945 | 132,000 | 28,000 | list | [34][35] |
54 | Risiera di San Sabba (Trieste) |
Italy | Police detainment camp | Sep 1943 – 29 Apr 1945 | 25,000 | 5,000 | [36] | |
55 | Sachsenhausen | Germany | Labour camp | Jul 1936 – Apr 1945 | 200,000 min. | 30,000 | list | [37] |
56 | Sajmište | Serbia | Extermination camp | Oct 1941 – Jul 1944 | 50,000 | 20,000–23,000 | ||
57 | Salaspils (Kirchholm) | Latvia | Labour camp | Oct 1941 – Summer 1944 | 2,000 | [38] | ||
58 | Skrochowitz (Skrochovice) |
Czech Republic | Transit (1939) and labour camp | Sept 1939 - Dec 1939, 1940–1943 | 700 | 13 | [39] | |
59 | Sobibór | Poland | Extermination camp | May 1942 – Oct 1943 | 170,165 | [40] | ||
60 | Soldau | Poland | Labour; Transit camp | Winter 1939/40 – Jan 1945 | 30,000 | 13,000 | ||
61 | Stutthof | Poland | Labour camp | Sep 1939 – May 1945 | 110,000 | 65,000 | list | [41] |
62 | Theresienstadt (Terezín) |
Czech Republic | Transit camp and Ghetto | Nov 1941 – May 1945 | 140,000 | 33,000 min. | [42] | |
63 | Treblinka | Poland | Extermination camp | Jul 1942 – Nov 1943 | 780,000 | [43] | ||
64 | Vaivara | Estonia | Concentration and transit camp | 15 Sep 1943 – 29 Feb 1944 | 20,000 | 950 | 22 | [44] [45] |
65 | Warsaw | Poland | Labour and extermination camp | 1942–1944 | 400,000 max. | 20,000–35,000 | ||
66 | Westerbork | Netherlands | Transit camp | May 1940 – Apr 1945 | 102,000 |
See also
- German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
- Concentration camps in France
- Nazi concentration camps in Norway
- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
- Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive
- Holocaust victims and death toll
References
- ^ "AUSCHWITZ". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ^ Bundesministerium der Justiz (2011), List of concentration camps and their outposts in alphabetical order. Internet Archive. Template:De icon
- ^ Concentration Camp Listing Sourced from Van Eck, Ludo Le livre des Camps. Belgium: Editions Kritak; and Gilbert, Martin Atlas of the Holocaust. New York: William Morrow 1993 ISBN 0-688-12364-3. In this on-line site are the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country.
- ^ a b Holocaust Encyclopedia, Killing Centers: An Overview. Archived 2013-04-02 at the Wayback Machine United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- ^ Holocaust Encyclopedia (2015). "Liberation of German Camps". Source: Abzug, Bridgman, Chamberlin, Goodell. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
- ^ a b Holocaust Encyclopedia, Nazi Camps. Introduction. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- ^ a b Anat Helman (2015). "The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos by Geoffrey P. Megargee". Exploring the Universe of Camps and Ghettos. Oxford University Press. pp. 251–252. ISBN 0190265426.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen (2002), The difference between concentration camps and extermination camps. The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.
- ^ Search Results: Mapping the SS Concentration Camp System. Alphabetical listing. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Further Reading. Bergen, Dawidowicz, Gilbert, Gutman, Hilberg, Yahil.
- ^ a b Franciszek Piper, Construction and Expansion of KL Auschwitz ("Budowa i rozbudowa KL Auschwitz"). The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland (Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu), 1999–2010 Template:Pl icon
- ^ a b Franciszek Piper, Dead victims of KL Auschwitz per nationality and/or profile of deportees ("Liczba uśmierconych w KL Auschwitz ogółem wg Narodowości lub kategorii deportowanych"). The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland, 1999–2010 Template:Pl icon
- ^ a b Franciszek Piper, Victims of KL Auschwitz ("Liczba ofiar KL Auschwitz"). The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland, 1999–2010 Template:Pl icon
- ^ a b List of Subcamps of KL Auschwitz (Podobozy KL Auschwitz). The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland (Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu), 1999–2010 Template:Pl icon
- ^ Ramet, Sabrina P., The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation: 1918–2005. Indiana University Press, 2006. (p. 131)
- ^ Store norske leksikon (2010-04-09). "Bardufoss fangeleir" (in Norwegian).
- ^ Jasenovac. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
- ^ Paris 1961, p. 9.
- ^ "LIST OF INDIVIDUAL VICTIMS OF JASENOVAC CONCENTRATION CAMP". Jasenovac Memorial Site. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
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(help) - ^ Gerlach, Christian (2013). Kalkulierte Morde (in German) (Kindle ed.). Hamburger Edition. loc 25883. ISBN 978-3-86854-567-8.
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(help) - ^ "Shoah Resource Center - Maly Trostinets" (PDF). Yad Vashems.
- ^ Schram, Laurence (2006). "De cijfers van de deportatie uit Mechelen naar Auschwitz. Perspectieven en denkpistes". De Belgische tentoonstelling in Auschwitz. Het boek - L'exposition belge / Auschwitz. Le Livre (in Dutch). Het Joods Museum voor Deportatie en Verzet. ISBN 978-90-76109-03-9. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
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(help) - ^ Mikhman, Dan; Gutman, Israel, eds. (2005). The encyclopedia of the righteous among the nations: rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. Belgium. Yad Vashem Publications. ISBN 978-9653083769.
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(help) - ^ Roger Boulanger (2006), L'historique du camp de Natzweiler-Struthof via Internet Archive.
Bibliography
- Paris, Edmond (1961). Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941-1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecution and Massacres. Chicago: The American Institute for Balkan Affairs.
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(help) - Megargee, Geoffrey P., ed. (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. in association with United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
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External links
Media related to Germany concentration camps at Wikimedia Commons