Jump to content

Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
AnomieBOT (talk | contribs)
Bots
6,503,090 edits
Rescuing orphaned refs ("auto2" from rev 898508114)
No edit summary
Line 134: Line 134:
According to former intelligence officer [[Malcolm Wrightson Nance|Malcolm Nance]] and a U.S. telegram cable, al-Douri and the [[Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)|Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council]] was rumoured to have developed deep relations with [[Hafez al-Assad]] and the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Ba'ath party]], despite historical differences between the two Ba'ath factions. Al-Douri urged Saddam to open oil pipelines with Syria, building a financial relationship with the Assad family.<ref name="US_Cable">[https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09DAMASCUS709_a.html REVENGING AFLAQ (I): FORMER IRAQI BAATHISTS IN SYRIA -- WHO ARE THESE GUYS?].''Wikileaks''</ref><ref name="auto3" />
According to former intelligence officer [[Malcolm Wrightson Nance|Malcolm Nance]] and a U.S. telegram cable, al-Douri and the [[Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)|Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council]] was rumoured to have developed deep relations with [[Hafez al-Assad]] and the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Ba'ath party]], despite historical differences between the two Ba'ath factions. Al-Douri urged Saddam to open oil pipelines with Syria, building a financial relationship with the Assad family.<ref name="US_Cable">[https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09DAMASCUS709_a.html REVENGING AFLAQ (I): FORMER IRAQI BAATHISTS IN SYRIA -- WHO ARE THESE GUYS?].''Wikileaks''</ref><ref name="auto3" />


After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, Nance alleges that al-Douri fled to Damascus, Syria where he organised the [[National Command of the Islamic Resistance]] which co-ordinated major combat operations during the Iraqi insurgency.<ref name="auto3" /> According to a leaked U.S. telegram cable published by [[Wikileaks]], the United States, in 2009 alleged that al-Douri fled to Syria in the spring of 2003, but that his whereabouts between 2003-2009 were difficult to pin down.<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} According to [[Reuters]] journalist, [[Khaled Yacoub Oweis]], who told the U.S. in 2009 about "local sources" which reported in 2004 that al-Douri arrived in Syria with millions of dollars in cash and used that money to buy "Syrian influence" and to establish a base of operations.<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} Oweis also alleged that the Syrian government allowed al-Douri to operate in Syria.<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} Although by at least October 2009, the U.S. telegram cable claimed that al-Douri was no longer part of the "former regime elements" living in Syria,<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} in December 2009, [[David Petraeus|General David Petraeus]], who was at the time heading the [[United States Central Command]], instead told reporters from [[Al Arabiya]] that al-Douri was still residing in [[Syria]] with "complete freedom".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/12/13/94083.html |title=US giving security support to Yemen: Petraeus |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=13 December 2009}}</ref> The Syrian government denies that al-Douri is residing in Syria. Iraqi Prime Minister [[Nouri al-Maliki]] claims that a Syrian offered to show him al-Douri's home in Damascus, it is not known whether his offer was accepted or confirmation on whether there even was an offer.<ref>[https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09BAGHDAD847_a.html CG, CDA AND PM DISCUSS FOREIGN VISITS, SECURITY AND DEFENSE COOPERATION]. ''Wikileaks''</ref> Iraqi intelligence sources in 2009 have emphasized that al-Douri was residing in the southern suburbs of [[Diyala Governorate|Diyala]] in a [[Islamic State of Iraq]] stronghold.<ref>[https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/iraq-saddams-aide-al-duri-hiding-in-diyala Iraq: Saddam’s Aide Al-Duri Hiding in Diyala]. ''Asharq Al-Awsat''</ref> In 2005 [[NBC News]] reported that al-Douri was rumoured to be hiding in Syria or elsewhere.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10004587/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/us-continues-hunt-saddams-ex-no/ US continues hunt for Saddam's ex-No. 2]. ''NBC News''</ref> Abdullah al-Kharbit a contractor from a prominent Anbar family claims that Abu Mu'ath, who possibly is al-Douri was in the Iraqi town of [[Al-Qa'im (town)|Al-Qa'im]].<ref>[https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05BAGHDAD2922_a.html ANBARI BUSINESS AND TRIBAL LEADER CHARTS A POLITICAL COURSE]. ''Wikileaks''</ref> There were reports from [[al-Hayat]] that al-Douri was allegedly in Mosul visiting his wife, before fleeing to an undisclosed location.<ref>[https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2005/6/judgement41.htm Saddam's former deputy Izzat Ibrahim a father at 61] ''EKurd Daily''</ref> In 2007, Iraqi security forces raided a hideout in Tikrit belonging to al-Douri, the raid was based on "confirmed intelligence" that al-Douri was holding meetings with his aides at the hideout. Al-Douri however was not caught.<ref>[https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/29/297925_stratfor-intelligence-summary-.html Stratfor Intelligence Summary]. ''Wikileaks''</ref> In early 2007, Iraqi President [[Jalal Talabani]] claimed that al-Douri was not in Syria, but that he was in Yemen, he says that the Iraqi government has had this information for a while has been tracing al-Douri's movements.<ref>[https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-talabani/iraq-seeks-wanted-saddams-aides-in-syria-idUKOWE85525520070118 Iraq seeks wanted Saddam's aides in Syria]. ''Reuters''</ref> DEBKA-Net-Weekly reports that according to witnesses and detainees in coalition hands, they said that they've seen al-Douri around Mosul, usually disguised as a tribal merchant.<ref>[https://www.debka.com/guerrillas-roll-sunni-triangle-northward/ Guerrillas Roll Sunni Triangle Northward] ''DEBKAfile''</ref> Iraqi tribal expert and senior fellow at the [[United States Institute of Peace]], [[Amatzia Baram]], claimed that al-Douri is likely in hiding somewhere between Mosul and the Turkish border.<ref>[https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-most-wanted IRAQ: The Most Wanted]. ''Council on Foreign Relations''</ref> The U.S. claimed that al-Douri resurfaced in Syria in 2008,<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} however [[Al-Mawqif Al-Arabi]] an Egyptian newspaper which interviewed al-Douri that same year told reporters that he was "on the battlefield" and on a "combat field while weapons were talking", presumably meaning he was still fighting in Iraq.<ref name="ccun"/> The [[Combating Terrorism Center]] reported that al-Douri was still "politically active within Iraq."<ref>[https://ctc.usma.edu/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraqs-next-insurgency/ The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency]. ''CTC Sentinel''</ref> [[The Irish Times]] reported that it was believed that al-Douri was hiding somewhere in Iraq.<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/iraqi-exiles-plot-fall-of-maliki-from-damascus-1.684562 Iraqi exiles plot fall of Maliki from Damascus]. ''The Irish Times''</ref> Other reports claimed that al-Douri was in the Iraqi town of Ad-Dawr, [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and [[Yemen]].<ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/118356/izzat-ibrahim-al-douri-saddam-husseins-pal-key-stopping-isis Saddam Hussein's Faithful Friend, the King of Clubs, Might Be the Key to Saving Iraq Iraqi]. ''The New Republic''.</ref> Iraqi and Syrian specialist [[Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi]] believes that al-Douri is residing somewhere in Gulf or the southern Arabian Peninsula<ref>[http://www.aymennjawad.org/12557/iraq-violence Violence in Iraq]. ''Middle East Review of International Affairs''</ref> and one Iraqi MP stated that he believed al-Douri was residing in Qatar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9101141223 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412141838/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9101141223 |archivedate=12 April 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Despite allegations from U.S. and Iraqi officials that al-Douri is residing in Syria, al-Douri has opposed and even attempted to oust the Syrian-backed Iraqi Ba'athist, [[Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed]], from the party and he has also criticized the Syrian government for being part of an American conspiracy to undermine the Iraqi Ba'ath Party.<ref name="ADOURIAHMED">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/TM_007_3.pdf |title=Reviving the Iraqi Ba'ath: A Profile of General Muhammad Yunis al-Ahmad |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |date=5 January 2007 |volume=VII |issue=3 |author=Ali, Fadhil |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014125014/http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/TM_007_3.pdf |archivedate=14 October 2009 }}</ref> Furthermore, analysts have noted that "Douri deeply distrusts working with the Syrians because he distrusts the Iranians, who are strong allies with Syria"<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/world/middleeast/07syria.html Syria Is Said to Be Strengthening Ties to Opponents of Iraq’s Government]. ''New York Times''</ref> According to a U.S. telegram cable published by Wikileaks, the U.S. claimed that according to "press remarks" in May 2008 that "al-Douri criticized Syria for not providing sufficient support to the "Ba'ath cause,".<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} However, in an interview on May 26, 2008, al-Douri stated that his resistance was not supported or incubated by any outside powers.<ref name="ccun"/> Some leaders such as former national security advisor [[Mowaffak al-Rubaie]] and former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki have accused the Assad government of harbouring and supporting Iraqi militants.<ref name="Iraq asked Syria's Assad to stop aiding 'jihadists': Former official">{{cite web|title=Iraq asked Syria's Assad to stop aiding 'jihadists': Former official |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraq-asked-syrias-assad-not-aid-jihadists-former-official-1553468312#sthash.R54u7MXw.dpuf|date=20 October 2015|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Maliki blames Syria for attacks, Assad denies claim">{{cite web|title=Maliki blames Syria for attacks, Assad denies claim|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090901-maliki-blames-syria-attacks-assad-denies-claim-|date=4 October 2009|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> A charge Syria heavily denies and demands be proven with evidence.<ref>[https://www.sbs.com.au/news/farouk-al-sharaa-interview Farouk Al-Sharaa Interview]. ''SBS World News''</ref>
After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, Nance alleges that al-Douri fled to Damascus, Syria where he organised the [[National Command of the Islamic Resistance]] which co-ordinated major combat operations during the Iraqi insurgency.<ref name="auto3" /> According to a leaked U.S. telegram cable published by [[Wikileaks]], the United States, in 2009 alleged that al-Douri fled to Syria in the spring of 2003, but that his whereabouts between 2003-2009 were difficult to pin down<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} and according to [[Reuters]] journalist, [[Khaled Yacoub Oweis]], who told the U.S. in 2009 about "local sources" which reported in 2004 that al-Douri arrived in Syria with millions of dollars in cash and used that money to buy "Syrian influence" and to establish a base of operations.<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} Oweis also alleged that the Syrian government allowed al-Douri to operate in Syria.<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} However, a report by the [[RAND Corporation]] cited a memo that prior to the [[Operation Red Dawn|Capture of Saddam Hussein]], al-Douri served as "Saddam’s point of contact in [[Diyala Governorate]]" and that he's visited Diyala twice to meet with leaders to organize the insurgency inside Iraq.<ref>[https://ia802806.us.archive.org/27/items/DTIC_ADA499655/DTIC_ADA499655.pdf Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority]. ''RAND Corporation'' pg. 95 </ref> Although by at least October 2009, the U.S. telegram cable claimed that al-Douri was no longer part of the "former regime elements" living in Syria,<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} in December 2009, [[David Petraeus|General David Petraeus]], who was at the time heading the [[United States Central Command]], instead told reporters from [[Al Arabiya]] that al-Douri was still residing in [[Syria]] with "complete freedom".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/12/13/94083.html |title=US giving security support to Yemen: Petraeus |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=13 December 2009}}</ref> The Syrian government denies that al-Douri is residing in Syria. Iraqi Prime Minister [[Nouri al-Maliki]] claims that a Syrian offered to show him al-Douri's home in Damascus, it is not known whether his offer was accepted or confirmation on whether there even was an offer.<ref>[https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09BAGHDAD847_a.html CG, CDA AND PM DISCUSS FOREIGN VISITS, SECURITY AND DEFENSE COOPERATION]. ''Wikileaks''</ref> Iraqi intelligence sources in 2009 have emphasized that al-Douri was residing in the southern suburbs of Diyala in a [[Islamic State of Iraq]] stronghold.<ref>[https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/iraq-saddams-aide-al-duri-hiding-in-diyala Iraq: Saddam’s Aide Al-Duri Hiding in Diyala]. ''Asharq Al-Awsat''</ref> In 2005 [[NBC News]] reported that al-Douri was rumoured to be hiding in Syria or elsewhere.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10004587/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/us-continues-hunt-saddams-ex-no/ US continues hunt for Saddam's ex-No. 2]. ''NBC News''</ref> Abdullah al-Kharbit a contractor from a prominent Anbar family claims that Abu Mu'ath, who possibly is al-Douri was in the Iraqi town of [[Al-Qa'im (town)|Al-Qa'im]].<ref>[https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05BAGHDAD2922_a.html ANBARI BUSINESS AND TRIBAL LEADER CHARTS A POLITICAL COURSE]. ''Wikileaks''</ref> There were reports from [[al-Hayat]] that al-Douri was allegedly in Mosul visiting his wife, before fleeing to an undisclosed location.<ref>[https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2005/6/judgement41.htm Saddam's former deputy Izzat Ibrahim a father at 61] ''EKurd Daily''</ref> In 2007, Iraqi security forces raided a hideout in Tikrit belonging to al-Douri, the raid was based on "confirmed intelligence" that al-Douri was holding meetings with his aides at the hideout. Al-Douri however was not caught.<ref>[https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/29/297925_stratfor-intelligence-summary-.html Stratfor Intelligence Summary]. ''Wikileaks''</ref> In early 2007, Iraqi President [[Jalal Talabani]] claimed that al-Douri was not in Syria, but that he was in [[Yemen]], he says that the Iraqi government has had this information for a while and has been tracing al-Douri's movements.<ref>[https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-talabani/iraq-seeks-wanted-saddams-aides-in-syria-idUKOWE85525520070118 Iraq seeks wanted Saddam's aides in Syria]. ''Reuters''</ref> DEBKA-Net-Weekly reports that according to witnesses and detainees in coalition hands, they said that they've seen al-Douri around Mosul, usually disguised as a tribal merchant.<ref>[https://www.debka.com/guerrillas-roll-sunni-triangle-northward/ Guerrillas Roll Sunni Triangle Northward] ''DEBKAfile''</ref> Iraqi tribal expert and senior fellow at the [[United States Institute of Peace]], [[Amatzia Baram]], claimed that al-Douri is likely in hiding somewhere between Mosul and the Turkish border.<ref>[https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-most-wanted IRAQ: The Most Wanted]. ''Council on Foreign Relations''</ref> The U.S. claimed that al-Douri resurfaced in Syria in 2008,<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} however [[Al-Mawqif Al-Arabi]], an Egyptian newspaper which interviewed al-Douri that same year told reporters that he was "on the battlefield" and on a "combat field while weapons were talking", presumably meaning he was still fighting in Iraq.<ref name="ccun"/> The [[Combating Terrorism Center]] reported that al-Douri was still "politically active within Iraq."<ref>[https://ctc.usma.edu/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraqs-next-insurgency/ The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency]. ''CTC Sentinel''</ref> [[The Irish Times]] reported that it was believed that al-Douri was hiding somewhere in Iraq.<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/iraqi-exiles-plot-fall-of-maliki-from-damascus-1.684562 Iraqi exiles plot fall of Maliki from Damascus]. ''The Irish Times''</ref> Other reports claimed that al-Douri was in the Iraqi town of Ad-Dawr and [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].<ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/118356/izzat-ibrahim-al-douri-saddam-husseins-pal-key-stopping-isis Saddam Hussein's Faithful Friend, the King of Clubs, Might Be the Key to Saving Iraq Iraqi]. ''The New Republic''.</ref> Iraqi and Syrian specialist [[Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi]] believes that al-Douri is residing somewhere in Gulf or the southern Arabian Peninsula<ref>[http://www.aymennjawad.org/12557/iraq-violence Violence in Iraq]. ''Middle East Review of International Affairs''</ref> and one Iraqi MP stated that he believed al-Douri was residing in Qatar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9101141223 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412141838/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9101141223 |archivedate=12 April 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Despite allegations from U.S. and Iraqi officials that al-Douri is residing in Syria, al-Douri has opposed and even attempted to oust the Syrian-backed Iraqi Ba'athist, [[Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed]], from the party and he has also criticized the Syrian government for being part of an American conspiracy to undermine the Iraqi Ba'ath Party.<ref name="ADOURIAHMED">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/TM_007_3.pdf |title=Reviving the Iraqi Ba'ath: A Profile of General Muhammad Yunis al-Ahmad |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |date=5 January 2007 |volume=VII |issue=3 |author=Ali, Fadhil |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014125014/http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/TM_007_3.pdf |archivedate=14 October 2009 }}</ref> Furthermore, analysts have noted that "Douri deeply distrusts working with the Syrians because he distrusts the Iranians, who are strong allies with Syria"<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/world/middleeast/07syria.html Syria Is Said to Be Strengthening Ties to Opponents of Iraq’s Government]. ''New York Times''</ref> According to a U.S. telegram cable published by Wikileaks, the U.S. claimed that according to "press remarks" in May 2008 that "al-Douri criticized Syria for not providing sufficient support to the "Ba'ath cause,".<ref name="US_Cable"/>{{Better source|date=May 2019}} However, in an interview on May 26, 2008, al-Douri stated that his resistance was not supported or incubated by any outside powers.<ref name="ccun"/> Some leaders such as former national security advisor [[Mowaffak al-Rubaie]] and former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki have accused the Assad government of harbouring and supporting Iraqi militants.<ref name="Iraq asked Syria's Assad to stop aiding 'jihadists': Former official">{{cite web|title=Iraq asked Syria's Assad to stop aiding 'jihadists': Former official |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraq-asked-syrias-assad-not-aid-jihadists-former-official-1553468312#sthash.R54u7MXw.dpuf|date=20 October 2015|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Maliki blames Syria for attacks, Assad denies claim">{{cite web|title=Maliki blames Syria for attacks, Assad denies claim|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090901-maliki-blames-syria-attacks-assad-denies-claim-|date=4 October 2009|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> A charge Syria heavily denies and demands be proven with evidence.<ref>[https://www.sbs.com.au/news/farouk-al-sharaa-interview Farouk Al-Sharaa Interview]. ''SBS World News''</ref>


U.S. intelligence believed al-Douri operated out of Syria until the start of the [[Syrian Civil War]] in 2011, when he may have moved to safe houses across the North-western Iraq province of [[Nineveh Governorate|Nineveh]].<ref name="auto2">{{citation|first=Malcolm|last=Nance|authorlink=Malcolm Nance|title=[[The Terrorists of Iraq|The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq]]|date=18 December 2014|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10065919/Izzat-Ibrahim-al-Douri-the-King-of-Clubs-is-back-and-he-may-yet-prove-to-be-Saddam-Husseins-trump-card.html|work=Telegraph|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=January 3, 2016 }}</ref> Others however claim that al-Douri was still in Syria by as late as 2013.<ref name="auto3" />
U.S. intelligence believed al-Douri operated out of Syria until the start of the [[Syrian Civil War]] in 2011, when he may have moved to safe houses across the North-western Iraq province of [[Nineveh Governorate|Nineveh]].<ref name="auto2">{{citation|first=Malcolm|last=Nance|authorlink=Malcolm Nance|title=[[The Terrorists of Iraq|The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq]]|date=18 December 2014|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10065919/Izzat-Ibrahim-al-Douri-the-King-of-Clubs-is-back-and-he-may-yet-prove-to-be-Saddam-Husseins-trump-card.html|work=Telegraph|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=January 3, 2016 }}</ref> Others however claim that al-Douri was still in Syria by as late as 2013.<ref name="auto3" />

Revision as of 13:34, 25 May 2019

Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
عزة إبراهيم الدوري
Portrait of Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
30 December 2006
Preceded bySaddam Hussein
Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
3 January 2007
(in opposition to Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed)
Preceded bySaddam Hussein
Deputy Secretary of the Regional Command of the Iraqi Regional Branch
In office
September 1991 – 3 January 2007
Preceded byTaha Yassin Ramadan
Succeeded byUnknown
Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council
In office
16 July 1979 – 7 April 2005
PresidentSaddam Hussein
Preceded bySaddam Hussein
Succeeded byPost abolished
Member of the Regional Command of the Iraqi Regional Branch
In office
October 1966 – 9 April 2003
Personal details
Born (1941-07-01) 1 July 1941 (age 83)
Ad-Dawr, Saladin Province, Iraq
Political partyIraqi Ba'ath
Military service
Allegiance Iraq
Naqshbandi Army
Branch/serviceIraqi Army
Years of service1962–2003
RankIraqi field marshal Field Marshal
UnitPolitical Guidance Directorate
Commands2nd Infantry Division
(1977–1981)
Battles/warsIran–Iraq War

1991 Iraq War

2003 Iraq War
Iraqi Civil War

Iraqi insurgency (2017–present)

Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri (Arabic: عزة إبراهيم الدوري ‘Izzat Ibrāhīm ad-Dūrī; born 1 July 1941) is a former Iraqi politician and military commander. He served as Vice Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council until the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and was regarded as the closest advisor and deputy under former President Saddam Hussein. He leads the Iraqi insurgent Naqshbandi Army.[2][3]

Al-Douri is the most high-profile Ba'athist official to successfully evade capture after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and was the king of clubs in the infamous most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. Al-Douri continued to lead elements of the Iraqi insurgency such as the Naqshbandi Army against the then-occupation forces and waged an insurgency against the current regime in Baghdad. Following the execution of Saddam Hussein on 30 December 2006, al-Douri was confirmed as the new leader of the banned Iraqi Ba'ath Party on 3 January 2007.[4] Al-Douri was reportedly killed in action—along with his nine bodyguards[5]—on 17 April 2015 in a large-scale military operation by Shiite militias and Iraqi forces near the Al-Alaas oil fields in Hemreen east of Tikrit.[6][7][8][9][10] The Shiite militant organization Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq has alleged to have killed him and transported his apparent body to Baghdad to confirm its identity.[5][11] According to the BBC, Shiite militias claimed to have killed him, but the Iraqi Baath party denied his death.[12] A Kurdish news source also reported that Iraq did not have al-Douri's DNA to confirm his death.[13] Al-Douri has since appeared in videos talking about events that have taken place after his alleged death.[14]

Biography

Youth

Born in 1942, al-Douri was born in Ad-Dawr, near the Iraqi town of Tikrit, to Ibrahim Khalil al-Douri, a farmer and Hamdah Saloum al-Douri.[15] Nicknamed "the Iceman" for his humble origins selling blocks of ice, he became involved in revolutionary politics in his late teenage years. He worked alongside Saddam Hussein. Both served in the early intelligence apparatus of the Ba'ath Party and participated in what would be known as the 17 July Revolution in 1968.[16][17][18]

During the Ba'ath Regime

Al-Douri was a senior member of the Ba'athist government under Saddam Hussein. This was due to the fact that both al-Douri and Hussein came from the same Tikriti tribal background. When the Ba'athists seized power in 1968, he was made interior minister where he oversaw efforts to sideline political rivals to the Ba'ath Party, mainly the Iraqi Communist Party.[19] Al-Douri became the vice chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council prior to 2003, giving him unprecedented amounts of power and influence within the Iraqi political sphere.[2][3]

As vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, al-Douri was involved in the wars against Iran and Kuwait. During the 1988–1989 Al-Anfal Campaign, al-Douri was said to have ordered Ali Hassan al-Majid (aka 'Chemical Ali') to use Mustard and Sarin nerve gas on Kurdish fighters in Halabja.[20] He was complicit in the invasion of Saudi Arabia and the attack on the town of Khafji in January 1991.[21] During the 1991 uprisings in Iraq, he was involved in the suppression of the revolt led by the Iraqi marsh Arabs.[22] When the Kurds rebelled again in 1991, al-Douri warned them "If you have forgotten Halabja, I would like to remind you that we are ready to repeat the operation."[19]

In 1993, al-Douri was involved in the state-sponsored Return to Faith Campaign (al-Hamlah al-Imaniyyah), which sought to encourage devotion to Islam in Iraqi social life. This saw aspects of Islam fused into the Iraqi media, education system and judicial system.[23]

On 22 November 1998, al-Douri escaped an assassination attempt when visiting Karbala.[21]

Following the October 2000 events, Arab leaders including al-Douri gathered in Cairo condemning Israel's reaction to the protests. In response to the Palestinian protests, Al-Douri was said to have remarked "The Jews will be taught a lesson."[24]

On 5 March 2003, during an emergency summit of the then Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation, al-Douri made a heated address where he accused the neighbouring Gulf states of being "traitors" for cooperating with the United States and Israel. He blamed Kuwait for being responsible for Iraq's suffering and scrutinised the United States of America's aggressive stance towards Iraq. These comments sparked the Kuwaiti representative to stand up and protest to which al-Douri responded "Shut up, sit down you small American agent, you monkey!" [25]

Al-Douri, a member of the Naqshbandi Order, was able to use his position in the regime to leverage support to the Naqshbandi community within Iraq. This form of patronage would eventfully culminate in the rise of the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order during the Iraqi insurgency, of which al-Douri would play a leading role.[26]

Personal life

In a sign of loyalty, al-Douri consented to marry his daughter to Hussein's eldest son, Uday Hussein. Al-Douri’s influence with Hussein was so substantial that he could even levy a condition, that the union would not be consummated, and later made a successful petition that his daughter be permitted to divorce Uday.[27]

Al-Douri is believed to have suffered from leukemia and was said to have undergone blood transfusions every six months. In 1999, he visited Vienna, Austria for treatment. The Austrian opposition demanded that he be arrested for war crimes, but the government allowed him to leave the country.[28][29] His son was reportedly killed in Tikrit in July, 2014.[30]

Fall of the Ba'ath regime and Iraqi insurgency

The 2003 invasion of Iraq

On 20 March 2003, U.S.-led coalition forces invaded Iraq, leading to the toppling of the regime of President Saddam Hussein on 9 April 2003. Following the fall of Baghdad, al-Douri went into hiding. U.S. officials claimed that he was involved in the subsequent Iraqi insurgency against U.S. forces, directing and funding attacks, as well as brokering an alliance between Ba'athist insurgents and militant Islamists.

In November 2003, the U.S.-led coalition issued a US$10 million bounty for any information leading to al-Douri's apprehension by authorities in response to coordinating attacks against coalition forces.[31]

Al-Douri was made the King of Clubs in the famous most-wanted Iraqi playing cards, making him among the top 8 "most wanted" figures in Saddam Hussein's regime.[32]

At the time of the invasion of Iraq, al-Douri, along with Hussein and Vice President Taha Yassin Ramadan, were among the three surviving plotters who had brought the Ba'ath Party to power in a coup in 1968.[3]

The Iraqi insurgency and disappearance

In an interview in May of 2008, al-Douri detailed his strategy, indicating that "any negotiations with the invaders without it represents a desertion and treason, and is refused by all national, Pan-Arab and Islamic factions of the resistance."[33] During the interview, al-Douri made the following demands:

  1. An official pronounced recognition of the armed and unarmed national resistance, including all its factions and (political) parties, as the sole legitimate representative of the people of Iraq
  2. An official declaration of unconditional withdrawal from Iraq by the U.S. leadership
  3. Declaring null and void all the political and legislative institutions, as well as all the laws and legislation issued by them, since the occupation, with the de-Ba'athfication law in the forefront, and compensating all who were adversely affected by them
  4. A stop to raids, prosecutions, arrests, killings and displacement
  5. Release of all prisoners of war (POWs), prisoners and detainees without exception and compensating all for their physical and psychological damage
  6. Reinstating the army and the national security forces in service in accordance with their preoccupation laws and regulations, and compensating all who were adversely affected by dissolving them
  7. A pledge to compensate Iraq for all the material and moral losses it incurred because of the occupation

Al-Douri is reportedly the head of the Iraqi rebel group Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order as well as the Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation based on his longstanding positions of leadership in the Naqshbandi sect in Iraq.[34]

Whereabouts

Sometime after the Fall of Baghdad, al-Douri evaded capture and went into hiding.[35] There are many different reports on his whereabouts.

According to former intelligence officer Malcolm Nance and a U.S. telegram cable, al-Douri and the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council was rumoured to have developed deep relations with Hafez al-Assad and the Syrian Ba'ath party, despite historical differences between the two Ba'ath factions. Al-Douri urged Saddam to open oil pipelines with Syria, building a financial relationship with the Assad family.[36][22]

After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, Nance alleges that al-Douri fled to Damascus, Syria where he organised the National Command of the Islamic Resistance which co-ordinated major combat operations during the Iraqi insurgency.[22] According to a leaked U.S. telegram cable published by Wikileaks, the United States, in 2009 alleged that al-Douri fled to Syria in the spring of 2003, but that his whereabouts between 2003-2009 were difficult to pin down[36][better source needed] and according to Reuters journalist, Khaled Yacoub Oweis, who told the U.S. in 2009 about "local sources" which reported in 2004 that al-Douri arrived in Syria with millions of dollars in cash and used that money to buy "Syrian influence" and to establish a base of operations.[36][better source needed] Oweis also alleged that the Syrian government allowed al-Douri to operate in Syria.[36][better source needed] However, a report by the RAND Corporation cited a memo that prior to the Capture of Saddam Hussein, al-Douri served as "Saddam’s point of contact in Diyala Governorate" and that he's visited Diyala twice to meet with leaders to organize the insurgency inside Iraq.[37] Although by at least October 2009, the U.S. telegram cable claimed that al-Douri was no longer part of the "former regime elements" living in Syria,[36][better source needed] in December 2009, General David Petraeus, who was at the time heading the United States Central Command, instead told reporters from Al Arabiya that al-Douri was still residing in Syria with "complete freedom".[38] The Syrian government denies that al-Douri is residing in Syria. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki claims that a Syrian offered to show him al-Douri's home in Damascus, it is not known whether his offer was accepted or confirmation on whether there even was an offer.[39] Iraqi intelligence sources in 2009 have emphasized that al-Douri was residing in the southern suburbs of Diyala in a Islamic State of Iraq stronghold.[40] In 2005 NBC News reported that al-Douri was rumoured to be hiding in Syria or elsewhere.[41] Abdullah al-Kharbit a contractor from a prominent Anbar family claims that Abu Mu'ath, who possibly is al-Douri was in the Iraqi town of Al-Qa'im.[42] There were reports from al-Hayat that al-Douri was allegedly in Mosul visiting his wife, before fleeing to an undisclosed location.[43] In 2007, Iraqi security forces raided a hideout in Tikrit belonging to al-Douri, the raid was based on "confirmed intelligence" that al-Douri was holding meetings with his aides at the hideout. Al-Douri however was not caught.[44] In early 2007, Iraqi President Jalal Talabani claimed that al-Douri was not in Syria, but that he was in Yemen, he says that the Iraqi government has had this information for a while and has been tracing al-Douri's movements.[45] DEBKA-Net-Weekly reports that according to witnesses and detainees in coalition hands, they said that they've seen al-Douri around Mosul, usually disguised as a tribal merchant.[46] Iraqi tribal expert and senior fellow at the United States Institute of Peace, Amatzia Baram, claimed that al-Douri is likely in hiding somewhere between Mosul and the Turkish border.[47] The U.S. claimed that al-Douri resurfaced in Syria in 2008,[36][better source needed] however Al-Mawqif Al-Arabi, an Egyptian newspaper which interviewed al-Douri that same year told reporters that he was "on the battlefield" and on a "combat field while weapons were talking", presumably meaning he was still fighting in Iraq.[33] The Combating Terrorism Center reported that al-Douri was still "politically active within Iraq."[48] The Irish Times reported that it was believed that al-Douri was hiding somewhere in Iraq.[49] Other reports claimed that al-Douri was in the Iraqi town of Ad-Dawr and Iraqi Kurdistan.[50] Iraqi and Syrian specialist Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi believes that al-Douri is residing somewhere in Gulf or the southern Arabian Peninsula[51] and one Iraqi MP stated that he believed al-Douri was residing in Qatar.[52] Despite allegations from U.S. and Iraqi officials that al-Douri is residing in Syria, al-Douri has opposed and even attempted to oust the Syrian-backed Iraqi Ba'athist, Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed, from the party and he has also criticized the Syrian government for being part of an American conspiracy to undermine the Iraqi Ba'ath Party.[53] Furthermore, analysts have noted that "Douri deeply distrusts working with the Syrians because he distrusts the Iranians, who are strong allies with Syria"[54] According to a U.S. telegram cable published by Wikileaks, the U.S. claimed that according to "press remarks" in May 2008 that "al-Douri criticized Syria for not providing sufficient support to the "Ba'ath cause,".[36][better source needed] However, in an interview on May 26, 2008, al-Douri stated that his resistance was not supported or incubated by any outside powers.[33] Some leaders such as former national security advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie and former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki have accused the Assad government of harbouring and supporting Iraqi militants.[55][56] A charge Syria heavily denies and demands be proven with evidence.[57]

U.S. intelligence believed al-Douri operated out of Syria until the start of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, when he may have moved to safe houses across the North-western Iraq province of Nineveh.[58][59] Others however claim that al-Douri was still in Syria by as late as 2013.[22]

Iraqi insurgency and resurfacing

File:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri video.png
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri addressing the Iraqi people, January 2013.

On 10 November 2011, a man claiming to be Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri released an audio tape condemning a recent arrest campaign targeting suspected Ba'ath Party members.

The first visual evidence of his survival surfaced on 7 April 2012 when a video posted online[60] showed him giving a speech. In the shots, he is seen wearing an olive military uniform and glasses, denouncing the Shiite-led government in Baghdad and interference in Iraqi politics by regional Shia powerhouse Iran. "Everyone can hear the sounds of danger echoing daily and threatening this country," al-Douri says during the hour-long broadcast. Prime Minister Maliki's personal adviser, Ali al-Moussawi, said the tape had a propaganda function but that he doubted al-Douri was still in Iraq as he required extensive medical care for a number of illnesses.[61]

On 5 January 2013, a 53-minute video was released on YouTube in which al-Douri encouraged recent Sunni protests in Nineveh and Anbar Governorates against Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki, saying that "the people of Iraq and all its nationalist and Islamic forces support you until the realization of your just demands for the fall of the Safavid-Persian alliance." The message, which showed the Ba'athist leader sitting behind a desk with a small Saddam-era Iraqi flag on it, was partially broadcast on the Al Arabiya news channel. In the video, released just before the Iraqi Army Day on 6 January, Douri claimed to be somewhere in Iraq's Babil Province.[62][63] However, former U.S. intelligence officials believe it was filmed in Damascus, Syria.[22] Hours after the tape was released, Iraqi military intelligence arrested Abdul Rahman Mohammed Ibrahim, the nephew of al-Douri, in Saladin Province.[64]

In April 2013, the Iraqi government claimed to be closing in on al-Douri, who they claimed was moving between Tikrit and the towns of Hawija and Dour, which is alleged to be an area of strong support for al-Douri, and also where he is claimed to have owned a villa.[65]

In 2014, al-Douri returned to Tikrit during the Iraqi Civil War.[22]

The fall of Mosul and Iraqi Civil War

Al-Douri played a role in the Northern Offensive as commander of the Naqshbandi Army. Reports soon surfaced that he had links with the jihadist group ISIS, helping them take the city of Tikrit and coordinating attacks against Iraqi security forces.[66] On June 13, a Twitter account, @wikibaghdadi, claimed a "Meeting between ISIS and Naqshbandi Army near al-Qayara area south of Mosul had taken place with representatives from Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi."[67] In July 2014, al-Douri issued an audio recording praising "the heroes and knights of al Qaeda and the Islamic State" forces in attacking Iraqi government positions within Saladin, Kirkuk, Diyala, and Nineveh Governorates. His connections with Islamist elements in Iraq is said to have emerged as far back as during Saddam's regime.[68] According to the Soufan Group, al-Douri had close ties with senior ISIS officials Abu Muslim al-Turkmani and Abu Ayman al-Iraqi. Both men had served in the Ba'athist regime under Saddam Hussein, with al-Turkmani being a Lieutenant colonel and serving in the Istikhbarat and Special Republican Guard. Al-Iraqi had been a Colonel in Iraq's Air Defense Intelligence.[69]

Al-Douri has been pointed out as one of the main commanders responsible for successful takeover by rebel groups of North Iraq and the city of Mosul in June 2014.[70] The Naqshbandi Army, along with other groups led by former Ba'ath officers, are reported to have assumed an increasingly large role in the governance and administration of occupied cities. Militants were reported to have appointed fellow Ba'ath generals Azhar al-Obeidi and Ahmed Abdul Rashid as the governors of Mosul and Tikrit.[71] Shortly afterwards, reports emerged that the Ba'ath Party, under al-Douri's leadership, declared war on ISIL in response to the displacement of Christians from Mosul.[72] Other reports still maintained that there was a limited degree of cooperation between the two groups.[73][74]

Allegations of death

On 17 April 2015, al-Douri allegedly died during a military operation conducted by the Iraqi Army near Al-Alaas oil fields in Hemreen, east of Tikrit. Iraqi security forces and Shia militias opened fire at a convoy believed to be carrying al-Douri and nine bodyguards, resulting in a 25-minute firefight. General Haider al-Basri, a senior Iraqi commander, announced to state television that the man believed to be al-Douri and his guards were killed.[7][8][9][10][75] The Shi'ite militant organization Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq claimed to have killed him, saying that his body was being transported to Baghdad to confirm its identity.[76][77] Before delivering the body to Baghdad, Shi'ite militias did DNA tests on the body and confirmed the results on 19 April.[78] The body was delivered to Baghdad on 20 April,[79] with the government starting the DNA tests a day after, on 21 April.[80] The governor of Salahaddin province, Raed al-Jabbouri, characterized al-Douri as a "mastermind of Islamic State in Iraq (ISIS)" and stated that his death would be a blow to the group.[81]

On 24 April 2015 the Iraqi Health Ministry spokesman, Dr. Ziyad Tareq, said: "The ministry does not have any DNA test (results) for any relative of al-Douri at the present time, and further efforts will be made to achieve a DNA result."[82][83][84]

On 15 May 2015[citation needed] a Ba'athist television channel released an audio recording, purportedly made by al-Douri, in which the speaker referred to events that had happened since al-Douri's reported death on 17 April.[85]

In April 2018, Izzat released a new video where he talked about current issues in different Arab countries.[86] In June 2018, Raghad Saddam Hussein was reported to have sent a note of condolence to Al Douri's family, with the source saying that "Douri died of a hematological illness at a Tunisian hospital." [87]

Iraqi Civil War and resurfacing

In May 2015, an audio recording alleging to be that of al-Douri, criticized both ISIS and Iran. He also hailed the Saudi-led alliance targeting the Houthi militias in Yemen. On ISIS he stated "We do cross paths ... but what stops us from meeting is that even if we wanted to, they would not accept because they consider the Ba'ath infidels". He used the word Daesh, an Arab acronym considered derogatory by ISIS, and claimed that the group was detaining a third of the Ba'ath's command. Al-Douri then went on to claim the number of ISIS victims in Iraq "does not equal 1% of those killed by the militias". On Iran, al-Douri called for the "Iraqis in Al-Anbar and Karbala to strongly fight the Persian criminal plan, which aims at swallowing Iraq." He stressed that Iran is the main player in Iraq and it is working through the Quds Force.[18][88]

In October 2015 it was reported that al-Douri's Naqshbandi Army was involved in secret discussions with the Iraqi government, alongside other insurgent groups, as part of a move to create a new Sunni force to fight ISIS in Iraq.[89]

On April 7, 2016, he released a video in which he sits at a desk in military uniform, flanked by two bodyguards and reads a statement. He calls on 'mujahideen' in Iraq to fight the Shia militias and combat Iranian influence in Iraq under the Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism created by Saudi Arabia on December 15, 2015. He said: "We consider everything that is happening in Iraq from Iran, its agents, militias, and its security apparatus, is the responsibility of the United States". He added: "If it [U.S.] did not move to save Iraq and its people from Iran's hegemony, control and occupation, and to stop bloodshed, destruction, burning and the changing demographic, then Iraqi people should resist [the occupation]." He stated that one of the ways to deal with the issue in Yemen was to make Iran and its allies adhere to the Security Council decision on ceasefire.[90][91][92][93]

In April 2018, Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri released a new video commemorating the 71st anniversary of the Baath party and vowing that U.S. President Donald Trump "will never attack Iran until the Resurrection Day."[94]

References

  1. ^ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.
  2. ^ a b "Saddam's No. 2 seeks help for insurgency". USA Today. 27 March 2006.
  3. ^ a b c "Izzat Ibrahim Al-Douri / Izzat Ibrahim Al-Douri". Global Security. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  4. ^ "Saddam aide is new Ba'ath leader", BBC News, 3 January 2007.
  5. ^ a b "Saddam Hussein's former top aide killed in Iraq military operation". foxnews.com. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  6. ^ "Top Saddam aide Izzat al-Douri reportedly killed". IBTimes. 17 April 2015.
  7. ^ a b "مقتل عزة الدوري في عملية عسكرية بحمرين شرق تكريت" (in Arabic). Skypressiq.net. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  8. ^ a b "تضارب الأنباء حول مقتل عزة الدوري (صور)" (in Arabic). RT.com. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  9. ^ a b "أنباء عن مقتل عزة الدوري شرق تكريت وبعد ماكو ثلج لأن مات ابو الثلج (صور)" (in Arabic). Erem News. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  10. ^ a b "الجبوري يعلن مقتل عزة الدوري بعملية أمنية شرقي تكريت" (in Arabic). algahadpress.com. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  11. ^ "العصائب تتبنى عملية قتل عزة الدوري وتؤكد أن الجثة في طريقها لبغداد" (in Arabic). sotaliraq.com. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  12. ^ "Saddam aide Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 'killed' in Iraq". BBC news. 17 April 2015.
  13. ^ "Official: Iraq lacks DNA to identify body of Izzat Douri".
  14. ^ "Saddam's 'king of clubs' reappears on Baath anniversary". Rudaw. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  15. ^ Who's who in the Arab World (Snippet view ed.). Publitec Editions. 1984. p. 676. ISBN 978-2-9031-8802-3.
  16. ^ Michael Knights. "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: Is Saddam Hussein's Pal Key to Stopping ISIS?". The New Republic. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  17. ^ "King of Clubs Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: Saddam's ally and enforcer". BBC. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  18. ^ a b "Iraqi audio recording shows Saddam Hussein's deputy may still be alive". The Guardian. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  19. ^ a b "Izzat al-Douri: Last survivor of Saddam Hussein's inner circle who allied with Islamic State". 17 April 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  20. ^ "An Intelligence Vet Explains ISIS, Yemen, and "the Dick Cheney of Iraq"". Gawker. 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b "Izzat Ibrahim Al-Douri / Izzat Ibrahim al-Duri". Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  22. ^ a b c d e f "An Intelligence Vet Explains ISIS, Yemen, and "the Dick Cheney of Iraq"". 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Izzat Ibrahim Al-Douri / Izzat Ibrahim al-Duri". Global Security. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  24. ^ Jeffrey Goldberg (2006). "Prisoners: A Muslim and a Jew across the Middle East". Knopf Doubleday. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  25. ^ "Tempers flare at Islamic summit". CNN. 5 March 2003. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  26. ^ Michael Weissman, Hassan Hassan (2015). "ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror". University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  27. ^ "Saddam Hussein's Faithful Friend, the King of Clubs, Might Be the Key to Saving Iraq". New Republic. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  28. ^ "Izzat Ibrahim Al-Douri / Izzat Ibrahim al-Duri". Global Security.org. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  29. ^ "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". The Daily Telegraph. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  30. ^ http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/dori-s-son-killed-in-tikrit
  31. ^ Dexter Filkins, U.S. Offers $10 Million Reward in Hunt for Top Hussein Aide, New York Times (November 19, 2003).
  32. ^ "Iraq War: Top 8 most wanted". CNN. 17 April 2015.
  33. ^ a b c Nasser, Nicola (10 June 2008). "Izzat Ibrahim Al-Douri Outlines Anti-US Strategy, Tactics of Resistance, an Interview Translated". Cross-Cultural Understanding.
  34. ^ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.
  35. ^ Iraqis arrest former top aide in Saddam's regime. McClatchy
  36. ^ a b c d e f g REVENGING AFLAQ (I): FORMER IRAQI BAATHISTS IN SYRIA -- WHO ARE THESE GUYS?.Wikileaks
  37. ^ Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority. RAND Corporation pg. 95
  38. ^ "US giving security support to Yemen: Petraeus". Al Arabiya. 13 December 2009.
  39. ^ CG, CDA AND PM DISCUSS FOREIGN VISITS, SECURITY AND DEFENSE COOPERATION. Wikileaks
  40. ^ Iraq: Saddam’s Aide Al-Duri Hiding in Diyala. Asharq Al-Awsat
  41. ^ US continues hunt for Saddam's ex-No. 2. NBC News
  42. ^ ANBARI BUSINESS AND TRIBAL LEADER CHARTS A POLITICAL COURSE. Wikileaks
  43. ^ Saddam's former deputy Izzat Ibrahim a father at 61 EKurd Daily
  44. ^ Stratfor Intelligence Summary. Wikileaks
  45. ^ Iraq seeks wanted Saddam's aides in Syria. Reuters
  46. ^ Guerrillas Roll Sunni Triangle Northward DEBKAfile
  47. ^ IRAQ: The Most Wanted. Council on Foreign Relations
  48. ^ The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency. CTC Sentinel
  49. ^ Iraqi exiles plot fall of Maliki from Damascus. The Irish Times
  50. ^ Saddam Hussein's Faithful Friend, the King of Clubs, Might Be the Key to Saving Iraq Iraqi. The New Republic.
  51. ^ Violence in Iraq. Middle East Review of International Affairs
  52. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  53. ^ Ali, Fadhil (5 January 2007). "Reviving the Iraqi Ba'ath: A Profile of General Muhammad Yunis al-Ahmad" (PDF). Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ Syria Is Said to Be Strengthening Ties to Opponents of Iraq’s Government. New York Times
  55. ^ "Iraq asked Syria's Assad to stop aiding 'jihadists': Former official". 20 October 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  56. ^ "Maliki blames Syria for attacks, Assad denies claim". 4 October 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  57. ^ Farouk Al-Sharaa Interview. SBS World News
  58. ^ Nance, Malcolm (18 December 2014), The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  59. ^ "Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card". Telegraph. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  60. ^ "Al-Douri's full statement on YouTube (arabic)".
  61. ^ "Iraq: Video appears to show top Saddam deputy". Google News.
  62. ^ "Baath Leader Urges Sunnis to Protest Iraqi Premier". New York Times.
  63. ^ "Fugitive Saddam-era VP backs Iraq demos in video". The Daily Star Lebanon.
  64. ^ "Nephew of Izzat Al-Douri arrested". National Iraq News Agency (NINA). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  65. ^ al-Salhy, Suadad (18 April 2013). "Iraqi forces hunt Saddam's former deputy". Baghdad: Reuters.
  66. ^ "Former Loyalists of Saddam Hussein Crucial in Helping ISIS". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  67. ^ "Someone Is Spilling ISIS's Secrets on Twitter". The Daily Beast. 18 June 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  68. ^ "He Served Saddam. He Served ISIS. Now Al Douri May Be Dead". The Daily Beast. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  69. ^ "The Islamic State" (PDF). Soufan Group. November 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  70. ^ "Iraq Militants, Pushing South, Aim at Capital". The New York Times. 12 June 2014.
  71. ^ Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)#cite note-74
  72. ^ "Baath in Iraq declares war on ISIS". Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  73. ^ "Naqshbandi Army Statement – 7 August: Analysis and Translation". 7 August 2014.
  74. ^ "Izzat Ibrahim Al-Douri". Global Security. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  75. ^ "Iraq testing body of suspected Saddam VP". Agence France-Presse. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  76. ^ "Saddam Hussein's former top aide killed in Iraq military operation". Fox News. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  77. ^ "Iraq's King of Clubs crossed out". Politico. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  78. ^ "Iraqi Shi'ite militia says DNA tests prove Saddam aide dead". Reuters. 19 April 2015.
  79. ^ "Iraqi government received the body of who is thought to be Izzat al-Douri" (in Arabic). Radio Sawa. 20 April 2015.
  80. ^ "Ministry of Health starts the DNA tests on Izzat al-Douri's body" (in Arabic). Independent Press Agency. 21 April 2015.
  81. ^ "Top Saddam aide Izzat al-Douri reportedly killed". Al Arabiya News. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  82. ^ "Iraq lacks DNA results to test body of 'Saddam deputy'". 24 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  83. ^ "Lack of "basic DNA samples" to check Douri's dead body, Ministry". Iraq tradelink news. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  84. ^ "Official: Iraq lacks DNA to identify body of Izzat Douri". Rudaw. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  85. ^ "Izzat Ibrahim al Douri emerges in new audiotape". Long War Journal. 17 May 2015. According to The Guardian, Al Douri commented on the deployment of Shiite militias in Nukhayb: 'Nukhayb represents a strategic position for Iran inside Iraq, and one of the aims of occupying Nukhayb is to open a front against Saudi Arabia.' The deployment of these militias happened after he was reported killed on Apr. 17.
  86. ^ https://arabic.rt.com/middle_east/937053-عزة-الدوري-السعودية-مؤامرة-العراق-ترامب-إيران/
  87. ^ https://www.iraqinews.com/features/saddam-husseins-daughter-mourns-fathers-deputy-douri-source/
  88. ^ "Al-Douri criticises ISIS, Iran, hails Operation Decisive Storm". Middle East Monitor. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  89. ^ Neurink, Judit (5 October 2015). "War on Isis: Iraq seeks Sunni militia support for fight against Islamic State". The Independent. Erbil.
  90. ^ العراقي الاسطورة 2 (7 April 2016). "خطاب القائدالمهيب الركن عزة ابراهيم الدوري بمناسبة الذكرى 69لتأسيس حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي" – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ "Saddam's top aide appears, criticizes US on Iran". english.alarabiya.net. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  92. ^ "Saddam's former deputy resurfaces a year after he was 'killed'". Telegraph.
  93. ^ "Video suggests aide to Iraq's Saddam may still be alive". Reuters. 7 April 2017.
  94. ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 20 February 2019.[dead link]
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader of the Ba'ath Party
2007– 		Succeeded by
In post
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri&oldid=898717833"