Audi Quattro

This article is about the Automobile. For Audi's 4WD system, see quattro (four-wheel-drive system). For the Audi subsidiary formerly called "Quattro GmbH", see Audi Sport GmbH. For the e-tron versions, see Audi e-tron Quattro.

Audi Quattro B2 (85)
Overview
Manufacturer	Audi AG
Also called	Ur-Quattro
Production	1980–1991
Assembly	Ingolstadt, Germany
Designer	Jörg Bensinger Walter Treser Ferdinand Piëch Franz Tengler (transmission) Martin Smith (exterior styling)
Body and chassis
Class	Mid-size car, rally car
Body style	2-door coupé
Layout	longitudinal front engine, four-wheel drive
Platform	Volkswagen B2
Related	Audi 80 (B2), Audi Coupé (B2)
Powertrain
Engine	2.1 L 10v SOHC I5 (1980–87) 2.2 L 10v SOHC I5 (1987–89) 2.2 L DOHC 20v I5 (1989–91)
Transmission	5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,524 mm (99.4 in)
Length	4,404 mm (173.4 in)
Width	1,722 mm (67.8 in)
Height	1,346 mm (53.0 in)
Kerb weight	1,290 kg (2,844 lb) to 1,350 kg (2,976 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor	Audi 100 Coupé S
Successor	Audi S2

The Audi Quattro is a road and rally car, produced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi, part of the Volkswagen Group. It was first shown at the 1980 Geneva Motor Show on 3 March. Production continued through 1991.

Background

• 
• 
• 
  Audi Quattro

The word quattro is derived from the Italian word for "four". The name has also been used by Audi to refer to the quattro four-wheel-drive system, or any four-wheel-drive version of an Audi model. The original Quattro model is also commonly referred to as the Ur-Quattro - the "Ur-" (German for "primordial", "original", or "first of its kind") is an augmentative prefix, in this case meaning "original". The idea of such a car came from the Audi engineer Jörg Bensinger.

The Audi Quattro was the first rally car to take advantage of the then-recently changed rules which allowed the use of four-wheel drive in competition racing. It won consecutive competitions for the next two years. To commemorate the success of the original vehicle, all subsequent Audi production automobiles with their trademark quattro four-wheel-drive system were badged quattro with a lower case "q" and in a distinct typeface which has remained nearly unchanged since its inception.

The Audi Quattro shared many parts and core body components with the Coupé version of the Audi 80 (B2) model range. The Quattro was internally designated Typ 85, a production code it shared with the quattro versions of the Audi 80 coupé. Its characteristic flared wheelarches were styled by Martin Smith. The Audi Quattro also had independent front and rear suspension.

Production history

The idea for a high-performance four-wheel-drive car was proposed by Audi's chassis engineer, Jörg Bensinger, in 1977, when he found that the Volkswagen Iltis could outperform any other vehicle in snow, no matter how powerful. Bensinger's idea was to start developing an Audi 80 variant in co-operation with Walter Treser, Director of Pre-Development.

European market

Audi introduced the original Quattro to European customers in late 1980, featuring Audi's quattro permanent four-wheel drive system (hence its name), and the first to mate the front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout with a turbocharged engine.

The original engine was the 2,144 cc (2.1 L), longitudinally-mounted inline-5-cylinder 10 valve SOHC, with a turbocharger and intercooler. It generated 147 kW (200 PS; 197 hp) and torque of 285 N⋅m (210 lbf⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm, propelling the Quattro from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 7.1 seconds, and on to a top speed of over 220 km/h (137 mph).

The displacement of the engine was dropped slightly from 2144 cc to 2133 cc with a bore x stroke of 79.3 mm × 86.4 mm (3.1 in × 3.4 in) for the Rally car so that Audi could satisfy the 3-litre rallying class with a 1.4 times multiplication factor. Valvetrain was DOHC 4 valves per cylinder (20 valves in total) with an oil cooled KKK K27 turbocharger at 1.03 bars (14.9 psi) and Air-to-Air - Längerer & Reich intercooler fed by Bosch LH-Jetronic fuel injection, generating 225 kW (306 PS; 302 hp) at 6,700 rpm and 350 N⋅m (258 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 3,700 rpm.

The engine was eventually modified to a 2,226 cc (136 cu in) (2.2 L) inline-5 with 10 valves, still generating 147 kW (200 PS; 197 hp), but with peak torque lower in the rev-range. In 1989, it was then changed to a 2,226 cc (136 cu in) inline-5 20v(2.2 L 20v) DOHC setup generating 162 kW (220 PS; 217 hp), now with a top speed of 230 km/h (143 mph).

1983 Audi Sport Quattro in red

Audi Quattros are referred to among owners and enthusiasts by their engine codes, to differentiate between the earlier and later versions: the earliest 2,144 cc 10v being the "WR" engine, the 2,226 cc 10v being the "MB" engine, and the later 20v being the "RR" engine. Hence, Quattro models may be referred to as either the WR Quattro, MB Quattro, and RR or "20v" Quattro, respectively.

The LCD instrument cluster in an Audi Quattro

Interior of a 1990 Audi Quattro

Production of the quattro totalled to 11,452 units over the period from 1980–1991, and through this 11 year production span, despite some touch-ups, there were no major changes in the visual design of the car. For the 1983 model year, the dashboard did away with an analogue instrument cluster now fitted with a green digital liquid crystal display (LCD) electronic instrument cluster. This was later changed in 1988 to an orange LCD electronic instrument cluster. The interior was redesigned in 1984, and featured a whole new dashboard layout, new steering wheel design, and new centre console design, the switches around the instrument panel were also redesigned at this time. In 1985, the dashboard changed slightly with harder foam and lost a diagonal stripe, the switches were varied slightly and the diff lock pull knob gave way to a two-position turning knob with volt and oil temp digital readouts.

1987 MB-engined Audi quattro

Exterior styling received very little modification during the Quattro's production run. Originally, the car had a flat front grille featuring four separate headlamp lenses, one for each of the low and high beam units. This was altered for the 1983 model year, and replaced with combined units featuring a single lens, but housing twin reflectors. This was changed again, for the 1985 model year, in what has become known as the 'facelift model' and included such alterations as a new sloping front grille, headlights, and trim and badging changes. The 1985 Quattro also featured a new three spoke steering wheel design, leather trim for door arm rests, gloveboxes, centre console and door pockets. There was also a full length leather-wrapped centre console running all the way to the rear seats. The 1985 Quattro (also referred to as the RR 20v Quattro) was also the first Ur-Quattro to have 'quattro' script on the interior with partial leather seats. The floor on the driver's side had a bulge due to dual catalytic exhaust setup. The different models may be distinguished by the emblems on their boot lids: the WR had a vinyl 'quattro' decal or a brushed aluminium effect plastic emblem, the MB had chrome plated 'Audi', 'Audi rings' and 'quattro' emblems, whilst the RR had only chrome plated 'Audi rings'.

The rear suspension was altered early on with geometry changes and removal of the rear anti-roll bar to reduce a tendency for lift-off oversteer. For the 1984 facelift, the wheel size went from 6x15-inch with 205/60-15 tyres to 8x15-inch wheels with 215/50-15 Pirelli Cinturato P5 tyres. At the same time the suspension was lowered by 20 mm with slightly stiffer springs for improved handling. For 1987, the Torsen centre differential was used for the first time, replacing the manual centre differential lock.

The last original Audi Quattro was produced on 17 May 1991, more than two years after the first models of the new Audi Coupé range (based on the 1986 Audi 80) had been produced.

North American market

Sales of the Quattro in North America began in the 1983 model year. They entered the all-wheel-drive market established by the AMC Eagle, the first full-time all-wheel-drive passenger car to reach mass production.

The North American cars were manufactured concurrently and were of the same design as their European 1982 model year counterparts (they did not include the minor cosmetic changes of the 1983 European model) and continued through 1986. Total sales in the U.S. totalled 664 units. The Canadian market cars were identical to the U.S. version with exception of the speedometer, which was metric. Official sales figures for Canada were 99 units, which included 61 units sold in 1983, 17 units sold in 1984, 18 units sold in 1985, and 3 units sold in 1986.

The U.S./Canadian cars were equipped with larger impact bumpers with built-in shock absorbers, like the rest of the 4000/Coupé models. They did not have anti-lock braking system (ABS), but included air conditioning and leather upholstery. Most of the 1984 and 1985 Canadian models came without sunroofs. The remainder of the electric, suspension, and cosmetic updates took place at the same time as the European cars.

The initial 2.1 L (2,144 cc, engine code "WX") engine for U.S./Canadian models included minor component and engine control unit (ECU) changes, lowered turbocharger boost pressure, different camshaft, as well as emission controls that consisted of a catalytic converter and lambda stoichiometric fuel control that lowered power output to 160 hp (119 kW; 162 PS). Other mechanical specifications were identical to the European market vehicles. The WX engine was also untilised in Swiss and Japanese market cars. Audi built 200 special edition cars in 1988 with the WX engine and analogue instrument cluster, with everything else identical to the MB model of that year.

Audi quattro Spyder concept (1991)

The Audi quattro Spyder was a mid-engine coupé equipped with a 2.8-litre V6 engine taken from the Audi 100. The engine was rated at 174 PS (128 kW; 172 hp) and 181 lb⋅ft (245 N⋅m) of torque. The car was a rolling test bed for a future mid-engine sports car and featured a 5-speed manual gearbox, a modified version for the quattro four-wheel-drive system, aluminium body panels with a tubular steel space frame, 1,100 kg (2,425 lb) kerb weight and a suspension system with trapezoidal links. All of the unique features depicted in the concept car would find their way in future Audi production vehicles.

The car was production ready and garnered a lot of acclaim from both the motoring press and prospective buyers but due to the economic downturn of the 1990s, Audi decided not to press ahead with the project as the demand would not outweigh the development costs for the model.

The concept car was unveiled at the 1991 Frankfurt Motor Show.

Audi quattro concept (2010)

Main article: Audi quattro concept

Audi quattro Concept at the 2010 Paris Motor Show

At the Paris Motor Show in 2010, Audi presented the quattro concept on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the original Audi Quattro and the Audi quattro four-wheel-drive system. Based on the RS5, it features a modified 2.5 L five-cylinder TFSI engine shared with the TT and a 6-speed manual transmission from the S4. The engine was claimed to generate a maximum power output of 408 PS (300 kW; 402 hp) and 480 N⋅m (354 lb⋅ft) of torque. The revolutionary design features depicted on the concept car would eventually make their way on future Audi models.

The concept utilised aluminium and carbon-fibre construction which helped to achieve a total dry weight of 1,300 kg (2,866 lb). Weight saving was kept in consideration even throughout the interior and the seats also weighed 18 kg (40 lb) each besides having adjustment motors. The dashboard featured an LCD console displaying vital information about the car and buttons arranged in a vertical way on the binnacle harked back to the original Audi Quattro. The wheelbase was shortened by 152 mm (6 in) and the roof line was shortened by 30 mm (1.2 in) as compared to the RS5.

The Quattro four-wheel-drive system used in the concept was a rear-biased design utilising a two-stage differential distributing power front and aft through planetary gears.

The concept utilised carbon-ceramic braking system for improved stopping power. The car had a claimed 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) acceleration time of 3.8 seconds.

It was reported that Audi was considering a limited production model (200–500 cars) based on the quattro concept. However, the idea of production was scrapped in favour of expanding the company's crossover range.

Audi Sport quattro concept (2013)

Audi Sport quattro Concept

The Audi Sport quattro concept was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the original Audi Sport quattro. The show car features angular flat C-pillars, as well as rectangular double headlights featuring Audi's Matrix LED technology, a spoiler at the lower edge of the rear window, rectangular tail lights, 21-inch wheels, carbon fibre-ceramic brake discs, bucket seats with integrated head restraints, multifunction sport steering wheel, two driving modes (race and setup) in virtual 3D displays, Audi MMI control unit, and air conditioning. The doors and fenders were made of aluminum, while the roof, hood, and the rear hatch were made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer. The front suspension features five control arms per wheel while the rear has track-controlled trapezoidal link.

Power is from a 4.0 TFSI V8 engine rated at 560 PS (412 kW; 552 hp) and 700 N⋅m (516 lb⋅ft), along with a disc-shaped electric motor rated at 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) and 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft) (for combined a power output of 700 PS (515 kW; 690 hp) and 800 N⋅m (590 lb⋅ft)), mated to an eight-speed tiptronic transmission. A liquid-cooled 14.1 kWh lithium-ion battery is located at the rear, and the range is claimed up to 50 km (31 mi) on electric power alone.

At the 2014 Geneva Motor Show, Audi presented the new 2014 Audi TT Quattro Sport Concept. It was powered by a 2.0 L four-cylinder TFSI engine generating a maximum power output of 420 PS (309 kW; 414 hp) and 331 N⋅m (244 lb⋅ft) of torque. The concept featured Audi's Quattro AWD system and an S Tronic dual-clutch transmission.

Motorsport

Quattro - A1 and A2 evolutions

Audi Sport Quattro S1 E2
Audi Sport Quattro S1 driven during the 2015 FIA Rally Cross
Overview
Manufacturer	Audi AG
Also called	S1, S1 Quattro "Audi Sport Quattro E2"
Production	1985–1986
Assembly	Ingolstadt, Germany
Body and chassis
Class	Coupé, Group B rally car
Body style	2-door coupé
Layout	longitudinal front-engine four-wheel-drive
Related	Audi Quattro
Powertrain
Engine	2.1 L (2,110 cc) turbocharged I5
Transmission	6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,204 mm (86.8 in)
Length	4,240 mm (166.9 in)
Width	1,860 mm (73.2 in)
Height	1,344 mm (52.9 in)
Kerb weight	1,200 kg (2,646 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor	Audi Sport Quattro

Walter Röhrl driving a Quattro A2 at the 1984 Rally Portugal

The original Audi Quattro competition car debuted in 1980, first as a development car, and then on a formal basis in the 1980 Janner Rally in Austria. Largely based on the bodyshell of the road-going Quattro models (in contrast to the forthcoming Group B cars), the engine of the original competition version produced approximately 304 PS (224 kW; 300 hp). In 1981, Michèle Mouton became the first female driver to win a world championship rally, piloting an Audi Quattro. Over the next three years, Audi would introduce the A1 and A2 evolutions of the Quattro in response to the new Group B rules, raising the power output of the turbocharged inline 5-cylinder engine to around 355 PS (261 kW; 350 hp).

The Quattro A1 debuted at the WRC 1983 season opener Monte Carlo Rally, and went on to win the Swedish Rally and the Rally Portugal in the hands of Hannu Mikkola. Driven by Stig Blomqvist, Mikkola and Walter Röhrl, the A2 evolution won a total of eight world rallies, three in 1983 and five in 1984. Two examples of the same car completely dominated the South African National Rally Championships during 1984 to 1988, with S.A. champion drivers Sarel van der Merwe and Geoff Mortimer.

A 1988, the Audi Ur-Quattro driven by Audi Tradition driver Luciano Viaro won the 13th Silvretta Classic Montafon.

Sport Quattro

Michèle Mouton's Audi Sport Quattro at the 2006 Goodwood Festival of Speed

The Audi Sport Quattro S1 was a variant of the Quattro developed for homologation for Group B rallying in 1984, and sold as a production car in limited numbers. It featured an all aluminium 2,133 cc (2.1 L) Inline-five engine with a bore X stroke of 79.3 mm × 86.4 mm (3.1 in × 3.4 in) DOHC 4 valves per cylinder, Bosch LH Jetronic fuel injection and a KKK K27 turbocharger. The engine was slightly smaller than that of the standard Audi Quattro in terms of displacement in order to qualify for the 3-litre engine class after the 1.4 multiplication factor applied to turbocharged engines. In road-going form, the engine was capable of generating 306 PS (302 hp; 225 kW) at 6,700 rpm and 350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) at 3,700 rpm, with the engine on the competition cars initially generating around 331 kW (450 PS; 444 hp).

The car in competition form also featured a body shell composed of carbon-kevlar and wider wheel arches, wider wheels (nine inches as compared to the Ur-Quattro's optional 8-inch-wide (200 mm) wheels), the steeper windscreen rake of the Audi 80 (requested by the Audi Sport rally team drivers to reduce internal reflections from the dashboard for improved visibility) and, most noticeably, a 320 mm (12.6 in) shorter wheelbase.

In addition to Group B competition in rallying, the Sport Quattro won the 1985 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb with Michèle Mouton in the driving seat, setting a record time in the process. 224 cars in total of this "short version" Sport Quattro were built, and were offered for sale for 203,850 German Marks.

Sport Quattro S1 E2

Audi Sport Quattro S1 E2, Pikes Peak version

The Audi Sport Quattro S1 E2 was introduced at the end of 1985 as an update to the Audi Sport Quattro S1. The car featured an inline 5-cylinder engine that displaced 2,110 cc (128.8 cu in) and generated an officially quoted power output figure of 480 PS (353 kW; 473 hp). However, the turbocharger utilised a recirculating air system, with the aim of keeping the unit spinning at high rpm, when the driver closed the throttle, either to back off during cornering, or on gearshifts. This allowed the engine to resume full power immediately after the resumption of full throttle, reducing turbo lag. The actual power figure was in excess of 507 PS (373 kW; 500 hp) at 8,000 rpm.

In addition to the improved power output, an aggressive aerodynamic kit was added that featured very distinctive wings and spoilers at the front and rear of the car to increase downforce. The weight was reduced to 1,090 kg (2,403 lb). The S1 could accelerate from 0-100 km/h (62 mph) in 3.1 seconds. Some of the cars were supplied with a "power-shift gearbox", a forerunner of the DSG technology.

The S1 E2 made its debut at the 1985 Rally Argentina, with Blomqvist driving. This variant was successful in the rally circuit, with Röhrl and Christian Geistdörfer winning the 1985 San Remo Rally. A modified version of the E2, was also driven by Michèle Mouton. The S1 E2 would become the final Group B car produced by Audi, with the works team withdrawing from the Championship following the 1986 rally in Portugal. The final factory cars of 1986 were rated at 600 PS (441 kW; 592 hp). In 1987, the car won the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb driven by Walter Röhrl.

Sport Quattro RS 002

Audi Sport Quattro RS 002

Audi Sport Quattro RS 002 - Sports prototype "Group S" was a rally car that was initially designed for the forthcoming Group S regulations for 1987. The car was tested by Walter Röhrl but it never raced; the Group S regulations were scrapped along with the Group B regulations after a number of accidents involving fatalities during the 1986 season.

The car has a longitudinal mid-engine layout and a four-wheel drive system. The car is displayed in the museum "Audi museum mobile" in Ingolstadt.

Specifications: Kerb weight: 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)

Engine: 2,100 cc (2.1 L) I5

Power: 700 PS (515 kW; 690 hp)

Top speed: 300 km/h (186 mph)

Dimensions: Length 4,500 mm, Width 1,900 mm, Height 1,020 mm.

WRC results

Summary

Season	Model(s)	Driver	Pos.	Pts
1981	Audi quattro	Hannu Mikkola (3º) • Michèle Mouton (8ª)	5ª	63
1982	Audi quattro	Michèle Mouton (2ª) • Hannu Mikkola (3º) • Stig Blomqvist (4º)	1ª	116
1983	Audi quattro A1 and Audi quattro A2	Hannu Mikkola (1º) • Stig Blomqvist (3º) • Michèle Mouton (5ª)	2ª	116
1984	Audi quattro A2 and Audi Sport quattro	Stig Blomqvist (1º) • Hannu Mikkola (2º) • Walter Röhrl (11º) • Michèle Mouton(12ª)	1ª	120
1985	Audi Sport quattro	Stig Blomqvist (2º) • Walter Röhrl (3º) • Hannu Mikkola (22º)	2ª	126
1986	Audi Sport quattro S1 E2	Hannu Mikkola (18º) • Walter Röhrl (22º)	4ª	29

WRC victories

The Quattro's final WRC victory came from Walter Röhrl, at the 1985 Rallye Sanremo. The car was paraded at the Ignition Festival of Motoring in 2017.

#	Event	Season	Driver	Co-driver	Version
1	31st International Swedish Rally	1981	Hannu Mikkola	Arne Hertz	Audi Quattro
2	23º Rallye Sanremo	1981	Michèle Mouton	Fabrizia Pons	Audi Quattro
3	30th Lombard RAC Rally	1981	Hannu Mikkola	Arne Hertz	Audi Quattro
4	32nd International Swedish Rally	1982	Stig Blomqvist	Björn Cederberg	Audi Quattro
5	16º Rallye de Portugal Vinho do Porto	1982	Michèle Mouton	Fabrizia Pons	Audi Quattro
6	29º Acropolis Rally	1982	Michèle Mouton	Fabrizia Pons	Audi Quattro
7	Rally of Brazil	1982	Michèle Mouton	Fabrizia Pons	Audi Quattro
8	32º 1000 Lakes Rally	1982	Hannu Mikkola	Arne Hertz	Audi Quattro
9	24º Rallye Sanremo	1982	Stig Blomqvist	Björn Cederberg	Audi Quattro
10	31st Lombard RAC Rally	1982	Hannu Mikkola	Arne Hertz	Audi Quattro
11	33rd International Swedish Rally	1983	Hannu Mikkola	Arne Hertz	Audi Quattro A1
12	17º Rallye de Portugal Vinho do Porto	1983	Hannu Mikkola	Arne Hertz	Audi Quattro A1
13	3º Marlboro Rally Argentina San Carlos de Bariloche	1983	Hannu Mikkola	Arne Hertz	Audi Quattro A2
14	33º 1000 Lakes Rally	1983	Hannu Mikkola	Arne Hertz	Audi Quattro A2
15	32nd Lombard RAC Rally	1983	Stig Blomqvist	Björn Cederberg	Audi Quattro A2
16	52ème Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo	1984	Walter Röhrl	Christian Geistdörfer	Audi Quattro A2
17	34th International Swedish Rally	1984	Stig Blomqvist	Björn Cederberg	Audi Quattro A2
18	18º Rallye de Portugal Vinho do Porto	1984	Hannu Mikkola	Arne Hertz	Audi Quattro A2
19	31º Acropolis Rally	1984	Stig Blomqvist	Björn Cederberg	Audi Quattro A2
20	14º Sanyo Rally of New Zealand	1984	Stig Blomqvist	Björn Cederberg	Audi Quattro A2
21	4º Marlboro Rally of Argentina YPF Cordoba	1984	Stig Blomqvist	Björn Cederberg	Audi Quattro A2
22	16ème Rallye "Marlboro" Côte d'Ivoire	1984	Stig Blomqvist	Björn Cederberg	Audi Quattro Sport
23	27º Rallye Sanremo	1985	Walter Röhrl	Christian Geistdörfer	Audi Quattro Sport S1

In popular culture

Gene Hunt's Quattro in the car park of BBC Television Centre

A red 1983 Quattro was driven by DCI Gene Hunt (played by Philip Glenister) in the television drama Ashes to Ashes (aired on BBC1 from 2008 to 2010). Two cars were used through the run of the series: the original, and a stunt car that was acquired for series 2. Both portrayed the same car. The original vehicle (also used in the Children in Need Top Gear crossover mini-episode) lacked a sunroof which was present on the car(s) used in series 2 and 3, hence a fake one was added for the sake of continuity. The stunt car was written off for the jump in series 3, episode 1 by the director of that episode and used as a parts and interior shots car until it was shot up in the finale, leaving the original car intact

The type of the poster used by the Labour Party during the 2010 election campaign

In the run-up to the 2010 general election, a campaign poster by the incumbent Labour Party government portrayed Conservative Party and opposition leader David Cameron as Gene Hunt sitting on the bonnet of the iconic red Audi Quattro and urged voters not to allow Cameron to take Britain "back to the 1980s" by electing his party into government amid fears that it would lead to a repeat of the social unrest and unemployment that Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government of that era oversaw. The image was then adopted by the Conservatives, with the slogan "Fire up the Quattro, it's time for change", with the comment 'Idea kindly donated by the Labour Party'. "Fire up the Quattro" was a call to action uttered by DCI Hunt in Ashes to Ashes.

See also

• AMC Eagle, the first mass-produced all-wheel-drive car introduced in August 1979
• Audi S and RS models
• Jensen FF, the first all-wheel-drive road car, introduced in 1966

References

Bibliography

• Walton, Jeremy (1984). Audi Quattro: The Development & Competition History. Sparkford, UK: Haynes. ISBN 0854294104.

External links

• Evolution of the models Audi quattro, 1980-1991: English,German
• Audi Quattro Sport S1