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On the afternoon of 4 August 2020, two explosions occurred at [[Port of Beirut|the port]] of the city of [[Beirut]], the capital of [[Lebanon]]. The extremely powerful second blast resulted in at least 220 deaths, 7,000 injuries, [[United States dollar|US$]]10–15&nbsp;billion in property damage, and has made an estimated 300,000 people homeless.{{r|jazeera.live.2020.08.10}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53720383|title=Lebanon's government 'to resign over blast'|date=10 August 2020|accessdate=10 August 2020|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> The blast was linked to about {{convert|2,750|t|ST LT|lk=on|abbr=off|sigfig=3}} of [[ammonium nitrate]]{{snd}}equivalent to around {{Val|1.2|u=[[TNT equivalent|kt of TNT]]}}{{snd}}that had been confiscated by the Lebanese government from the abandoned ship {{MV|Rhosus}} and stored in the port without proper safety measures for six years. The blast was detected by the [[United States Geological Survey]] as a seismic event of [[Seismic magnitude scales|magnitude]] 3.3, which was felt in [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Israel]], and parts of [[Europe]], and was heard in [[Cyprus]] more than {{cvt|250|km|mi}} away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2020/08/06/beirut-port-explosion-triggers-magnitude-3-earthquake/|title=Beirut Explosion Generates Seismic Waves Equivalent Of A Magnitude 3.3 Earthquake|first=David|last=Bressan|website=Forbes}}</ref>{{r|BBC-53656220}} The blast was regarded as having been among [[Largest_artificial_non-nuclear_explosions#Largest_artificial_non-nuclear_explosions_by_magnitude|the most powerful non-nuclear explosions in history]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2020|title=Beirut explosion ‘one of the largest non-nuclear blasts in history’|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/beirut-explosion-one-of-largest-blasts-history-a4517646.html|access-date=10 August 2020|website=Evening Standard|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McKernan|first=Bethan|last2=Graham-Harrison|first2=Martin Chulov Emma|date=8 August 2020|title=Beirut police fire teargas at protesters demanding justice over explosion|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/08/beirut-explosion-protests-lebanon-answers-and-justice|access-date=10 August 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2020|title=Beirut blast one of "biggest ever non-nuclear" explosions|url=https://indaily.com.au/news/2020/08/06/beirut-blast-one-of-biggest-ever-non-nuclear-explosions/|access-date=10 August 2020|website=InDaily|language=en}}</ref>
On the afternoon of 4 August 2020, two explosions occurred at [[Port of Beirut|the port]] of the city of [[Beirut]], the capital of [[Lebanon]]. The extremely powerful second blast resulted in at least 220 deaths, 7,000 injuries, [[United States dollar|US$]]10–15&nbsp;billion in property damage, and has made an estimated 300,000 people homeless.{{r|jazeera.live.2020.08.10}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53720383|title=Lebanon's government 'to resign over blast'|date=10 August 2020|accessdate=10 August 2020|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> The blast was linked to about {{convert|2,750|t|ST LT|lk=on|abbr=off|sigfig=3}} of [[ammonium nitrate]]{{snd}}equivalent to around {{Val|1.2|u=[[TNT equivalent|kt of TNT]]}}{{snd}}that had been confiscated by the Lebanese government from the abandoned ship {{MV|Rhosus}} and stored in the port without proper safety measures for six years. The blast was detected by the [[United States Geological Survey]] as a seismic event of [[Seismic magnitude scales|magnitude]] 3.3, which was felt in [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Israel]], and parts of [[Europe]], and was heard in [[Cyprus]] more than {{cvt|250|km|mi}} away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2020/08/06/beirut-port-explosion-triggers-magnitude-3-earthquake/|title=Beirut Explosion Generates Seismic Waves Equivalent Of A Magnitude 3.3 Earthquake|first=David|last=Bressan|website=Forbes}}</ref>{{r|BBC-53656220}} The blast is regarded as having been among [[Largest_artificial_non-nuclear_explosions#Largest_artificial_non-nuclear_explosions_by_magnitude|the most powerful non-nuclear explosions in history]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2020|title=Beirut explosion ‘one of the largest non-nuclear blasts in history’|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/beirut-explosion-one-of-largest-blasts-history-a4517646.html|access-date=10 August 2020|website=Evening Standard|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McKernan|first=Bethan|last2=Graham-Harrison|first2=Martin Chulov Emma|date=8 August 2020|title=Beirut police fire teargas at protesters demanding justice over explosion|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/08/beirut-explosion-protests-lebanon-answers-and-justice|access-date=10 August 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2020|title=Beirut blast one of "biggest ever non-nuclear" explosions|url=https://indaily.com.au/news/2020/08/06/beirut-blast-one-of-biggest-ever-non-nuclear-explosions/|access-date=10 August 2020|website=InDaily|language=en}}</ref>


The Lebanese government declared a two-week [[state of emergency]] in response to the disaster. In the aftermath of the blasts, protests erupted across Lebanon against the Lebanese government for their failure to prevent the explosions, joining a [[2019–2020 Lebanese protests|larger series of protests]] that have been taking place in the country since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Najjar|first=Ted Regencia, Arwa Ibrahim, Farah|title=Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/hundreds-protesters-injured-anger-simmers-beirut-live-200808234355971.html|access-date=10 August 2020|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hubbard|first=Ben|last2=El-Naggar|first2=Mona|date=8 August 2020|title=Clashes Erupt in Beirut at Blast Protest as Lebanon’s Anger Boils Over|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/world/middleeast/Beirut-explosion-protests-lebanon.html|access-date=10 August 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=CNN|first=Ben Wedeman, Luna Safwan, Ghazi Balkiz and Tamara Qiblawi|title=Lebanon protesters storm ministries as violent protests grip Beirut|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/08/middleeast/beirut-judgment-day-protests-intl/index.html|access-date=10 August 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> On 10 August 2020, the [[Lebanese government of January 2020|Lebanese cabinet]] resigned, followed shortly by Lebanese Prime Minister [[Hassan Diab]] due to mounting political pressure that was exacerbated by the blasts.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|title=Lebanese cabinet resigns amid political fallout from Beirut explosion|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/third-lebanese-minister-resigns-amid-political-fallout-from-beirut-explosion-1.9060949|access-date=10 August 2020|website=Haaretz.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Lebanon's entire cabinet resigns after blast that killed over 200|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/government-resigns-lebanon-beirut-explosion-a4521051.html|access-date=10 August 2020|website=Evening Standard|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Lebanese PM steps down in wake of Beirut explosion, protests|url=https://apnews.com/598da05d3907aa58399c86ff85a9babc|access-date=10 August 2020|website=AP NEWS}}</ref>
The Lebanese government declared a two-week [[state of emergency]] in response to the disaster. In the aftermath of the blasts, protests erupted across Lebanon against the Lebanese government for their failure to prevent the explosions, joining a [[2019–2020 Lebanese protests|larger series of protests]] that have been taking place in the country since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Najjar|first=Ted Regencia, Arwa Ibrahim, Farah|title=Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/hundreds-protesters-injured-anger-simmers-beirut-live-200808234355971.html|access-date=10 August 2020|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hubbard|first=Ben|last2=El-Naggar|first2=Mona|date=8 August 2020|title=Clashes Erupt in Beirut at Blast Protest as Lebanon’s Anger Boils Over|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/world/middleeast/Beirut-explosion-protests-lebanon.html|access-date=10 August 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=CNN|first=Ben Wedeman, Luna Safwan, Ghazi Balkiz and Tamara Qiblawi|title=Lebanon protesters storm ministries as violent protests grip Beirut|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/08/middleeast/beirut-judgment-day-protests-intl/index.html|access-date=10 August 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> On 10 August 2020, the [[Lebanese government of January 2020|Lebanese cabinet]] resigned, followed shortly by Lebanese Prime Minister [[Hassan Diab]] due to mounting political pressure that was exacerbated by the blasts.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|title=Lebanese cabinet resigns amid political fallout from Beirut explosion|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/third-lebanese-minister-resigns-amid-political-fallout-from-beirut-explosion-1.9060949|access-date=10 August 2020|website=Haaretz.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Lebanon's entire cabinet resigns after blast that killed over 200|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/government-resigns-lebanon-beirut-explosion-a4521051.html|access-date=10 August 2020|website=Evening Standard|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Lebanese PM steps down in wake of Beirut explosion, protests|url=https://apnews.com/598da05d3907aa58399c86ff85a9babc|access-date=10 August 2020|website=AP NEWS}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:32, 10 August 2020

2020 Beirut explosions
Aftermath of the explosions, showing the destroyed grain silo to the left and the flooded blast crater to the right
Map
Date4 August 2020 (2020-08-04)
Time18:08:18 EEST (15:08:18 UTC)
(second explosion)
VenuePort of Beirut
LocationBeirut, Lebanon
Coordinates33°54′05″N 35°31′08″E / 33.90139°N 35.51889°E / 33.90139; 35.51889
TypeAmmonium nitrate explosion
CauseFire
Deaths220+
Non-fatal injuries6,000+
Missing~110
Property damageUS$15+ billion
Displaced~300,000

On the afternoon of 4 August 2020, two explosions occurred at the port of the city of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. The extremely powerful second blast resulted in at least 220 deaths, 7,000 injuries, US$10–15 billion in property damage, and has made an estimated 300,000 people homeless.[1][2] The blast was linked to about 2,750 tonnes (3,030 short tons; 2,710 long tons) of ammonium nitrate – equivalent to around 1.2 kt of TNT – that had been confiscated by the Lebanese government from the abandoned ship MV Rhosus and stored in the port without proper safety measures for six years. The blast was detected by the United States Geological Survey as a seismic event of magnitude 3.3, which was felt in Turkey, Syria, Israel, and parts of Europe, and was heard in Cyprus more than 250 km (160 mi) away.[3][4] The blast is regarded as having been among the most powerful non-nuclear explosions in history.[5][6][7]

The Lebanese government declared a two-week state of emergency in response to the disaster. In the aftermath of the blasts, protests erupted across Lebanon against the Lebanese government for their failure to prevent the explosions, joining a larger series of protests that have been taking place in the country since 2019.[8][9][10] On 10 August 2020, the Lebanese cabinet resigned, followed shortly by Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab due to mounting political pressure that was exacerbated by the blasts.[11][12][13]

Background

1
1
The explosion occurred behind the grain elevator in this view.

The economy of Lebanon was in a state of crisis prior to the explosions, with the government having defaulted on debt, the pound plunging, and a poverty rate that had risen past 50 percent.[14] In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic had overwhelmed many of the country's hospitals, several of which already were short of medical supplies and unable to pay staff due to a financial crisis.[15] The morning before the explosion, the head of the Rafik Hariri University Hospital, which served as the main coronavirus medical facility in Lebanon, warned that it was approaching full capacity.[16][17]

The government-owned Port of Beirut serves as the main maritime entry point into Lebanon and a vital piece of infrastructure to import scarce goods.[18][19] The port included 4 basins, 16 quays, 12 warehouses,[19] a large container terminal,[20] and a grain silo that served as a strategic reserve of wheat for the country.[18] The Beirut Naval Base is a part of the port.[19]

MV Rhosus

Main article: MV Rhosus

On 27 September 2013, the Moldovan-flagged cargo ship MV Rhosus, owned by the Cyprus-based Russian businessman Igor Grechushkin, set sail from Batumi, Georgia, to Beira, Mozambique, carrying 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate.[21][22][23][24][25] The shipment had been ordered by an African explosives manufacturing company for mining in Mozambique.[26] On 21 November 2013, the ship made port in Beirut.[27][23][24] Some sources said it was forced to port due to mechanical issues and possibly engine problems,[28][27] while other sources claimed the owner did not have sufficient funds to pay tolls for the Suez Canal and attempted to take on a shipment of heavy machinery in Beirut.[29][30] The heavy machinery was stacked on top of the doors to the cargo space containing the ammonium nitrate, causing the doors to buckle and damaging the ship.[31] After inspection by port state control, the Rhosus was found unseaworthy, and was forbidden to set sail.[27][28] Eight Ukrainians and one or two Russians were aboard, and with the help of the Ukrainian consul, five Ukrainians were repatriated,[when?] leaving four crew members to care for the ship.[32][33] The ship's captain Boris Prokoshev was held on the Rhosus for 11 months, and said she was impounded for not paying port fees. He had not been paid for the voyage, and said that the ship stopped in Beirut to earn extra money by shipping heavy machinery, but the crew held that the extra cargo was too heavy.[34]

Grechushkin went bankrupt,[a] and after the charterers lost interest in the cargo, he abandoned the ship.[32] The Rhosus soon ran out of provisions, and the remaining crew were unable to disembark due to immigration restrictions.[21] Creditors also obtained three arrest warrants against the ship. Lawyers argued for the crew's repatriation on compassionate grounds, because of the danger posed by the cargo still aboard the ship, and an Urgent Matters judge in Beirut allowed them to return home. They had been forced to live aboard the ship for about a year.[21][32]

Rhosus (background right) moored at Port of Beirut in 2017. The grain elevator is to the left. Abandoned livestock carriers Abou Karim I and Abou Karim III, both severely damaged in the explosions, are in the center, the latter largely obscuring the former.

By order of the judge[who?], the cargo was brought ashore in 2014 and placed in Warehouse 12 at the port,[35] where it remained for the next six years.[21][22][27][36] The MV Rhosus sank in the harbour in February 2018.[37]

Customs officials had sent letters to judges requesting a resolution to the issue of the confiscated cargo, proposing that the ammonium nitrate be either exported, given to the army, or sold to the private Lebanese Explosives Company.[b][22] Letters had been sent on 21 February 27 June and 5 December 2014, 6 May 2015, 20 May and 13 October 2016, and 27 October 2017.[22][39] One of the letters sent in 2016 noted that judges had not replied to previous requests, and "pleaded":[22]

In view of the serious danger of keeping these goods in the hangar in unsuitable climatic conditions, we reaffirm our request to please request the marine agency to re-export these goods immediately to preserve the safety of the port and those working in it, or to look into agreeing to sell this amount ...

Explosions

Red smoke over Lebanon on the evening of the explosion. Video from eyewitness livestream.
External videos
video icon 4K footage of Lebanon explosion shows Beirut Port blast unfolding in slow motion, Al Arabiya

On the afternoon of 4 August 2020, a large fire broke out in Warehouse 12 at the Port of Beirut.[40] The waterside Warehouse 12 was situated next to the grain silo and stored the ammonium nitrate that had been confiscated from MV Rhosus alongside a stash of fireworks.[40][41][42] Around 17:55 local time (14:55 UTC), a team of nine firefighters and one paramedic was dispatched to fight the fire.[42] On arrival the fire crew reported there was "something wrong" as the fire was huge and produced "a crazy sound".[42]

A large explosion, though the smaller of the two that were to occur, sent up a cloud of smoke and was followed by flashes of light caused by stored fireworks going off.[40][43][44] The second explosion was much more substantial and occurred around 33 to 35 seconds after the first at about 18:08 local time (15:08 UTC).[45][46][47][48][44] It rocked central Beirut and sent a red-orange cloud into the air, briefly surrounded by a white condensation cloud.[49][50] The orange-red colour of the smoke was caused by nitrogen dioxide, a byproduct of ammonium nitrate decomposition.[51] The second blast was felt in northern Israel and in Cyprus, 240 kilometers (150 miles) away.[52][53]

Despite inefficient transmission of the shock waves into the ground,[c] the United States Geological Survey measured the blast as a 3.3 local magnitude earthquake,[54][55][48] while the Jordan Seismological Observatory reported that it was equivalent to a 4.5 local magnitude earthquake.[56] Specialists from the University of Sheffield estimated that the blast was one of the biggest non-nuclear explosions in history.[57] The Beirut explosion was similar to explosions of large amounts of ammonium nitrate in Tianjin, China, in 2015, or in Texas City, United States, in 1947.[58][59] By the next morning, the main fire had been extinguished.[60]

Cause

The cause of the explosions was not immediately determined,[18] although state media initially reported them taking place at a fireworks warehouse, while others placed them at an oil storage or chemical storage facility.[47][61][62]

There were warehouses in the port that stored explosives and chemicals including nitrates, common components of fertilizers and explosives.[63] The General Director of General Security, Major General Abbas Ibrahim, said ammonium nitrate that was confiscated from Rhosus had exploded.[64][28] The 2,750 tonnes (3,030 short tons) of ammonium nitrate was the equivalent to around 1,155 tonnes of TNT (4,830 gigajoules).[65]

The Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International said that, according to attendees of a Higher Defence Council briefing, the fire was ignited by workers welding a door at a warehouse.[66][67] A former port worker said, "There were 30 to 40 nylon bags of fireworks inside warehouse 12".[68]

Casualties

Following the explosions, at least 220 people were confirmed dead[2] and more than 6,000 injured, with about 110 people still missing.[1][69][70][71][72] Hundreds of foreigners from at least 22 countries were among the casualties.[f]

Nazar Najarian, the secretary-general of the Kataeb Party, died after suffering severe head injuries.[114] French architect Jean-Marc Bonfils died after suffering serious injuries at his apartment in the East Village building which he designed. He had been live-streaming the fire at the warehouse on Facebook at the time.[115][116]

Damage

S. Dagher Building, located opposite the port's free zone entrance, suffered extensive damage
External image
image icon 0.5 m satellite imagery of explosion aftermath captured by Pleiades-1B on 5 August 2020.[117]

The explosion overturned cars and stripped steel-framed buildings of their cladding.[4] Within the port area, the explosion destroyed a section of shoreline and left a crater roughly 124 m (407 ft) in diameter and 43 m (141 ft) in depth.[118][119][120] Witnesses said homes as far as 10 kilometers (6 miles) away were damaged by the blast,[14] and up to 300,000 people were left homeless by the explosion.[121] The grain elevator, the city's second-largest, was destroyed,[72] exacerbating food shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the country and a severe financial crisis.[122] About 15,000 tonnes (14,800 long tons; 16,500 short tons) of grain were destroyed, leaving the country with less than a month's worth of grain in reserve.[121]

The damage from the blast effected over half of Beirut, with the likely cost above $15 billion and insured losses at around $3 billion.[123] About 90 percent of the hotels in the city were damaged and three hospitals completely destroyed, while two more suffered damage.[121][124] Dozens of injured people brought to nearby hospitals could not be admitted because of the damage to the hospitals. Windows and other installations of glass across the city were shattered.[125]

Saint George Hospital, one of the city's largest medical facilities, was less than 1 kilometer (5⁄8 mile) from the explosion, and was so badly damaged that staff were forced to treat patients in the street.[44][62] Four nurses died from the initial blast, fifteen patients died after their ventilators stopped working, and several child cancer patients were injured by flying glass.[126][44][35] Within hours, it had discharged all its patients, some to other hospitals, and closed.[127] The hospital's director of intensive care, Dr. Joseph Haddad, was quoted as saying: "There is no St. George Hospital any more. It's fallen, it's on the floor ... It's all destroyed. All of it."[44]

The Sursock Museum and several of its artworks sustained damage, with some ceramics destroyed.[128] The Armenian Catholicosate in Antelias suffered great material damage.[129] The National Evangelical Church had all of its stained glass windows blown out.[130] The FIBA Asia headquarters was also heavily damaged.[131] Embassies in and around Beirut reported varying degrees of damage to their buildings; the embassies of Argentina,[132] Australia,[133] Finland,[134] Cyprus,[121] and the Netherlands,[98] which were close to the blast, sustained heavy damage, while minor damage was reported from the South Korean,[135] Hungarian,[136] Kazakh,[137] Russian,[137] Bulgarian,[138] Romanian,[139] and Turkish[140] embassies.

Shipping

The cruise ship Orient Queen, berthed nearby, suffered extensive damage. Two members of the crew were killed,[141] and seven crew members were injured.[142][143][144] The ship capsized overnight.[145][141] On 7 August, the first lawsuit related to the explosions was filed by the ship's owners, Abou Merhi Cruises, whose offices were also destroyed.[146][141]

The Bangladesh Navy corvette BNS Bijoy, which participated in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, was also damaged. The ship was very close to the site of the explosion.[77][112]

External image
image icon Abou Karim I on its side next to Abou Karim III, near the blast crater The crater is the water-filled area in the left foreground.[147]

The livestock carrier Jouri was close to the epicentre.[148] The cargo ship Mero Star was severely damaged. The cargo ship Raouf H was closest to the site.[113] AIS from these ships stopped broadcasting at the time of the explosion.[148] The container ship CMA CGM Lyra was 1.5 kilometers (0.93 mi) from the site of the explosion and was undamaged.[149] Two large abandoned livestock carrier ships, Abou Karim I and Abou Karim III, were heavily damaged or destroyed in the explosions. They were laid up at the end of Berth 09, very close to Warehouse 12 which was the epicenter of the explosions. In a photo of the aftermath, one of the ships, Abou Karim I, is unstable and keeling over onto the other ship, Abou Karim III. Shortly afterwards the Abou Karim I capsized.[150][151][152] The edible oil tanker ship Amadeo II was completely destroyed in the explosions. The charred remains of the ship could be seen lying on land.[153][154]

Hapag-Lloyd's offices in Beirut were destroyed.[155] CMA CGM's offices, located a few hundred meters away from the site of the explosion, were severely damaged. One employee died and two were severely injured.[156][157]

Airport

Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport, the city's main airport located approximately 10 kilometers from the site of the blast, sustained moderate damage to the terminal buildings during the explosion.[158] Doors and windows were destroyed, and ceiling tiles were shaken loose by the shockwave, severing electrical wires. Despite the damage, flights at the airport continued.[159]

Investigation

The government formed an investigation committee led by the prime minister, Hassan Diab, which will submit its findings to the Council of Ministers of Lebanon by 11 August. The committee includes the justice, interior and defence ministers, and the head of the top four security agencies: the Army, General Security, Internal Security Forces, and State Security.[160] The investigation is to examine whether the explosion was an accident or due to negligence, and if it was caused by a bomb or another external interference.[161] President Aoun rejected calls for an international probe despite demands from world leaders.[162]

On 5 August, the Council agreed to place 16 Beirut port officials who had overseen storage and security since 2014 under house arrest, overseen by the army, pending the investigation into the explosions.[163][164] As of 8 August, the director-general of Lebanon's customs authority Badri Daher, and 20 other people were arrested, with investigations still ongoing.[165]

Relief operations

Dutch urban search and rescue team heading to Beirut on 5 August

The Lebanese Red Cross said every available ambulance from North Lebanon, Bekaa, and South Lebanon was being dispatched to Beirut to help patients.[44] According to the agency, a total of 75 ambulances and 375 medics were activated in response to the explosions.[166] Lebanese President Michel Aoun said the government would make up to 100 billion pounds (US$66 million) in aid available to support recovery operations.[4] The ride-sharing app Careem offered free rides to and from hospitals and blood donation centers to anyone willing to donate blood.[167][168] Volunteers removed debris while local business owners offered to repair damaged buildings for free in the absence of a state-sponsored cleanup operation.[169]

Health Minister Hamad Hasan requested that international aid be sent to Lebanon;[18] a number of countries sent in food, medical supplies, field hospitals, medical workers, and rescue teams.[170]

Reactions

Domestic

Prime Minister Hassan Diab announced that 5 August, the day after the explosions, would be a national day of mourning.[171] The Lebanese government declared a two-week state of emergency.[172] President Aoun said the government would provide support to displaced people, and the Ministry of Health would meet the expense of treatment for the wounded.[173] Marwan Abboud, the governor of Beirut, said he arrived at the scene to search for firefighters who were on the site attempting to control the fire that was raging prior to the second explosion. He broke down in tears on television, calling the event "a national catastrophe".[44] Hezbollah launched a blood donation campaign on 5 August.[174]

Multiple members of the Lebanese parliament resigned in protest, including Marwan Hamadeh,[175] Paula Yacoubian,[176] all three Kataeb Party MPs,[176] Neemat Frem,[177] Michel Moawad,[177] Dima Jamali,[178] and Henri Helou.[1] Lebanese ambassador to Jordan Tracy Chamoun also resigned.[179][70] On the night of 6 August, the protests against the government that had been ongoing since the previous October resumed, with dozens of protestors near the parliament building calling for the resignation of Lebanese government officials.[70][180] On 8 August, Diab called for early elections, saying it would be the only way for the country to exit the crisis.[176]

On 9 August, the information minister of Lebanon, Manal Abdel Samad and then environment minister, Damianos Kattar resigned, the first government resignations since the explosion.[181][182] On 10 August, the justice minister, Marie-Claude Najm, also resigned, followed by the resignation of the entire Lebanese cabinet.[1][11][183] Shortly after the resignation of the cabinet, Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab stepped down from office.[13] President Michel Aoun accepted the resignation of the government and the Prime Minister, and asked the government to stay on in a caretaker capacity until a new cabinet may be formed.[184]

International

Tel Aviv City Hall, 5 August

Representatives of multiple countries and the United Nations (UN),[112][185] offered condolences. In addition to those countries which provided aid, others offered to do so. Notably, Israel offered aid via UN channels, as Israel and Lebanon have no diplomatic ties and are technically at war;[186][187][188] the offer was refused by the Lebanese government. Despite years of Israeli–Lebanese conflict, including the 2006 Lebanon War,[189] both Israel and senior Hezbollah officials ruled out Israeli involvement in the explosion, despite claims and allegations spread via social media.[190][191]

The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated on 5 August, thus providing for widespread usage of various corporate, national, and international satellite assets on a humanitarian basis.[117] Several countries expressed solidarity by lighting up landmarks and monuments in the colours of the Lebanese flag, including the Kuwait Towers in Kuwait,[192] City Hall of Tel Aviv,[193][g] whereas the Eiffel Tower in Paris went dark at midnight,[202] and the Arab League flew its flag at its headquarters in Cairo at half-mast.[203] Some figures from the Israeli right-wing criticized the display of the flag of Lebanon, an "enemy state", in Tel Aviv.[193] There was also backlash inside Lebanon against the Israeli gesture.[204]

A large number of countries collectively pledged approximately $300 million USD in aid. The money pledged was not to be given to the Lebanese government, but rather to the people of Lebanon through the United Nations, other international organizations, and non-governmental organizations.[205]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The captain wrote that Grechushkin had told him he had gone bankrupt, but noted that he did not believe Grechushkin.[33]
  2. ^ Ammonium nitrate has a long history of industrial disasters globally (see List of ammonium nitrate disasters), and thus has been gradually phased out over concerns for misuse and safety.[38]
  3. ^ Because the explosion occurred on the earth's surface, the seismic waves generated by the blast are not as strong as they would have been had the equivalent amount of energy been released from underground sources.[48]
  4. ^ The five injured were connected to the Dutch embassy. The Dutch ambassador's wife, Hedwig Waltmans-Molier, was seriously injured and later died of her injuries.[98][99]
  5. ^ The Kazakhstani consul was wounded in his office.[109]
  6. ^ Among the dead were forty-three Syrian,[73] thirteen Armenian,[74] five Bangladeshi,[75][76][77] four Filipino,[78] three Egyptian,[79][80] two Palestinian,[81] two Belgian,[82] one German,[83] one Ethiopian,[84] one French,[85] one Italian,[86] one Australian,[87] one Pakistani,[88] one American,[89] one Greek,[90] and one Dutch[91] nationals. Among the injured were forty-two Filipino,[92] twenty-four French,[85] fifteen Sri Lankan,[93] ten Italian,[94] nine Ethiopian,[95] seven Jordanian,[96] six Turkish,[97] five Dutch,[d] five Greek,[100] five Indian,[101] five Sudanese,[102] four Belgian,[103] four Pakistani,[88] three Kenyan,[104] two Algerian,[105] one Nigerian,[106] one Chinese,[107] one Indonesian,[108] one Kazakhstani,[e] one Vietnamese,[110] and one Moroccan nationals.[111] Furthermore, at least 108 Bangladeshi nationals were injured in the blasts, becoming the most affected foreign community.[88] Also, several United Nations naval peacekeepers who were members of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) were injured by the blast.[77][112][113]
  7. ^ Others include the Belfast City Hall,[194] the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the Great Pyramid near Giza,[195] the King Road Tower in Jeddah,[196] the Kuwait Towers in Kuwait City,[197] the Los Angeles City Hall,[198] the headquarters of the Palestine Broadcasting Corporation in Ramallah,[199] the Azadi Tower in Tehran,[200] and the National Assembly and Yerevan City Hall in Yerevan.[201]

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