Jump to content

Idriss Déby

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Sitaphul (talk | contribs) at 18:51, 28 May 2021 (→1990s). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Idriss Déby
إدريس ديبي
Déby c. 2014
6th President of Chad
In office
2 December 1990 – 20 April 2021
Prime Minister
See list
Vice PresidentBada Abbas Maldoum (1990–1991)[1]
Preceded byHissène Habré
Succeeded byMahamat Déby (as Chairman of the Transitional Military Council)
Chairperson of the African Union
In office
30 January 2016 – 30 January 2017
Preceded byRobert Mugabe
Succeeded byAlpha Condé[2]
Personal details
Born
Idriss Déby

(1952-06-18)18 June 1952
Fada, French Equatorial Africa (now Chad)
Died20 April 2021(2021-04-20) (aged 68)
Tibesti Region, Chad
Cause of deathGunshot wounds
Political partyPatriotic Salvation Movement
Spouses
  • Zina Wazouna Ahmed Idriss (divorced)[3]
  • Hadja Halimé (m. ?) [3]
​
​
(m. 2005; "his death" is deprecated; use "died" instead. 2021)​
[3]
Amani Musa Hilal
​
​
(m. 2012; "his death" is deprecated; use "died" instead. 2021)​
[3][4]
Children
Military service
Allegiance Chad
Branch/service Chadian Ground Forces
Years of service1976–2021
RankMarshal
Battles/warsChadian Civil War (1965–1979)
Chadian–Libyan conflict
Chadian–Nigerian War
Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)
Insurgency in Northern Chad †

Idriss Déby Itno[a] (18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer, and head of the ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement, who was the president of Chad from 1990 until his death at the hands of militant forces when commanding troops on the front in 2021.[5]

Déby was a member of the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa ethnic group. He took power by leading a coup d'état against President Hissène Habré in December 1990 and survived various rebellions and coup attempts against his own rule. Déby won elections in 1996 and 2001, and after term limits were eliminated he won again in 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021.

Several international media sources have described Déby as authoritarian. During his three decades in office, Chad experienced democratic backsliding[6][7][8] and widespread corruption, including cronyism, embezzlement and a deeply entrenched patronage system.[9][10] In 2016, the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT) was established with the goal of overthrowing Déby's government.[11][12] In April 2021, FACT initiated the Northern Chad offensive; Déby was killed while commanding troops on the frontline fighting the militants.

Early life, education, and military career

Déby was born on 18 June 1952,[13] in the village of Berdoba, approximately 190 kilometers from Fada in northern Chad.[14] His father was a herdsman of the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa community. After attending the Qur'anic School in Tiné, Déby studied at the École Française in Fada and at the Franco-Arab school (Lycée Franco-Arabe) in Abéché.[14] He also attended the Lycée Jacques Moudeina in Bongor and held a bachelor's degree in science.[15]

After finishing school, he entered the Officers' School in N'Djamena.[14] From there he was sent to France for training, returning to Chad in 1976 with a professional pilot certificate. He remained loyal to the army and President Félix Malloum even after Chad's central authority crumbled in 1979.[14] He returned from France in February 1979 and found Chad had become a battleground for many armed groups.[14] Déby tied his fortunes to those of Hissène Habré, one of the chief Chadian warlords. A year after Habré became president in 1982, Déby was made commander-in-chief of the army.

He distinguished himself in 1984 by destroying pro-Libyan forces in eastern Chad. In 1985, Habré sent him to Paris to follow a course at the École de Guerre and upon his return in 1986,[14] he was made chief military advisor to the president. In 1987, he confronted Libyan forces on the field, with the help of France[14] in the so-called "Toyota War", adopting tactics that inflicted heavy losses on enemy forces. During the war, he also led a raid on Maaten al-Sarra Air Base in Kufrah, in Libyan territory.[14] A rift emerged on 1 April 1989 between Habré and Déby over the increasing power of the Presidential Guard.

According to Human Rights Watch,[16] Habré was found responsible for "widespread political killings, systematic torture, and thousands of arbitrary arrests", as well as ethnic purges when it was perceived that group leaders could pose a threat to his rule, including many of Déby's Zaghawa ethnic group who supported the government.[14] Increasingly paranoid, Habré accused Déby, minister of the interior Mahamat Itno, and commander in chief of the Chadian army Hassan Djamous of preparing a coup d'état. Déby fled first to Darfur, then to Libya, where he was welcomed by Muammar Gaddafi in Tripoli.[14] Itno and Djamous were arrested and killed.[17] Since all three were ethnic Zaghawa, Habré started a targeted campaign against the group which saw hundreds seized, tortured, and imprisoned. Dozens died in detention or were summarily executed.[17] In 2016, Habré was convicted of war crimes by a specially created international tribunal in Senegal.[18] Déby gave the Libyans detailed information about CIA operations in Chad. Gaddafi offered Déby military aid to seize power in Chad in exchange for Libyan prisoners of war.[14]

Déby relocated to Sudan in 1989 and formed the Patriotic Salvation Movement, an insurgent group,[19][20] supported by Libya and Sudan,[21] which started operations against Habré, and on 2 December 1990 Déby's troops marched unopposed into N'Djamena in a successful coup, ousting Habré.[22]

President of Chad

Idriss Déby assumed Chad's presidency in 1991. He was re-elected every five years up until the time of his death in 2021, equaling a total of 31 years in power.[20]

1990s

After three months of the provisional government, on 28 February 1991, a charter was approved for Chad with Déby as president. During the following two years, Déby faced a series of coup attempts as government forces clashed with pro-Habré rebel groups, such as the Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD).[23] Seeking to quell dissent, in 1993 Chad legalized political parties and held a National Conference which resulted in the gathering of 750 delegates, the government, trade unions, and the army to discuss the establishment of a pluralist democracy.[24]

However, unrest continued. The Comité de Sursaut National pour la Paix et la Démocratie (CSNPD), led by Lt. Moise Kette, and other southern groups sought to prevent the Déby government from exploiting oil in the Doba Basin[25] and started a rebellion that left hundreds dead. A peace agreement was reached in 1994, but it broke down soon thereafter. Two new groups, the Armed Forces for the Federal Republic (FARF) led by former Kette ally Laokein Barde, and the Democratic Front for Renewal (FDR), and a reformulated MDD clashed with government forces from 1994 to 1995.[26][27]

Déby, in the mid-1990s, gradually restored basic functions of government and entered into agreements with the World Bank and IMF to carry out substantial economic reforms.[citation needed]

A new constitution was approved by referendum in March 1996, followed by a presidential election in June. Déby fell short of a majority; he was then elected president in the second round of votes held in July, with 69% of the vote.[28]

2000s

Déby was re-elected in the May 2001 presidential election, winning in the first round with 63.17% of the vote, according to official results.[28][29] A civil war between Christians and Muslims erupted in 2005, accompanied by tensions with Sudan. An attempted coup d'état, involving the shooting down of Déby's plane, was foiled in March 2006.[30]

In mid-April 2006, there was fighting with rebels at N'Djaména, although the fighting soon subsided with government forces still in control of the capital.[31] Déby subsequently broke ties with Sudan, accusing it of backing the rebels,[32] and said that the May 2006 election would still take place.[33]

Deby was sworn in for another term in office on 8 August 2006.[34] Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir attended Déby's inauguration, and the two leaders agreed to restore diplomatic relations on this occasion.[35]

After Déby's re-election, several rebel groups broke apart. Déby was in Abéché from 11 to 21 September 2006, flying in a helicopter to personally oversee attacks on Rally of Democratic Forces rebels.[36]

The rebellion in the east continued, and rebels reached N'Djamena on 2 February 2008, with fighting occurring inside the city.[37] After days of fighting, the government remained in control of N'Djamena. Speaking at a press conference on 6 February, Déby said that his forces had defeated the rebels, whom he described as "mercenaries directed by Sudan", and that his forces were in "total control" of the city as well as the whole country.[38]

Against this backdrop, in June 2005, a successful referendum was held to eliminate a two-term constitutional limit, which enabled Déby to run again in 2006.[39] More than 77% of voters approved.[40] Déby was a candidate in the 2006 presidential election, held 3 May, which was greeted with an opposition boycott. According to official results Déby won the election with 64.67% of the vote.[41]

In 2000, with the north/south dispute quelled, Déby's government started building the country's first oil pipeline, the 1,070 kilometer Chad-Cameroon project.[42] The pipeline was completed in 2003 and praised by the World Bank as "an unprecedented framework to transform oil wealth into direct benefits for the poor, the vulnerable and the environment".[43]

Oil exploitation in the southern Doba region began in June 2000, with World Bank Board approval to finance a small portion of a project, the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development Project, aimed at transport of Chadian crude through a 1000-km buried pipeline through Cameroon to the Gulf of Guinea. The project established unique mechanisms for World Bank, private sector, government, and civil society collaboration to guarantee that future oil revenues benefit populations and result in poverty alleviation.[citation needed]

However, with Chad receiving only 12.5% of profits from oil production, and the agreement for these revenues to be deposited into a London-based Citibank escrow account monitored by an independent body to ensure the funds were used for public services and development,[44][45] not much wealth was immediately transferred to the country. In 2006, Déby made international news after calling for his country to have a 60 percent stake in the Chad-Cameroon oil output after receiving "crumbs" from foreign companies running the industry.[46] He said Chevron and Petronas were refusing to pay taxes totalling $486.2 million. Chad passed a World Bank-backed oil revenues law that required most of its oil revenue to be allocated to health, education, and infrastructure projects. The World Bank had previously frozen an oil revenue account in a dispute over how Chad spent its oil profits, with Déby accused of using the funds to consolidate his power. Déby rejected those claims, arguing that the country does not receive nearly enough royalties to make meaningful change in the fight against poverty.[47][48]

2010s

Déby in 2012

On 25 April 2011, Déby was re-elected for a fourth term with 88.7% of the vote and reappointed Emmanuel Nadingar as Prime Minister.[49]

Because of Chad's strategic position in West Africa, Déby sent troops or played a key mediating role in tackling multiple regional crises, such as Darfur, the Central African Republic (CAR), Mali, as well as the fight against Boko Haram.[19][50]

With the security situation in the Central African Republic deteriorating, Déby decided in 2012 to deploy 400 troops to fight the CAR rebels. In January 2013, Chad also sent 2000 troops to fight Islamist groups in Mali, as part of France's Operation Serval.[51][52]

Chad’s recent history, under Déby's leadership, has been characterized as having been rife with endemic corruption and a deeply entrenched patronage system that permeated society, according to Transparency International.[9] The recent exploitation of oil has fueled corruption, as revenues have been misused by the government to strengthen its armed forces and reward its cronies, which contributes to the undermining of the country’s governance system.[9] In 2006, Chad was placed at the top of the list of the world's most corrupt nations by Forbes magazine,[53][54][55][56] In 2012, Déby launched a nationwide anticorruption campaign called Operation Cobra, which reportedly recovered some $50 million in embezzled funds.[57][58] Nongovernmental organizations say, however, that Déby has used such initiatives to punish rivals and reward cronies.[59] As of 2016, Transparency International ranked Chad 147 out of 168 nations on its corruption index.[60]

Faced with a growing threat from Boko Haram, Déby increased Chad's participation in the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), a combined multinational formation comprising units from Niger, Nigeria, Benin, and Cameroon.[61] In August 2015, Déby claimed in an interview that the MNJTF has successfully "decapitated" Boko Haram.[62]

In January 2016, Déby succeeded Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe to become the chairman of the African Union for a one-year term. Upon his inauguration, Déby told presidents that conflicts around the continent had to end "Through diplomacy or by force... We must put an end to these tragedies of our time. We cannot make progress and talk of development if part of our body is sick. We should be the main actors in the search for solution to Africa's crises".[63] One of Déby's first priorities was to accelerate the fight against Boko Haram. On 4 March, the African Union agreed to expand the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) to 10,000 troops.

During the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, Idriss Déby raised the issue of Lake Chad, whose area was a small fraction of what it had been in 1973, and called on the international community to provide financing to protect the ecosystem.[64]

In Fébruary 2016, Déby was nominated by the Patriotic Salvation Movement to run for a new term in the April 2016 Presidential elections.[65] He pledged to reinstate term limits in the Constitution of Chad in saying that "We must limit terms, we must not concentrate on a system in which a change in power becomes difficult. "In 2005 the constitutional reform was conducted in a context where life of the nation was in danger".[66]

In 2017, the United States Justice Department alleged Déby accepted a $2 million bribe in return for providing a People's Republic of China company with an opportunity to obtain oil rights in Chad without international competition.[67]

In January 2019, Déby and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced the resumption of diplomatic relations between Chad and Israel. Netanyahu described his visit to Chad as “part of the revolution we are having in the Arab and Muslim world.”[68]

2020s

Déby signed a bill abolishing capital punishment in 2020. The firing squad had last been used on terrorists in 2015.[69]

In February 2021, Déby annouced Chad would send 1,200 soldiers alongside French troops to the Sahel border between Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, to combat al-Qaeda linked groups.[70]

In the 2021 presidential election, Déby won his sixth term as president, when results were announced on 19 April, with 79.32% of the votes.[71] In February earlier in the same year, Chadian security forces had attempted to arrest leader of the opposition Yaya Dillo Djérou, with Djérou claiming five members of his family were killed during this attempt, and the government instead reporting three were killed. Most political opponents had withdrawn from the election, urging a boycott, alleging attacks and excessive use of force by security forces during anti-government protests.[72] Instead of giving a victory speech, Déby went to visit the Chadian soldiers on the frontlines fighting the northern rebel incursion by the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (abbreviated FACT in French).[73] He was said to have been mortally wounded in the village of Mele, near the town of Nokou,[74] on Sunday, 18 April, and was flown to the capital,[75] where he died on 20 April.[76][77]

Personal life

Déby added "Itno" to his surname in January 2006. He was a graduate of Muammar Gaddafi's World Revolutionary Center.[78]

Déby was polygamous and had four wives by 2018 – Zina Wazouna Ahmed Idriss, Hadja Halimé, Hinda Déby Itno (m. 2005), and Amani Musa Hila (m. 2012).[3] BBC News has also mentioned a fifth wife named Ali Bouye.[79] Déby had at least a dozen children.

In September 2005, Déby married Hinda (born 1977), who was reputed for her beauty.[3] This marriage attracted much attention in Chad, and due to tribal affiliations it was seen by many as a strategic means for Déby to bolster his support while under pressure from rebels.[80] Though she was not Déby's oldest or newest wife, Hinda Déby was considered the "First Lady of Chad" due to her influential positions in government and politics.[3] Hinda was a member of the Civil Cabinet of the Presidency, serving as Special Secretary.[81] The daughter of a top Chadian diplomat, Hinda Déby Itno has dual Chadian and French citizenship.[79] She and Déby had five children, all born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, who also hold French nationality.[79]

On 21 January 2012, Déby married his most recent wife, Amani Musa Hila, a Sudanese national, member of Idriss Déby's Zaghawa tribe, and daughter of Janjaweed militia leader Musa Hilal in Darfur.[3][82] The marriage was seen as a way to strengthen bilateral ties between Chad and Sudan following a 2010 agreement to normalize diplomatic relations.[3]

On 2 July 2007, Déby's son, Brahim, was found dead aged 27 in the parking garage of his apartment near Paris.[83] According to the autopsy report, he had likely been asphyxiated by white powder from a fire extinguisher. A murder inquiry was launched by the French police. Brahim had been sacked as a presidential advisor the year before, after being convicted of possessing drugs and weapons. Blogger Makaila Nguebla attributes the defection of many Chadian government leaders to their indignation over Brahim's conduct: "He is at the root of all the frustration. He used to slap government ministers, senior Chadian officials were humiliated by Déby's son."[84] In July 2011, four men were convicted of "robbery leading to death without intention to kill" in the case and sentenced to prison sentences of between five and thirteen years.[85]

Déby was also a practicing Muslim.[86]

Death

Déby was killed in April 2021 while commanding forces fighting on the front against rebels from the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT).[87] According to an army spokesperson, Déby succumbed to injuries resulting from gunshots on 20 April 2021 while commanding his army against FACT rebels in the north of Chad during the Northern Chad offensive, at the age of 68.[88][89][90][91] According to a rebel spokesperson, he was mortally wounded in the village of Mele, near the town of Nokou, before being taken to the capital, where he died.[74]

Investigators from the United Nations highlighted that the FACT rebels used the Libyan conflict to prepare for their campaign in Chad. For years, they fought as soldiers, and were also employed by Khalifa Haftar. The FACT rebels fought using weapons supplied by the United Arab Emirates, and were based at the Al Jufra military air base alongside mercenaries from Russia’s Wagner Group, who were also funded by the UAE.[92][93][94]

The Chadian Parliament and Government were both dissolved upon his death[89][95] and a Transitional Military Council was formed in its place with his son Mahamat Déby Itno as chairman.[96] In addition, the Constitution of Chad was suspended and replaced by a new charter.[97]

Déby's funeral took place on 23 April 2021.[98] On that day, thousands gathered in the streets of N'Djamena to pay their respects to Déby. French President Emmanuel Macron and Guinean President Alpha Condé, and several other African leaders, attended the funeral.[99][100][101]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Arabic: إدريس ديبي Idrīs Daybī Itnū

References

  1. ^ Lansford, Tom (2017). Political Handbook of the World 2016–2017. CQ Press. ISBN 9781506327150. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2017 – via Google Books.
    • "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. 1991 Jan–June" (Document). hdl:2027/osu.32435024019754. {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ "Guinea President Alpha Conde elected AU chair succeeding Deby". The Star Kenya. 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nyere, Chidochashe Nyere (December 2018). "African First Ladies, Politics and the State: The Four First Ladies of Chad". University of South Africa. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  4. ^ "Chad president weds Janjaweed chief daughter". Modern Ghana. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  5. ^ "Chad president assassinated by militants from North". EgyptToday. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  6. ^ "Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit". Deutsche Welle. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  7. ^ Haynes, Suyin (28 March 2019). "This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout". Time. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  8. ^ Werman, Marco (5 June 2012). "ExxonMobil and Chad's Authoritarian Regime: An 'Unholy Bargain'". The World. Public Radio International. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  9. ^ a b c e.V., Transparency International. "Research – Corruption Q&As – Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Chad". www.transparency.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  10. ^ David A. Andelman (3 April 2007). "In Pictures: Most Corrupt Nations". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  11. ^ "Front for Alternation and Concord in Chad (FACT) - Chad | Terrorist Groups | TRAC". www.trackingterrorism.org. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  12. ^ El-Gamaty, Guma. "Regional interference is threatening Libya's future as one state". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  13. ^ Congress, The Library of. "LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. 2 February 2012. pp. 172–173. ISBN 9780195382075. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  15. ^ "Biography of President IDRISS DEBY ITNO". Chad Embassy in Kuwait. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  16. ^ "Q African Chambers in Senegal". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  17. ^ a b "Chad: The Victims of Hissène Habré Still Awaiting Justice: Historical Background". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  18. ^ "Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  19. ^ a b Chutel, Lynsey. "Why the World Won't Criticize Chad". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  20. ^ a b "Chad profile". BBC News. 7 April 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  21. ^ "Profile: Idriss Deby". Al Jazeera. 3 February 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021. The PSM was supported by Libya and Sudan, and started rebel operations against Habre in 1989.
  22. ^ Riding, Alan; Times, Special To the New York (3 December 1990). "REBELS IN CONTROL OF CHAD'S CAPITAL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  23. ^ "Terrorist Organization Profile – START – National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism". www.start.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  24. ^ "Chronology for Southerners in Chad". University of Maryland. 16 July 2010. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  25. ^ "Chad" (PDF). stanford.edu. Stanford. 7 July 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  26. ^ "Chad (02/08)". state.gov. U.S. Department of State. 2009–2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  27. ^ "Chad (01/02)". state.gov. U.S. Department of State. 2009–2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  28. ^ a b Elections in Chad Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, African Elections Database.
  29. ^ "Chad: Council releases final polls results; Deby "elected" with 63.17 per cent", Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (nl.newsbank.com), 13 June 2001.
  30. ^ "Coup attempt foiled, government says" Archived 25 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The New Humanitarian (formerly IRIN News), 15 March 2006.
  31. ^ "Chad confronts rebels in capital" Archived 14 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 13 April 2006.
  32. ^ Andrew England, "Chad severs ties with Sudan", Financial Times, 15 April 2006.
  33. ^ Rebels 'will not delay' Chad poll" Archived 29 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 18 April 2006.
  34. ^ "Deby sworn in as Chad's president" Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, People's Daily Online, 9 August 2006.
  35. ^ "Chad and Sudan resume relations" Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 9 August 2006.
  36. ^ "Chad: New Fronts Open in Eastern Fighting" Archived 25 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine allAfrica.com, 21 September 2006.
  37. ^ "Battle rages for Chadian capital" Archived 4 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Al Jazeera, 2 February 2008.
  38. ^ "Chad’s leader says government ‘in total control’" Archived 23 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press (MSNBC), 6 February 2008.
  39. ^ "Strong yes vote in referendum allows President Deby to seek a new term" Archived 13 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 22 June 2005.
  40. ^ "Chad votes to end two-term limit". BBC. 22 June 2005. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  41. ^ "Déby win confirmed, but revised down to 64.67 pct" Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 29 May 2006.
  42. ^ "Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Case Study". www.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  43. ^ Toïngar, Ésaïe (16 January 2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. McFarland. ISBN 9780786492572.
  44. ^ "Chad's Oil Troubles". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  45. ^ "UPDATE 3-Chad leader wants majority stake in oil output". Reuters. 29 August 2006. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  46. ^ "UPDATE 3-Chad leader wants majority stake in oil output". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  47. ^ "Petronas disputes Chad's tax claims". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  48. ^ "World Bank cancels pipeline deal with Chad after revenues misspent". the Guardian. 11 September 2008. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  49. ^ "Bashir attends Deby inauguration". News24. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  50. ^ "Chad's Idriss Deby, a longstanding French ally in the troubled Sahel". France 24. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  51. ^ "Mali crisis: Chad's Idriss Deby announces troop pullout – BBC News". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  52. ^ "Why are French soldiers in the Sahel? Protesters have an answer | Alexandra Reza". the Guardian. 20 February 2020. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  53. ^ David A. Andelman (3 April 2007). "In Pictures: Most Corrupt Nations". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  54. ^ "Environmental Justice Case Study: The Chad/Cameroon Oil and Pipeline Project". Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  55. ^ "Steve Coll On ExxonMobil's Sinister Kingdom and 'Private Empire'". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  56. ^ "Mr. Lonely". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  57. ^ "Chad". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  58. ^ Yacoub, Djamil Ahmat. "Enfin, une "opération Cobra" lancée contre l'enrichissement illicite au Tchad". Alwihda Info – Actualités TCHAD, Afrique, International. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  59. ^ "Transparency International Country Profile: Chad" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  60. ^ e.V., Transparency International. "Transparency International – Country Profiles". www.transparency.org. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  61. ^ "Boko Haram est "décapité", assure le président tchadien Idriss Déby – RFI". RFI Afrique (in French). Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  62. ^ "Boko Haram has been 'decapitated': Chadian leader". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  63. ^ "Chad's Deby becomes new African Union chairman". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  64. ^ "Lac Tchad et COP 21 : le cri d'alarme d'Idriss Déby". Green et Vert. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  65. ^ "Chad President Idriss Deby seeks fifth term in office". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  66. ^ "Chad President Idriss Deby seeks fifth term in office – BBC News". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  67. ^ "U.S. charges two with bribing African officials for China energy firm". 21 November 2017. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017 – via Reuters.
  68. ^ Israeli PM visits Chad to restore relations Archived 21 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine. 20 January 2019. AA.
  69. ^ "Chad abolishes the death penalty". www.iol.co.za. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  70. ^ "Macron takes aim at Sahel jihadist groups, Chad to send troops". RFI. 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  71. ^ "Chad's President wins reelection, extending 30 years in power". 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  72. ^ "Chad presidential election: Idriss Déby seeks sixth term amid boycott". BBC News. 11 April 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  73. ^ "Chad's Idriss Deby wins 6th term as army fends off rebel advance". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  74. ^ a b Ramadane, Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat (21 April 2021). "Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military". Reuters. Retrieved 21 April 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ "Chad:President Idriss Deby dies, say national radio". Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2021. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  76. ^ "Chad President Idriss Deby has died: Army spokesman". Al Jazeera. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  77. ^ Burke, Jason (20 April 2021). "Chad's president Idriss Déby dies 'on battlefield', military says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  78. ^ Douglas Farah (4 March 2011). "Harvard for Tyrants". The Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  79. ^ a b c "Chad: Umwiryane mu muryango wa Idriss Déby urongera ibibazo mu nzibacyuho". BBC News Gahuza. 23 April 2021. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  80. ^ Emily Wax, "New First Lady Captivates Chad" Archived 8 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, 2 May 2006, page A17.
  81. ^ "Liste des Membres du Cabinet Civil de la Présidence de la République" Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Chadian presidency website (accessed 4 May 2008) (in French).
  82. ^ "Chad president weds Janjaweed chief daughter". Modern Ghana. 29 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  83. ^ "Chadian president's son found dead near Paris apartment". the Guardian. 3 July 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  84. ^ "Chad leader's son killed in Paris" Archived 24 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 2 July 2007.
  85. ^ "Jail terms over death of Chad leader's son Brahim Deby". BBC News. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  86. ^ "His Excellency President Idriss Deby Itno". The Muslim 500. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  87. ^ "Chadian President Idriss Déby has died of injuries suffered on the frontline (army)". France 24. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  88. ^ Takadji, Edouard; Larson, Krista (20 April 2021). "Rebels vow to take capital after Chadian president killed". CTV News. Bell media. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  89. ^ a b "Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, according to an army statement". Deutsche Welle. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  90. ^ "Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, says army spokesman". Reuters. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  91. ^ "Explainer-Who are the rebels threatening to take Chad's capital?". Reuters. 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  92. ^ "Where Did Chad Rebels Prepare for Their Own War? In Libya". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  93. ^ "Final report of the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011)". United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  94. ^ "Pentagon Says UAE Possibly Funding Russia's Shadowy Mercenaries in Libya". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  95. ^ "Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over". Thomas Reuters News. Reuters. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  96. ^ "Chad Sets Up Transitional Military Council Headed By Son Of Late President – Reports". UrduPoint. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  97. ^ "Rebels threaten to march on capital as Chad reels from president's battlefield death". Reuters. 21 April 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  98. ^ "Chad's President Idriss Déby dies after clashes with rebels". BBC News. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  99. ^ "Thousands gather to wish Chad's slain president "a deserved rest"". Reuters. 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  100. ^ "France's Macron attends funeral of Chadian president Idriss Déby". RFI. 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  101. ^ Peltier, Elian (23 April 2021). "Foreign Leaders Attend Funeral for President Idriss Déby of Chad". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
Political offices
Preceded by President of Chad
1990–2021 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chairperson of the African Union
2016–2017 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idriss_Déby&oldid=1025650773"