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Sugar Ray Robinson
File:Sugar-ray-robinson-1.jpg
Born
Walker Smith Jr.

May 3, 1921

Ailey, Georgia
DiedApril 12, 1989(1989-04-12) (aged 67)
Culver City, California
NationalityAmerican
Other namesSugar
Statistics
Weight(s)Welterweight,
Middleweight,
Light-Heavyweight
StanceOrthodox
Boxing record
Total fights202
Wins175
Wins by KO108
Losses19
Draws6
No contests2

Sugar Ray Robinson, (born Walker Smith Jr., May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was a professional boxer. Generally regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time, Robinson's performances at the welterweight and middleweight divisions prompted sportswriters to create "pound for pound" rankings, where they compared fighters regardless of weight. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1967.

Robinson was 85–0 as an amateur with 69 of those victories coming by way of knockout, and started his professional career 128–1–2 with 84 knockouts. Robinson held the world welterweight title from 1946 to 1951, and won the world middleweight title in the latter year. He retired in 1952, only to come back two and a half years later and regain the middleweight title in 1955. He then became the first boxer in history to win a divisional world championship five times, a feat he accomplished by defeating Carmen Basilio in 1958 to regain the middleweight championship. Robinson was named "fighter of the year" twice: first for his performances in 1942, then nine years and over 90 fights later, for his efforts in 1951. He engaged in several multi-fight rivalries with other Hall of Fame fighters such as Jake LaMotta, Carmen Basilio, Gene Fullmer, and Carl 'Bobo' Olson.

Robinson was named the greatest fighter on the 20th century by the Associated Press, and the greatest boxer in history by ESPN.com in 2007. The Ring magazine rated him the best pound for pound boxer of all-time in 1997, and Muhammad Ali, who repeatedly called himself "The Greatest" throughout his career, ranked Robinson as the greatest pound for pound boxer of all time. Other Hall of Fame boxers such as Joe Louis and Sugar Ray Leonard have said the same.

Reknowned for his flamboyant lifestyle outside the ring, Robinson is credited with being the originator of the modern sports "entourage". After his boxing career ended, Robinson attempted a career as an entertainer, but struggled, and lived in poverty until his death in 1989. In 2006, he was featured on a commemorative stamp by the United States Postal Service.

Early life

Robinson was born Walker Smith Jr. in either Ailey, Georgia, (according to his birth certificate) — or Detroit, Michigan, (according to his autobiography),[1] to Walker Smith Sr. and Leila Hurst.[2] Robinson was the youngest of three children; his older sister Marie was born in 1917 and his younger sister Evelyn was born in 1919. His father was a cotton, peanut, and corn farmer, who moved the family to Detroit where he found work as a construction worker.[2] According to Robinson, Smith Sr. later worked two jobs—cement mixer and sewer worker. "He had to get up at six in the morning and he'd get home close to midnight. Six days a week. The only day I really saw him was Sunday...I always wanted to be with him more."[3]

His parents separated, and he moved with his mother to the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of New York City at the age of twelve. Robinson originally aspired to be a doctor, but after dropping out of school in ninth grade he switched his goal to boxing.[4] When he was 14 and living in Harlem, he attempted to enter his first boxing tournament but was told he needed to first obtain a AAU membership card. However, he could not procure one until he was sixteen years old. He received his name when he circumvented the AAU's age restrivtion by borrowing a card from his friend Ray Robinson.[1] Subsequently told that his style was "sweet as sugar" by future manager George Gainford, Smith Jr. became known as "Sugar" Ray Robinson.[5][6]

Robinson idolized Henry Armstrong and Joe Louis as a youth, and actually lived on the same block as Louis in Detroit when Robinson was 11 and Louis was 17.[6] Robinson stated in his autobiography that he was devastated when Louis lost to Max Schmeling in 1936—he even briefly contemplated quitting boxing.[7] Outside of the ring, Robinson got into trouble frequently as a youth, and was involved with a violent street gang.[6] He also married when he 16. He had one child with his wife before divorcing her at the age of 19.[6] He finished his amateur career with an 85–0 record with 69 knockouts—40 coming in the first round. He won the Golden Gloves featherweight championship in 1939, and the organizaton's lightweight championship in 1940.[1]

Boxing career

Early career

Robinson made his professional debut on October 4, 1940, winning via second round knockout over Joe Echevarria.[8] Robinson fought five more times in 1940, winning each time, with four wins coming by way of knockout.[8] In 1941, he defeated world champion Sammy Angott, future champion Marty Servo and former champion Fritzie Zivic. The Robinson-Angott fight was held above the lightweight limit, since Angott did not want to risk losing his lightweight title. Robinson defeated Zivic in front of 20,551 at Madison Square Garden—one of the largest crowds in the arena to that date.[9] Robinson won the first five rounds according to The New York Times Joseph C. Nichols, before Zivic came back to land several punches to Robinson's head in the sixth and seventh rounds.[9] Robinson controlled the next two rounds, and had Zivic wobbly in the ninth. After a close tenth round, Robinson was announced as the winner on all three scorecards.[9]

In 1942, Robinson knocked out Zivic in the tenth round in a January rematch.[8] The knockout loss was only the seond of Zivic's career in more than 150 fights.[10] Robinson knocked him down in the ninth and tenth rounds before the referee stopped the fight. Zivic and his corner protested the stoppage, however James P. Dawson of The New York Times stated, "[t]hey were criticizing a humane act. The battle had been a slaughter, for want of a more delicate word."[10] Robinson then won four consecutive bouts by knockout, before defeating Servo in a controversial split decision in their May rematch.[8] After winning three more fights, Robinson faced Jake LaMotta, who would become one of his more prominent rivals, for the first time in October.[8] He defeated LaMotta via unanimous decision. Robinson weighed 145 lb comapred to 157.5 for LaMotta, but he was able to control the fight from the outside the entire bout, and actually landed the harder punches during the fight.[11] Robinson then won four more fights, inclouding two against Izzy Jannazzo, from October 19 to December 14.[8] For his performances, Robinson was named "Fighter of the Year". He finished 1942 with a total of 14 wins and no losses.[8]

Robinson built a record of 40–0 before losing for the first time to LaMotta in a 10 round re-match.[12][8] LaMotta, who had a 16 lb weight advantage over Robinson, knocked Robinson out of the ring in the eighth round, and won the fight by decision.[8] The fight took place in Robinson's former home town of Detroit, and attracted a record crowd.[12] After being controlled by Robinson in the early portions of the fight, LaMotta came back to take control in the later rounds.[12] After losing the third LaMotta fight less than three later,[8] Robinson then defeated his childhood idol former champion Henry Armstrong. Robinson only fought Armstrong because Armstrong was in need of finances. By now Armstrong was an old fighter, and Robinson later stated that he carried Armstrong.

On February 27, 1943, Robinson was unducted into the United States Army, where he was again referred to as Walker Smith.[13] Robinson had a short 15 month military career. He argued twith other officers who discriminated with Joe Louis, who was also enlisted and who Robinson went on exhibition tours with. He also refused to fight exhibitions unless African American soldiers were allowed to watch.[6][14] In 1944, Robinson was examined by Military authorities who claimed he had a mental deficiency.[15] Robinson received his honorable discharge on June 3, 1994.[16]

Besides the loss in the LaMotta rematch, the only other mark on Robinson's record during this period was a 10 round draw against Jose Basora in 1945.[8]

Welterweight Champion

By 1946, Robinson had fought 75 fights to a 73–1–1 record,[8] and beaten every top contender in the welterweight division. However, he refused to cooperate with the Mafia, which controlled much of boxing at the time, and was denied a chance to fight for the welterweight championship.[17] Robinson was finally given a chance to win a title against Tommy Bell on December 20, 1946.[8] Robinson had already beaten Bell once via decision in 1945. The two fought for the title vacated by Servo, who had himself lost twice to Robinson in non-title bouts. In the fight, Robinson, who only a month before had been involved in a 10 round brawl with Artie Levine, was knocked down by Bell.[8] The fight was called a "war," but Robinson was able to pull out a close 15 round decision, winning the vacant welterweight title.

The following year, after four non-title bouts, Robinson defended his title for the first time by knocking out Jimmy Doyle in the eighth round.[8] Before that fight, Robinson had a dream that he was going to accidentally kill Doyle in the ring.[18] As a result, he decided to pull out of the fight. However, a priest and a minister convinced him to go ahead with the bout. His foe, however, died from the injuries he sustained.[18] Robinson said that the impact of Doyle's death was "very trying."

In 1948, Robinson fought five times, but only one bout was a title defense. Among the fighters he defeated in those non-title bouts, was future world champion Kid Gavilan in a close, controversial 10 round fight. In 1949, he boxed 16 times, but again only defended his title once. In that title fight, a rematch with Gavilan, Robinson again won via decision. The first half of the bout was very close, but Robinson took vontrol in the second half. Gavilan would have to wait two more years to begin his own historic reign as welterweight champion. The only boxer to match Robinson that year was Henry Brimm, who fought him to a 10-round draw in Buffalo.

Robinson defended his title 19 times in 1950.[8] He successfully defended his welterweight title against Charley Fusari, which would be Robinson's last defense of that title. Robinson won a lopsided 15 round decision, knocking Fusari down once. This last defense of his title ended the reign of the man many consider to be the best welterweight champion of all time. In 1950, Robinson fought George Costner, who had also taken to calling himself "Sugar" and stated in the weeks leading up to the fight that he was the rightful deserver of the name. "We better touch gloves, because this is the only round," Robinson said as the fighters were introduced at the center of the ring. "Your name ain't Sugar, mine is."[19] Robinson then knocked Costner out in 2 minutes and 49 seconds.[8]

Middleweight Champion

Robinson stated in his autobiography that one of the main considerations for his move up to middleweight was the increasing difficulty he was having in making the 147 lb welterweight weight limit.[20] However, the move would also prove beneficial financially as the division then contained some of the biggest names in boxing. Vying for the Pennsylvania state middleweight title in 1950, Robinson defeated Robert Villemain. Later that year, in defense of that crown, he defeated Jose Basora, who had previously drawed with Robinson, and defeated Carl Olson, a future title holder at that weight whom Robinson would meet and beat four times. Robinson's 50-second knock-out of Basora in the rematch set a record that would stand for 38 years.

On February 14, 1951, Robinson and LaMotta met for the sixth time. The fight would become known as The St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Robinson won the undisputed world middleweight title with a 13th round technical knockout.[8] Robinson out boxed LaMotta for the first 10 rounds, then unleashed a series of savage combinations on LaMotta for three rounds[6], finally stopping the champion for the first time in their legendary six bout series—and giving LaMotta his first legitimate knockout loss in 95 professional bouts.[21] This bout, and some of the other bouts in the six-fight Robinson-LaMotta rivalry, was depicted in the Martin Scorsese film Raging Bull. "I fought Sugar Ray so often, I almost got diabetes," LaMotta later said.[5]

After winning his second world title, he embarked on a European tour which took him all over the Continent. Robinson travelled with his flamingo-pink Cadillac, which caused quite a stir in Paris,[22] and an entourage of 13 people, some included "just for laughs".[23] He was a hero in France due to his recent defeat of LaMotta—the French hated LaMotta for defeating Marcel Cerdan in 1949 and taking his championship belt (Cerdan died in a plane ride en route to his rematch with LaMotta).[6] Robinson, even met the President of France and made an impromptu decision to kiss his wife four times—twice on each cheek—in front of a ceremony attended by France's upper crust.[24] During his fight in Berlin against Gerhard Hecht, Robinson was disqualified when he knocked his opponent with a punch to the kidney: a punch legal in the US, but not Europe.[18] The fight was later declared a no-contest.[8] In London, he lost the world middleweight title to Englishman Randy Turpin in a sensational bout.[25] Three months later in front of 60,000 fans at the Polo Grounds,[18] he knocked Turpin out in ten rounds to recover the title. In that bout Robinson was leading on the cards but was cut by Turpin. With the fight in jeopardy, Robinson let loose on Turpin, knocking him down, then getting him to the ropes and unleashing a series of punches, causing the referee to stop the bout.[26] Following the victory, residents of Harlem danced in the streets.[27] Robinson won the "Fighter of the Year" award again for his performances in 1951.

In 1952, he fought a rematch with Olson which he won by decision.[8] He then defeated former champion, Rocky Graziano, in a 3 round fight, before challenging world light heavyweight champion Joey Maxim at Yankee Stadium. Robinson built a lead on all three judges scorecards, but the 103 degree temperature inside the ring took its toll.[5] The referee, Ruby Goldstein, was the first victim of the heat, and had to be replaced by referee Ray Miller. The fast-moving Robinson was next, and at the end of round 13, Robinson collapsed from the heat and failed to answer the bell for the next round,[5] and suffered the only knock-out of his career.[8]

After that bout, Robinson retired with a record of 131-3-1-1 and dedicated his time to show business; singing and tap dancing. After about three years, the decline of his businesses, lack of success in his performance career, Robinson decided to make his return to boxing.

Comeback

In 1955, Robinson returned to the ring. Although he had been inactive for two and a half years, his work as a dancer kept him in peak physical condition: in his autobiography, Robinson states that in the weeks leading up to his debut for a dancing engagement in France, he ran five miles every morning, and then danced for five hours each night. Robinson even stated that the training he did in his attempts to establish a career as a dancer were harder that any he undertook during his boxing career.[28] He won five fights in 1955, before losing a decision to Ralph 'Tiger' Jones. He bounced back, however, and defeated Rocky Castellani by a split decision, then challenged Bobo Olson for the world middleweight title. He won the middleweight championship for the third time via a second round knockout—his third victory over Olson. After his comeback performance in 1955, Robinson expected to be named fighter of the year. However, the title went to welterweight Carmen Basilio. Basilio's handlers had lobbied heavily for it on the basis that he had never won the award, and Robinson later described this as the biggest disappointment of his professional career. "I haven't forgotten it to this day, and I never will" Robinson wrote in his autobiography.[29] They fought for the last time in 1956, and Robinson closed the four fight series with a fourth round knockout.[8]

In 1957, Robinson lost his title to Gene Fullmer.[8] Fullmer used his agressive, forward moving style to control Robinson, and knocked him down in the fight.[30] Robinson, however, noticed that Fullmer was vulnerable to the left hook. Fullmer headed into their May rematch as a 3–1 favorite.[31] In the first two rounds Robinson followed Fullmer around the ring, however in the third round he changed tactics and made Fullmer come to him.[31] At the start of the fourth round Robinson came out on the attack and stunned Fullmer, and when Fullmer returned with his own punches, Robinson traded with him, as opposed to clinching as he had done in their earlier fight. The fight was fairly even after four rounds.[31] But in the fifth, Robinson was able to win the title back for a fourth time by knocking out Fullmer with a lightning fast, powerful left hook.[31] Boxing critics have referred to the left-hook which knocked out Fullmer as "the perfect punch".[32] It marked the first time in 44 career fights that Fullmer had been knocked out, and when someone asked Robinson after the fight how far the left hook had travelled, Robinson replied: "I can't say. But he got the message."[31]

Later that year, he lost his title to Basilio in a rugged 15 round fight in front of 38,000 at Yankee Stadium,[33] but regained it for a record fifth time when he beat Basilio in the rematch. Robinson struggled to make weight, and had to go without food for nearly 20 hours leading up to the bout. He badly damaged Basilio's eye early the fight, and by the seventh round it was swollen shut.[34] The two judges gave the fight to Robinson by wide margins: 72–64 and 71–64. The referee scored the fight for Basilio 69–64, and was booed loudly by the crowd of 19,000 when his decision was announced.[34] The first fight won the "Fight of the Year" award from The Ring magazine for 1957 and the second fight won the "Fight of the Year" award for 1958.[8]

Decline

Robinson knocked out Bob Young in the second round in Boston in his only fight in 1959.[8] A year later, he defended his title against Paul Pender. Robinson entered the fight as a 5–1 favorite, but lost a split decision in front of 10,608 at Boston Garden.[35] The day before the fight Pender commented that he planned to start slowly, before coming on late. He did just that and outlasted the aging Robinson, who, despite opening a cut over Pender's eye in the eighth round, was largely ineffective in the later rounds.[35] An attempt to regain the crown for an unheard of sixth time proved beyond Robinson. Despite Robinson's efforts, Pender won by decision in that rematch. On December 3 of that year, Robinson and Fullmer fought a 15-round draw for the NBA middleweight title, which Fullmer retained.[8] Many felt that Robinson deserved the decision, however. In 1961, Robinson and Fullmer fought for a fourth time, with Fullmer retaining the WBA middleweight title by a unanimous decision.[8] The fight would be Robinson's last title bout.

The rest of the 1960s were spent fighting 10-round contests. In October 1961, Robinson defeated future world champion Denny Moyer via unanimous decision. A 12–5 favorite, the 41 year old Robinson defeated the 22 year old Moyer by staying on the outside, rather than engaging him.[36] In their rematch four months later, Moyer defeated Robinson on points, as he pressed the action and made Robinson back up throughout the fight. Moyer won 7–3 on all three judges scorecards.[37] Robinson lost twice more in 1962, before winning six consecutive fights against mostley lesser oposition.[8] In February 1963, Robinson lost via unanimous decision to former world champion and fellow Hall of Famer Joey Giardello. Giardello knocked Robinson in the fouth round, and the 43 year old took until the count of nine to rise to his feet.[38] Robinson was also nearly knocked down in the sixth round, but was saved by the bell. He rallied in the seventh and eight rounds, before struggling in the final two.[38] Robinson also embarked on another tour of Europe.

Robinson fought for the final time in 1965. He lost via unanimous decision to Joey Archer.[39] Famed sports author Pete Hamill mentioned that one of the saddest experiences of his life was watching Robinson lose to Archer. He was even knocked down and Hamill pointed out that Archer had no knockout punch at all; Archer admitted afterward that it was only the second time he had knocked an opponent down in his career.[8] The crowd of 9,023 at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh gave Robinson several standing ovations, even while he was being thoroughly outperformed by Archer.[39]

On November 11, 1965, Robinson announced his retirement from boxing, saying: "I hate to go too long campaigning for another chance."[40] Robinson retired from boxing with a record of 175-19-6 with 110 knockouts in 200 professional bouts,[8] ranking him among the all-time leaders in knockouts.

After retiring as a boxer

Robinson was known as a flamboyant personality outside the ring. Robinson combined striking good looks,[41] with charisma, and a flair for the dramatic: He drove a flamingo-pink Cadillac, and was an accomplished singer and dancer, who once pursued a career in the entertainment industry.[42] However, in his autobiography Robinson states that by 1965 he was broke, having spent all of the $4 million in earnings he made inside and out of the ring in his career.[43] A month after his last fight, Robinson was honored with a Sugar Ray Robinson Night on December 10, 1965 in New York's Madison Square Garden. During the ceremony, he was honored with a massive trophy. However, there was not a piece of furniture in his small Manhattan apartment with legs strong enough to support it. Robinson was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1967, two years after he retired. In 1969 he founded the Sugar Ray Robinson Youth Foundation for inner-city Los Angeles area. The foundation does not sponsor a boxing program.[44] He was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus that was treated with insulin.[45] In Robinson's last years, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.[45] He died in Los Angeles at the age of 67 and was interred in the Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood, California.

Personal life

Robinson met his second wife Edna Mae Holly, a noted dancer who performed at the Cotton Club and toured Europe with Duke Ellington and Cab Calloway, in 1940.[46] According to Robinson, he met her at a local pool he frequented after his boxing workouts. In an attempt to get her attention he pushed her into the pool one day, and claimed it was an accident.[47] After this attempt was met with disdain, he appeared at the nightclub she danced at and introduced himself. Soon the couple was dating and they married in 1943. They had one son, Ray Robinson Jr. and divorced in 1960.[46] In April 1959, Robinson's oldest sister Marie died of cancer at the age of 41.[48]

In 1965, Robinson married Millie Wiggins Bruce who was several years his senior, and the couple settled in Los Angeles.[18] When Robinson was sick with his various ailments, his son accused Robinson's wife of keeping him under the influence of medication to manipulate him. According to Ray Robinson Jr., when Sugar Ray's mother died, Sugar Ray could not attend his mother's funeral because Millie was drugging and controlling him.[49] However, Robinson had been hospitalized the day before his mother's death due to agitation which caused his blood pressure to rise. Robinson Jr. and Edna Mae also claimed that they were kept away from Robinson by Millie during the last years of his life.[49]

Boxing style

"Rhythm is everything in boxing. Every move you make starts with your heart, and that's in rhythm or you're in trouble."
—Ray Robinson[50]

Robinson was a fluid boxer who possessed a quick jab and knockout power. He possessed tremendous versatility—according to boxing analyst Bert Sugar, "Robinson could deliver a knockout blow going backward."[51] Robinson was efficient with both hands, and he displayed a variety of effective punches—according to a TIME magazine article in 1951, "Robinson's repertoire, thrown with equal speed and power by either hand, includes every standard punch from a bolo to a hook—and a few he makes up on the spur of the moment."[6]

Legacy

"Someone once said there was a comparison between Sugar Ray Leonard and Sugar Ray Robinson. Believe me, there's no comparison. Sugar Ray Robinson was the greatest."
Sugar Ray Leonard[51]
"The king, the master, my idol."
Muhammad Ali on Robinson[52]

Robinson is widely considered one of the greatest boxers in history, and has been ranked as the greatest boxer of all time by sportswriters, fellow boxers, and trainers.[1][52] The phrase "pound for pound", was created by sportswriters for him during his career as a way to compare boxers irrespective of weight,[5][19] and Hall of Fame fighters such as Muhammad Ali, Joe Louis and Sugar Ray Leonard have ranked Robinson as the greatest pound for pound boxer in history.[51][53] In 1997, The Ring ranked him as the best pound for pound fighter in history,[5] and in 1999, he was named "fighter of the century", "welterweight of the century", and "middleweight of the century" by the Associated Press.[54] In 2007, ESPN.com featured the piece "50 Greatest Boxers of All Time", in which it named Robinson the top boxer in history.[55] In 2003, The Ring magazine ranked him number 11 in the list of all-time greatest punchers in history.[56]

Robinson was one of the first African Americans to establish himself as a star outside of sports. He was an intricate part of the New York social scene in the 1940s and 1950s.[5] According to ESPN.com's Ron Flatter: "He was the pioneer of boxing's bigger-than-life entourages, including a secretary, barber, masseur, voice coach, a coterie of trainers, beautiful women, a dwarf mascot and lifelong manager George Gainford."[5][57] When Robinson later returned to Paris in 1962—where he was still a national hero—to get him to cross the seas the French had to promise to bring over his masseur, his hairdresser, a guy who whistled while he trained, and his trademark Cadillac.[58] Robinson inspired several other fighters who took the nickname "Sugar" in homage to him such as Sugar Ray Leonard and Sugar Shane Mosley. He was also featured on a 2006 United States postage stamp, which reportedly had a circulation of over 100 million.[59]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Sugar Ray Robinson Returns to the Ring to a 'Stamping Ovation' of 100 Million, usps.com, April 7, 2006, accessed June 5, 2007.
  2. ^ a b Robinson and Anderson. pg. 7
  3. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pgs. 8–9
  4. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pg. 5
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Flatter, Ron. The sugar in the sweet science, espn.com, accessed June 6, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Businessman Boxer, TIME, June 25, 1951, available online via time.com, accessed June 6, 2007.
  7. ^ Robinson and Anderon. pg. 40
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Sugar Ray Robinson, boxrec.com, accessed June 4, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c Nichols, Joseph C.Harlem Fighter Still Unbeaten, The New York Times, November 1, 1941, accessed June 6, 2007.
  10. ^ a b Dawson, James P. Robinson Knocks Out Zivic in Tenth Round to Score 27th Victory in Row, The New York Times, January 17, 1942, accessed June 6, 2007.
  11. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. Robinson Takes Unanimous Decision Over La Motta in Garden 10-Round Bout,The New York Times, October 3, 1942, accessed June 6, 2007.
  12. ^ a b c Associated Press. Robinson's Streak Ended by LaMotta, The New York Times, February 6, 1943, accessed June 6, 2007.
  13. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pg. 110
  14. ^ Robinson also discusses this at length in: Robinson and Anderson. Chapter nine
  15. ^ Ray Robinson, fbi.gov, accessed June 6, 2007.
  16. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pg. 130
  17. ^ Sugar: Too sweet for Raging Bull, bbc.co.uk, July 13, 2001, accessed June 6, 2007.
  18. ^ a b c d e Sugar Ray Robinson, Contemporary Black Biography, The Gale Group, 2006 ISBN 0787679275, available online via Answers.com, accessed June 6, 2007.
  19. ^ a b Anderson, Dave. Sports of the Times; The Original Sugar Ray 'Never Lost', The New York Times, April 13, 1989, accessed June 6, 2007.
  20. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pg. 165
  21. ^ Jake LaMotta, boxrec.com, accessed June 6, 2007.
    * LaMotta had lost by knockout to Billy Fox earlier in his career. However, that fight was later ruled to have been fixed and LaMotta was sanctioned for letting Fox win.
  22. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pgs. 187–88
  23. ^ Dethroned in London, The New York Times, July 15, 1951, accessed June 6, 2007.
  24. ^ Sugar Ray Gives Mme. Auriol Kiss; Boxer as Cancer Fund 'Envoy,' Busses French Chief's Wife Twice on Each Cheek, The New York Times, May 17, 1951, accessed June 6, 2007.
  25. ^ Sugar's Lumps, TIME, July 23, 1951, available online at time.com, accessed June 6, 2007.
  26. ^ Daley, Arthur. Sports of The Times; For the Championship, The New York Times, September 12, 1951, accessed June 6, 2007.
  27. ^ Harlem Hails Robinson; More Than 10,000 Cheer Verdict, Sing and Dance in Street, The New York Times, September 13, 1951, accessed June 6, 2007.
  28. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pg. 227
  29. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pg. 266
  30. ^ Nichols, Joseph C. Utah 160-Pounder to Defend Crown, The New York Times, May 1, 1957, accessed June 6, 2007.
  31. ^ a b c d e Nichols, Joseph C. Robinson Knocks Out Fullmer in Fifth Round to Regain Middleweight Crown, The New York Times, May 2, 1957 accessed June 6], 2007.
  32. ^ Fitzgerald and Hudson. pg. 40
    *Gene Fullmer, ibhof.com, accessed June 6, 2007.
  33. ^ Basilio Takes Title By Beating Robinson, The New York Times, September 24, 1957, accessed June 6, 2007.
  34. ^ a b Nichols, Joseph C. Robinson Outpoints Basilio and Wins World Middleweight Title Fifth Time.The New York Times, March 26, 1958, accessed June 6, 2007.
  35. ^ a b nichols, Joseph C. 5-1 Choice Loses A Split Decision, The New York Times, January 23, 1960, accessed June 6, 2007.
  36. ^ Conkilin, William R. Robinson Beats Moyer in Ten-Rounder Here, The New York Times, October 22, 1961, accessed June 6, 2007.
  37. ^ Teague, Robert L. Denny Moyer Defeats Robinson, The New York Times, February 18, 1962, accessed June 6, 2007.
  38. ^ a b Left Hook Floors Sugar Ray in 4th, The New York Times, June 25, 1963, accessed June 6, 2007.
  39. ^ a b Associated Press. Robinson Beaten in Archer Fight, The New York Times, November 11, 1965, accessed June 6, 2007.
  40. ^ Associated Press. Robinson Declares Bout With Archer Was His Last Fight, The New York Times, November 12, 1965, accessed June 6, 2007.
  41. ^ Goldman, Albert. Sugar Ray: Is He a Black Gable?, The New York Times, October 8, 1968, accessed June 6, 2007.
    * Sammons. pg. xii
    *The Man Who Comes Back, TIME, April 7, 1958, available via time.com accessed June 6, 2007.
  42. ^ Fitzgerald and Hudson. pgs. 205–06
  43. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pg. 4
  44. ^ Wiley. pg. 223
  45. ^ a b Pace, Frank. Keeping Pace with Sugar Ray Robinson, LA Sports Magazine, August 1976, available online via hofmag.com, accessed June 5, 2007.
  46. ^ a b Edna Mae Robinson, ex-wife of boxing champ Sugar Ray Robinson, dies, JET, May 27, 2002, available online via findarticles.com, accessed June 6, 2007.
  47. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pgs. 90–1
  48. ^ Ray Robinson's' Sister Dies, The New York Times, April 21, 1959, accessed June 6, 2007.
  49. ^ a b Wiley. pg. 221
  50. ^ Robinson and Anderson. pg. 75
  51. ^ a b c Sugar Ray Robinson quotes, cgmworldwide.com, accessed June 6, 2007.
  52. ^ a b Sugar Ray Bio, cgmworldwide.com, accessed June 4, 2007.
    *Review Joe and Teddy Pick Their Top Fighters, espn.com, accessed June 4, 2007.
    * Smith, Michael David. ESPN Greatest Boxers List: Sugar Ray Robinson No. 1, aolsports.com, May 13, 2007, accessed June 6, 2007.
    * Wiley. pg. 226
    *Anderson, Dave. Sugar Ray Robinson, Boxing's 'Best,' Is Dead, The New York Times, April 13, 1989, accessed June 6, 2007.
    * Trickett, Alex, and Dirs, Ben. Who is the greatest of them all?, bbc.co.uk, June 13, 2005, accessed June 6, 2007.
  53. ^ Kehoe, Patrick. Ray Robinson: The champions’ champion. secondsout.com, accessed June 4, 2007.
  54. ^ Associated Press. Sugar Ray named century's best, espn.com, December 8, 1999, accessed June 6, 2007.
  55. ^ 50 Greatest Boxers of All Time, espn.com, accessed June 4, 2007.
  56. ^ Ring Magazine's 100 Greatest Punchers, The Ring, (2003), available online at about.com, accessed June 6, 2007.
  57. ^ Robinson talks in length about his decision to travel with such a large group of people in: Robinson and Anderson. Chapter 13—When he travelled to Paris, a steward referred to his companions as his "entourage" though Robinson states he did not like the literal definition (attendants) as he felt they were his friends, he liked the word and began to use it in regular conservation when referring to them. ibid. pg. 169
  58. ^ Daley, Robert. Sugar Ray Is Still Young in Paris; Age Hasn't Dimmed Robinson's Skills in Frenchmen's Eyes, The New York Times, May 13, 1962, accessed June 6, 2007.
  59. ^ The 2006 Commemorative Stamp Program, usps.com, November 30, 2005, accessed June 6, 2007.

Sources

Preceded by World Welterweight Champion
20 Dec 1946– 14 Feb 1951
Vacated 		Succeeded by
Johnny Bratton
Recognized by NBA
Preceded by World Middleweight Champion
14 Feb 1951– 10 Jul 1951 		Succeeded by
Preceded by World Middleweight Champion
12 Sep 1951– Dec 1952
Retired 		Succeeded by
Preceded by World Middleweight Champion
9 Dec 1955– 2 Jan 1957 		Succeeded by
Preceded by World Middleweight Champion
1 May 1957– 23 Sep 1957 		Succeeded by
Preceded by World Middleweight Champion
25 Mar 1958– 22 Jan 1960
Only recognized by New York and Massachusetts at time of title loss 		Succeeded by

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