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J. K. Rowling
Born31 July 1965 (age 41)
England Yate, South Gloucestershire, England
OccupationNovelist
Website
http://www.jkrowling.com

Joanne "Jo" Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965[1]) is an English fiction writer who writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling.[2] Rowling is the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series, which has gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 325 million copies worldwide.[3] In February 2004, Forbes magazine estimated her fortune at £576 million (just over US$1 billion and still is at the same spot in 2007), making her the first person to become a US-dollar billionaire by writing books.[4] In 2006, Forbes named her the second richest female entertainer in the world, behind talk show host Oprah Winfrey.[5] Forbes also ranked Rowling as #48 on the 100 most powerful celebrities list of 2007.[6]

Name

Rowling's surname is pronounced "rolling" (/rəʊ.lɪŋ/).[7] Her full name is "Joanne Rowling", not, as is often assumed, "Joanne Kathleen Rowling". Before publishing her first volume, Bloomsbury feared that the target audience of young boys might be reluctant to buy books written by a female author. They requested that Rowling use two initials, rather than reveal her first name. As she had no middle name, she chose K., from her grandmother's name Kathleen, as the second initial of her pseudonym. The name Kathleen has never been part of her legal name.[8] She calls herself "Jo" and claims, "No one ever called me 'Joanne' when I was young, unless they were angry."[9]

Early life

Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling and Anne Volant on 31 July 1965 at Yate, Gloucestershire, England, 10 miles (16.1 km) northeast of Bristol.[1][10][11] Her sister Dianne (Di) was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old.[10] The family moved to the nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four where she attended St Michael's Primary School,[12] later moving to Tutshill, near Chepstow, South Wales at the age of nine.[10] As a child, Rowling enjoyed writing stories about fantasies, which she often read to her sister. She attended secondary school at Wyedean School and College. Rowling was good with languages, but did not excel at sports and mathematics.

After studying French and Classics at the University of Exeter, with a year of study in Paris, Rowling moved to London to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International. During this period, while she was on a four-hour delayed-train trip between Manchester and London, she developed the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry.[10] When she had reached her Clapham Junction flat, she began writing immediately.[10][13]

On December 30, 1990, Rowling’s mother succumbed to a 10-year battle with the disease multiple sclerosis.[10] Rowling commented, “I was writing Harry Potter at the moment my mother died. I had never told her about Harry Potter.”[14]

Rowling then moved to Porto, Portugal to teach English as a foreign language.[15] While there, she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes on 16 October 1992.[16] They had one child, Jessica, who was named after Rowling’s heroine, Jessica Mitford. They divorced in 1993 after a fight in which Jorge threw her out of the house.[10][16][17]

In December 1994, Rowling and her daughter moved to be near Rowling’s sister in Edinburgh, Scotland.[10] Unemployed and living on state benefits, she completed her first novel. She did her work in numerous different cafés (e.g. Nicolson's Cafe and Elephant House Café), whenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.[10][18] There was a rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, but in a 2001 BBC interview Rowling remarked, “I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat in Edinburgh in midwinter. It had heating.”[18]

Harry Potter

Main article: Harry Potter

Politics and moral significance of Harry Potter

J.K. Rowling says she is "left wing" and that there are a certain amount of politics in Harry Potter.[19]

Rowling said that to her, the moral significance of the tales seems obvious. The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy, "because that, that is how tyranny is started, with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble."[20]

Harry Potter books

In 1995, Rowling completed her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone on an old manual typewriter.[21] Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evans, a reader who had been asked to review the book’s first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agents agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was handed to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected it.[22] A year later she was finally given the green light (and a £1500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from the small publisher Bloomsbury.[23][22] The decision to take Rowling on was apparently largely due to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of the company’s chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father, and immediately demanded the next.[24] Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children’s books.[25] Soon after, Rowling received an £8000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing.[21][26]

The following spring, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc., who paid Rowling more than $100,000. Rowling has said she “nearly died” when she heard the news.[27] In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher’s Stone with an initial print run of only one-thousand copies, five-hundred of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are each valued at between £16,000 and £25,000.[28]

Five months later, the book won its first award, a Nestlé Smarties Book Prize. In February, the novel won the prestigious British Book Award for Children’s Book of the Year, and, later the Children’s Book Award. In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher’s Stone in the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone: a change Rowling claims she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time.[21][8]

In December 1999, the third Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running.[21] She later withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the inaugural Whitbread Children’s Book of the Year award, though it narrowly lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaney’s translation of Beowulf.[29]

To date, six of the seven volumes of the Harry Potter series, one for each of Harry’s school years, have already been published and all have broken sales records. The last three volumes in the series have been the fastest-selling books in history, grossing more in their opening 24 hours than blockbuster films.[21][30][31]

Rowling has completed the seventh and final book of the series. Its title was revealed on 21 December 2006 to be Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[32] On 1 February 2007 Rowling announced on her website that its release date was to be 21 July 2007.[33] Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh that she had completed the seventh book in that room on 11 January 2007; this was confirmed to be authentic by Rowling's and the hotel's representatives.[34] In February 2007, Neil Bayer, a lawyer with Rowling's literary agency, announced that Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows will not be released as an e-book. Rowling has not allowed the first six Potter stories to be released as e-books and has no plans to change that for the seventh and final work.[35]

In June 2006, the British public named Rowling “the greatest living British writer” in a poll by The Book Magazine. Rowling topped the poll, receiving nearly three times as many votes as the second-place author, fantasy writer Terry Pratchett.[36]

Rowling has been praised for the effect of her books and efforts to promote reading and literacy. Charlie Griffiths, director of the National Literacy Association, said "Anyone who can persuade children to read should be treasured and what she’s given us in Harry Potter is little short of miraculous."[37] British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, a long time fan, said, "I think JK Rowling has done more for literacy around the world than any single human being."[38][39]

Controversy

Main article: Controversy over Harry Potter

Rowling's books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings, largely stemming either from claims by religious groups that the magic in the books promotes witchcraft among children, or from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements. The books have often topped the American Library Association's list of challenged books in US schools. In an interview in Donny & Marie Show in 1999, Rowling said that "You have a perfect right, of course, as every parent does, and I'm a parent, to decide what your child is exposed to. You do not have the right to decide what everyone else's children are exposed to. So that's how I feel about it."[40]

The legal issues have in the main stemmed from attempts by Rowling, her publishers or Warner Bros. to curtail copyright infringements by other authors or booksellers.

Harry Potter films

In October, 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum.[21] A film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on 16 November 2001 and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 15 November 2002.[21] Both were directed by Chris Columbus.[41][42] The 4 June 2004 film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was directed by Alfonso Cuarón.[43][21] The fourth film, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was directed by yet another new director, Mike Newell. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, is in post-production and is scheduled to be released on 11 July 2007. David Yates is the film's director, and Michael Goldenberg is its screenwriter, having taken over the position from Steven Kloves. Half-Blood Prince is in pre-production, and is scheduled for release on 21 November 2008.[44] David Yates will once again direct the film, and it has been confirmed that Kloves will return to screenwrite it.[45][46] Nothing has been announced regarding the film version of the final book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.

In contrast to the treatment of most authors by Hollywood studios, Warner Bros. took considerable notice of Rowling's desires and thoughts in their attempt to bring her books to the screen. One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all-British cast, which has so far been adhered to strictly.[47] In an unprecedented move, Rowling also demanded that Coca-Cola, the victor in the race to tie-in their products to the film series, donate $18 million to the American charity Reading is Fundamental, as well as a number of community charity programs.[48]

The first four films were scripted by Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series. She says she has told him more about the later books than anybody else, but not everything.[49] She has also said that she has told Alan Rickman (Snape) and Robbie Coltrane (Hagrid) certain secrets about their characters that have not yet been revealed.[50] Steven Spielberg was approached to direct the first film, but dropped out. The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure, but Rowling stated on her website that she has no say in who directs the films.[51] Rowling's first choice for the director of the first Harry Potter[] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help) film had been Monty Python alumnus Terry Gilliam, being a fan of Gilliam's work. Warner Bros. studios wanted a more family friendly film, however, and eventually they settled for Chris Columbus.[52]

After Harry Potter

Rowling has stated that she plans to continue writing after the publication of the final Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. She declared in a recent interview that she will most likely not use a new pen name as the press would quickly discover her true identity.[53]

In 2006, Rowling revealed that she had completed a few short stories and another children's book (a "political fairy story") about a monster, aimed at a younger audience than Harry Potter readers.[54]

She is not planning to write an eighth Harry Potter book, but has suggested she might publish an "encyclopedia" of the Harry Potter world consisting of all her unpublished material and notes. Any profits from such a book would be given to charity.[55]

Current life and family

In 2001, Rowling purchased a luxurious 19th century estate house, Killiechassie House, on the banks of the River Tay, near Aberfeldy, in Perth and Kinross, Scotland.[56] Rowling also owns a home in Merchiston, Edinburgh, and a Georgian house in London, on a street where, according to The Guardian, the average price of a house is £4.27 million ($8 million), including an underground swimming pool and 24-hour security.[57]

On 26 December 2001, Rowling married Neil Murray, an anaesthetist, in a private ceremony at her home in Aberfeldy.[56] Their son David Gordon Rowling Murray was born on 24 March 2003.[58] Shortly after Rowling began writing Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, she took a break from working on the novel to care for him in his early infancy.[59] Rowling's youngest child, Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was born in January of 2005.[60]

Contributions to charities

J.K. Rowling contributes substantially to charities that combat poverty and social inequality. She also gives to organizations that aid children, one parent families, and multiple sclerosis research.

According to The Guardian, Rowling is a friend of Prime Minister Gordon Brown and his wife, Sarah, with which she collaborated on a book of children's stories to aid the charity One Parent Families.[61]. Rowling, along with Nelson Mandela, Al Gore, and Alan Greenspan, wrote an introduction to a collection of Gordon Brown's speeches, of which the proceeds are being donated to the Jennifer Brown Research Laboratory.[62]

Comic Relief

In 2001, the UK fundraiser Comic Relief asked three bestselling British authors, (Rowling, cookery writer and TV presenter Delia Smith, and Bridget Jones creator Helen Fielding), to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication. For every pound raised, a pound would go towards combatting poverty and social inequality across the globe. Rowling's two booklets, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the Hogwarts library, and are written under the names of their fictional authors, Newt Scamander and Kennilworthy Whisp.[63] Since going on sale in March, 2001, the books have raised £15.7 million (US$30 million) for the fund. The £10.8 million (US$20 million) raised outside the UK has been channelled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis.[64] She has also personally given £22 million to Comic Relief.[65]

Multiple Sclerosis Society Scotland

Rowling has contributed money and support for research and treatment of multiple sclerosis, from which her mother died in 1990. This death heavily affected her writing, according to Rowling.[66][67][68] In 2006, Rowling contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at Edinburgh University. For reasons unknown, Scotland, Rowling's country of adoption, has the highest rate of MS in the world.[69]

Children's High Level Group

In January 2006, Rowling went to Bucharest to raise funds for the Children's High Level Group, an organization devoted to enforcing the human rights of mentally ill children in Eastern Europe, particularly the continued use of caged beds in mental institutions.[70] According to a press release by Amnesty International, Rowling is cited as having written a letter to the Czech government in support of the ban of cage bed in mental institutions in that country. This decision to ban these cage beds was made days after the authorities received her letter.[71]

Other donations

On 1 August and 2 August 2006 she read alongside Stephen King and John Irving at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. Profits from the event were donated to the Haven Foundation, a charity that aids artists and performers left uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical NGO Médecins Sans Frontières.[72] In May 2007, Rowling gave US$495,000 to a reward fund of over $4.5 million for the safe return of a young British girl, Madeleine McCann, who was kidnapped in Portugal.[73][74]

Honours

In June 2000, Queen Elizabeth II honoured Rowling by making her an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.[21]

In April 2006, the asteroid (43844) Rowling was named in her honour.[75] The name was submitted to the International Astronomical Union by astronomer Dr. Mark Hammergren, who has been a fan of the Harry Potter series since 2004.[76][77]

In May 2006, the newly-discovered Pachycephalosaurid dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia, currently at the Children's Museum in Indianapolis, was named in honour of her world.[78]

In July 2006 Rowling received a Doctor of Laws (LLD) honorary degree from University of Aberdeen for her "significant contribution to many charitable causes" and "her many contributions to society".[79]

Bibliography

See also

  • Mary GrandPré illustrator of the US editions of the Harry Potter series.

References

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  5. ^ OPRAH IS RICHEST FEMALE ENTERTAINER. Accessed 20 January 2007.
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  39. ^ Land, Jon (May 28, 2007). "Harry Potter tops Godron Brown's summer reading list". 24dash.com. Retrieved 2007-06-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ Osmond, Danny (November 1999). "Interview of J.K. Rowling". Donny and Marie Show (ABC). Retrieved 2007-06-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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  42. ^ Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets at IMDb
  43. ^ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at IMDb
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  46. ^ Spelling, Ian (2007-05-03). "Yates Confirmed For Potter VI". Sci Fi Wire. Retrieved 2007-05-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  57. ^ Collinson, Patrick. "Rub shoulders with Brucie for £4.3m, or Tony for £7,250". Guardian Unlimited, 26 April 2005. Accessed 21 March 2006.
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  61. ^ Guardian Unlimited, Gordon's Women
  62. ^ BBC News, Brown publishes greatest speeches
  63. ^ The Harry Potter Lexicon, Quidditch through the Ages. Accessed 19 March, 2006.
  64. ^ Comic Relief books. Accessed 12 June 2006.
  65. ^ Boshoff, Alison. "What does JK Rowling do with her money?". Daily Mail. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  66. ^ J.K. Rowling's Official Site. "MS Society Scotland". Accessed 22 March 2006.
  67. ^ Greig, Geordie. "There would be so much to tell her...". Tatler Magazine, 10 January 2006. Accessed 22 March 2006.
  68. ^ In fact, on Richard and Judy, June 26,2006, she said that she introduced much more detail about Harry's loss in the first book, because she knew about how it felt. Transcript, Accessed 4 July 2006.
  69. ^ MS Society, Scotland JK Rowling funds new MS centre. Edinburgh Research and Innovation, University of Edinburgh, 21 April 2006. Accessed 10 June 2006.
  70. ^ J.K. Rowling's Official Site.
  71. ^ "Harry Potter joins the fight to end Czech "cage bed" use". Amnesty International. July 16 2004. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  72. ^ Yahoo Finance. Carrie, Harry and Garp. May 10 2006  Accessed 4 July 2006.
  73. ^ "Potter Author Adds to U.K. Reward Fund". Fox News. 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-05-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  74. ^ "Madeleine father sure she is safe". BBC News. 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-05-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  75. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". NASA JPL. Retrieved 2006-04-28.
  76. ^ "Harry Potter creator JK Rowling has an asteroid named after here". Retrieved 2007-06-21.
  77. ^ "Asteroid named after JKR". Retrieved 2007-06-21.
  78. ^ Jack Malvern. "Dinosaur is dead ringer for Potter dragon". The Times. Retrieved 2006-06-08.
  79. ^ "'Harry Potter' author JK Rowling receives Honorary Degree". 2006-07-06. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
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