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Dartmouth College

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Dartmouth College
File:Dartmouth Shield.png
MottoVox clamantis in deserto
(The voice of one crying in the wilderness.)
TypePrivate
EstablishedDecember 13, 1769
EndowmentUS $3.76 billion[1]
PresidentJames Edward Wright
Academic staff
647[2]
Undergraduates4,085[2]
Postgraduates1,668[2]
Location
United States Hanover
,
NH
,
USA
CampusRural town, 269 acres (1.1 km²)
NicknameThe Big Green
MascotIndian,[3] Keggy the Keg,[4] Dartmouth Moose,[5] (all unofficial)
Websitewww.dartmouth.edu

Dartmouth College is a private, coeducational university located in Hanover, New Hampshire in the United States. It is a member of the Ivy League and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution.[6]

Founded in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock with funds partially raised by the efforts of Native American preacher Samson Occom, it is the ninth-oldest college in the United States and the seventh-wealthiest in terms of funds per student.[7][6] In addition to its liberal arts undergraduate program, Dartmouth has medical, engineering, and business schools, as well as 21 graduate programs in the arts and sciences. With a total enrollment of 5,753,[2] Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League. It is incorporated as "Trustees of Dartmouth College."[8]

In 2005, Booz Allen Hamilton selected Dartmouth College as one of the "World's Ten Most Enduring Institutions," recognizing its ability to overcome crises that threatened its survival (most famously Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward).[9] Dartmouth alumni are famously involved in their college, from Daniel Webster to the many donors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.[10]

History

Baker Memorial Library at Dartmouth College

Dartmouth was the final colonial college given a royal charter when King George III granted its charter in 1769, mostly as a result of the efforts of Eleazar Wheelock, a Puritan minister, and his patron, Royal Governor John Wentworth. (Queen's College, now Rutgers University, was granted a charter slightly earlier, but did not begin operation until after Dartmouth.)

Dartmouth's original purpose was to provide for the Christianization, instruction, and education of "Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land...and also of English Youth and any others."[7] Ministers Nathaniel Whittaker and Samson Occom (an early Native American clergyman) raised funds for the college in England through an English trust. Among the benefactors of the trust were prominent English statesmen, including King George III's future Secretary of State for the Colonies in North America, William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, for whom Dartmouth College is named. The fundraising was meant to support Wheelock's ongoing Connecticut institution of 1754, Moor's Indian Charity School,[11] but Wheelock instead applied most of the funds to the establishment of Dartmouth College. Wheelock established a collegiate department within Moor's Charity School in 1768 that he moved to Hanover with the rest of the school in 1770.[12] The College granted its first degrees in 1771, obtaining a seal to affix on them in 1773. Dejected and betrayed, Samson Occom went on to form his own community of New England Indians called Brothertown Indians in Oneida country in upstate New York.[7]

File:DanielWebster DartmouthCollegeCase.jpg
Painting by Robert Clayton Burns (1962) depicting Daniel Webster arguing Dartmouth College v. Woodward.

In 1819, Dartmouth College was the subject of the historic Dartmouth College case, in which the State of New Hampshire's 1816 attempt to amend the College's royal charter to make the school a public university was challenged. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the College buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817, though the College continued teaching classes in rented rooms nearby.[7] Daniel Webster, an alumnus of the class of 1801, presented the College's case to the Supreme Court of the United States, which found the amendment of Dartmouth's charter to be an illegal impairment of a contract by the state and reversed New Hampshire's takeover of the College. Webster concluded his peroration with the famous and frequently quoted words:

"It is, Sir, as I have said, a small college. And yet there are those who love it."[7]
Lithograph of the President's House, Thornton Hall, Dartmouth Hall, and Wentworth Hall, circa 1834. The lithograph depicts the reverse of the actual scene.

Dartmouth emerged onto the national academic stage at the turn of the twentieth century. Prior to this period, the College was "little more than a finishing school" – a relatively unknown and poorly-funded institution.[13] The ascension of William Jewett Tucker to the presidency in 1893 saw a complete revitalization of the school. Antiquated facilities were replaced with over twenty new structures, and the student body and faculty both expanded threefold. Tucker was said to have "refounded Dartmouth" and was the first to bring it into national prestige.[14] Presidents Ernest Fox Nichols (1909-16) and Ernest Martin Hopkins (1916-45) continued Tucker's trend of modernization, further improving campus facilities and introducing selective admissions in the 1920s.[13] John Sloan Dickey, serving as president from 1945 until 1970, strongly emphasized the liberal arts and particularly public policy and international relations.[13][15]

Dartmouth was a men's college until 1972, when women were first admitted as full-time students and undergraduate degree candidates amid much controversy.[16] At about the same time, the College adopted its unique "Dartmouth Plan" of academic scheduling.

During the 1990s, the College has seen a major academic overhaul under President James O. Freedman[17] and a controversial 1999 initiative to abolish single-sex Greek houses.[13] Since 2004, Dartmouth's governance structure and membership in the Board of Trustees has been the subject of significant controversy.[18]

Academics

Until it burned in 1904, Dartmouth Hall (first built in 1784) was the oldest building on Dartmouth's campus. (It was rebuilt the following year, shown here.)[19]

Dartmouth is a liberal arts institution, offering only a four-year Bachelor of Arts degree to undergraduate students.[20][6] There are 39 academic departments offering 56 standard major programs, although students are free to design special majors or engage in dual majors.[21] In 2007, the most popular majors were economics, government, psychological and brain sciences, history, and English.[6]

In order to graduate, a student must complete thirty-five total courses, eight to ten of which are typically part of a chosen major program.[22] Other requirements for graduation include the completion of ten "distributive requirements" in a variety of academic fields, proficiency in a foreign language, and a writing class or first-year seminar in writing.[22] Many departments offer honors programs requiring students seeking that distinction to engage in "independent, sustained work," culminating in the production of a thesis.[22] In addition to the courses offered in Hanover, Dartmouth offers 57 different off-campus programs, including Foreign Study Programs, Language Study Abroad programs, and Exchange Programs.[23][24]

Dartmouth also grants degrees in nineteen Arts & Sciences graduate programs.[6] Further, Dartmouth is home to three graduate schools: the Dartmouth Medical School (established 1797), Thayer School of Engineering (1867)—which also serves as the undergraduate department of engineering sciences—and Tuck School of Business (1900). With these graduate programs, conventional American usage would accord Dartmouth the label of "Dartmouth University";[6] however, because of historical and nostalgic reasons (such as Dartmouth College v. Woodward), the school uses the name "Dartmouth College" for the entire institution.[7]

Dartmouth employs a total of 597 tenured or tenure-track faculty members, including the highest proportion of female tenured professors among the Ivy League universities.[6] Faculty members have been at the forefront of such major academic developments as the Dartmouth Conferences, the Dartmouth Time Sharing System, Dartmouth BASIC, and Dartmouth ALGOL 30. As of 2005, sponsored project awards to Dartmouth faculty research amounted to $169 million.[25]

Further information: [[:List of Dartmouth College faculty]]

The Dartmouth Plan

Dartmouth functions on a quarter system, operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms. The Dartmouth Plan (or simply "D-Plan") is an academic scheduling system that permits the customization of each student's academic year. All undergraduates are required to be in residence for the fall, winter, and spring terms of their freshman and senior years, as well as the summer term of their sophomore year.[26] During all other terms, students are permitted to choose between studying on-campus, studying on an off-campus program, or taking a term off for vacation, outside internships, or research projects.[26] The typical course load is three classes per term, and students will generally enroll in classes for twelve total terms over the course of their academic career.[27]

The D-Plan was instituted in the early 1970s at the same time that Dartmouth began accepting female undergraduates. It was initially devised as a plan to allow the increase in the enrollment without enlarging campus accommodations, described by some commentators as "a way to put 4,000 students into 3,000 beds."[13] Although new dormitories have been built since, the number of students has also increased and the D-Plan remains in effect.

Admissions

McNutt Hall, the location of the Department of Admissions & Financial Aid

Dartmouth describes itself as "highly selective,"[28] ranked as the fifteenth "toughest to get into" school by The Princeton Review and classified as "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report.[29][30] For the class of 2011, 14,176 students applied for a little over 1,000 places in the class, and only 15.3% of applicants were admitted.[6] Median SAT scores lie within the low 700s for each subject, and 90% of the members of the Class of 2010 graduated in the top ten percent of their high school class.[31] Thirty percent of the members of the Class of 2011 graduated as valedictorian and 10% as salutatorian.[32]

In 2007, Dartmouth was ranked eleventh among undergraduate programs at national universities by U.S. News and World Report.[32] However, since Dartmouth is ranked in a category for national research universities, some have questioned the fairness of the ranking given the College's emphasis on undergraduate education.[33][34] The 2006 Carnegie Foundation classification[35] listed Dartmouth as the only majority-undergraduate, arts-and-sciences focused institution in the country that also had some graduate coexistence and very high research activity.[36]

Board of Trustees

Main article: Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College

Dartmouth is governed by a Board of Trustees which includes the College president and the state governor (both ex officio), eight trustees appointed by the board itself (Charter Trustees), and eight elected trustees (Alumni Trustees).[37] The Alumni Trustees are nominated for board appointment by members of the Association of Alumni of Dartmouth College, a body created in 1854 that represents Dartmouth's 60,000 living alumni. Alumni Trustee candidates are nominated by the Alumni Council or by alumni petition, and are elected by a vote of living alumni. In September 2007, it was announced that the Board's size will be expanded from 18 to 26 by adding eight Charter Trustee seats.[38]

Campus and landholdings

Dartmouth College is situated in the rural town of Hanover, New Hampshire, located in the Upper Valley along the Connecticut River in New England. Its 269-acre (11 km²) campus in Hanover is centered around a five-acre "Green",[39] a former field of pine trees cleared by the College in 1771.[40] Dartmouth is the largest private landowner of both the town of Hanover[41] and the state of New Hampshire,[42] the latter due to such holdings as the Second College Grant and the Dartmouth Skiway.

Dartmouth's campus buildings vary in age from Dartmouth Hall (originally constructed in 1784[43]) to new dormitories and mathematics facilities completed in 2006.[44][45] Most of Dartmouth's buildings are designed in the Georgian American colonial style,[46][47][48] a theme which has been intentionally preserved in recent architectural additions.[49]

Academic facilities

Creative and performing arts

The Hopkins Center

The Hopkins Center for the Arts ("the Hop"), opened in 1962, houses the College's drama, music, film, and studio arts departments, as well as a woodshop, pottery studio, and jewelry studio which are open for use by students and faculty.[50] The building was designed by the famed architect Wallace Harrison and bears resemblance to an earlier work of his, the front façade of Manhattan's Lincoln Center.[51] Its facilities include two theaters and one 900-seat auditorium.[50] The Hop is also the location of all student mailboxes ("Hinman boxes")[52] and the Courtyard Café dining facility.[53]

The Hop is connected to the Hood Museum of Art, arguably North America's oldest museum in continuous operation,[54] and the Loew Auditorium, where films are screened.[55]

Graduate schools

The Dartmouth Medical School is located in a complex on the north side of campus[56] and includes laboratories, classrooms, offices, and a biomedical library.[57] The Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, located several miles to the south in Lebanon, New Hampshire, contains a 396-bed teaching hospital for the Medical School.[58]

The Thayer School of Engineering and the Tuck School of Business are both located at the end of Tuck Mall, west of the center of campus and near the Connecticut River.[57] The Thayer School presently comprises two buildings with a third currently under construction;[57] Tuck has six academic and administrative buildings.[59] The two graduate schools share a library, the Feldberg Business & Engineering Library.[59]

Libraries

The Dartmouth College Library comprises nine libraries and 2.48 million volumes, in addition to digital resources, videos, maps, sound recordings, and photographs.[6] Its specialized libraries include the Biomedical Libraries, Evans Map Room, Feldberg Business & Engineering Library, Jones Media Center, Kresge Physical Sciences Library, Paddock Music Library, Rauner Special Collections Library, and Sherman Art Library.

Baker-Berry Library is the main library at Dartmouth, composed of Baker Memorial Library (opened 1928) and Berry Library (opened 2000[60]). Located on the northern side of the Green, Baker's 200-foot tower[61] is an iconic symbol the College.[62][63]

Athletic facilities

Alumni Gymnasium
Memorial Field

Dartmouth's original sports field was the Green, where students played cricket and Old Division Football during the 1800s.[40] Today, Dartmouth maintains more than a dozen athletic facilities and fields[64] and has spent more than $70 million in facility improvements since 2000.[65]

Most of Dartmouth's athletic facilities are located in the southeast corner of campus.[64] The center of athletic life is the Alumni Gymnasium, which includes the Karl Michael Competition Pool and the Spaulding Pool, a fitness center, a weight room, and a 1/13th mile (123-meter) indoor track.[66] Attached to Alumni Gymnasium is the Berry Sports Center, which contains basketball and volleyball courts (Leede Arena), as well as the Kresge Fitness Center.[67] Behind the Alumni Gymnasium is Memorial Field, which consists of a 20,000-seat stadium overlooking Dartmouth's football field and track.[68] The nearby Thompson Arena, designed by Italian engineer Pier Luigi Nervi and constructed in 1975, houses Dartmouth's ice rink.[69]

Dartmouth's other athletic facilities in Hanover include the Friends of Dartmouth Rowing Boathouse, located along the Connecticut River, and the Hanover Country Club, Dartmouth's oldest remaining athletic facility (established in 1899).[70] The College also maintains the Dartmouth Skiway, a 100-acre (0.4 km²) skiing facility located over two mountains near the Hanover campus in Lyme Center, New Hampshire.[71]

Housing facilities

Lord Hall in the Gold Coast Cluster
Main article: Dartmouth College residential communities

As opposed to ungrouped dormitories or residential colleges as employed at such institutions as the University of Chicago and Yale University, Dartmouth has nine residential communities located throughout campus.[72] The dormitories vary in design from modern to traditional Georgian styles, and room arrangements are "rarely...alike," ranging from singles to quads and apartment suites.[72] Since 2006, the College has guaranteed housing for students during their freshman sophomore and sophomore years.[73] 3,300 students elect to live in housing provided by College.[72]

Student areas and dining facilities

Campus meals are served by Dartmouth Dining Services, which operates eleven dining establishments around campus.[74] Four of them are located at the center of campus in Thayer Dining Hall.[75]

The Collis Center is the center of student life and programming, serving as what would be generically termed the "student union" or "campus center."[76] It contains a café, study space, common areas, and a number of administrative departments.[77][78] Robinson Hall, next door to both Collis and Thayer, contains the offices of a number of student organizations including the Dartmouth Outing Club and The Dartmouth daily newspaper.[79]

Second College Grant

Main article: Second College Grant, New Hampshire

In 1798, the state of New Hampshire granted Dartmouth College a tract of land in Clarksville, New Hampshire. Due to financial problems, most of this First College Grant was sold off quickly. In 1807, the state legislature gave the College another grant of nearly 27,000 acres (109 km²) which Dartmouth has retained, known as the Second College Grant.[80]

The population in the Second College Grant is currently zero;[81] Dartmouth reserves its use for logging and recreation. The Dartmouth Outing Club maintains three rental cabins in the Grant, and the Office of Outdoor Programs maintains seven others.[80]

Student life

In 2006, The Princeton Review ranked Dartmouth third in its "Quality of Life" category, and sixth for having the "Happiest Students."[82] Athletics and participation in the Greek system are the most popular campus activities;[83] in all, Dartmouth offers more than 350 clubs, teams, and sports.[84] The school is also home to a variety of longstanding traditions and celebrations.

Student groups

Robinson Hall houses many of the College's student-run organizations, including the Dartmouth Outing Club. The building is a designated stop along the Appalachian Trail.
Main article: Dartmouth College student groups

Dartmouth hosts over 200 student organizations and clubs, covering a wide range of interests.[85] As of 2007, the College hosts eight academic groups, seventeen cultural groups, two honor societies, thirty "issue-oriented" groups, twenty-five performing groups, twelve pre-professional groups, twenty publications, and eleven recreational groups.[86] Notable student groups include The Dartmouth (arguably the nation's oldest university newspaper[87]), the controversial The Dartmouth Review,[88] and the nation's largest and oldest collegiate outdoors club, the Dartmouth Outing Club. In all, Dartmouth offers more than 350 clubs, organizations and teams.[89]

Greek life

Main article: Dartmouth College Greek organizations

Partially due to Dartmouth's rural, isolated location, the Greek system is one of the most popular social outlets for students.[83] Dartmouth is home to twenty-seven recognized Greek houses: fifteen fraternities, nine sororities, and three coeducational organizations.[90] As of 2007, over 60% of eligible students belong to a Greek organization;[91] since 1987, students have not been permitted to join Greek organizations until their sophomore year.[92] Dartmouth College was among the first institutions of higher education to desegregate fraternity houses in the 1950s, and was involved in the movement to create coeducational Greek houses in the 1970s.[93] In the early 2000s, campus-wide debate focused on a Board of Trustees recommendation that Greek organizations become "substantially coeducational";[94] this attempt to the change the Greek system eventually failed.[95] The College has an additional classification of social/residential organizations known as undergraduate societies.[96]

Athletics

Main article: Dartmouth Big Green
A Dartmouth varsity hockey game against Princeton at Thompson Arena

As of 2007, Dartmouth College hosts 34 intercollegiate varsity sports: sixteen for men, sixteen for women, and coeducational sailing and equestrian programs. The College also offers club sports and intramural sports. In addition to the academic requirements for graduation, Dartmouth requires every undergraduate to complete a 50-yard swim and three terms of physical education.[97]

Dartmouth's varsity athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, in the eight-member Ivy League conference; some teams also participate in the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC).[98] Dartmouth athletes compete in 34 varsity sports: in addition to the traditional American team sports (football, basketball, baseball and ice hockey), Dartmouth competes in many others including track and field, sailing, tennis, rowing, soccer, skiing, and lacrosse.[6]

As is mandatory for the members of the Ivy League, Dartmouth College does not offer athletic scholarships.[98][99] Despite this restriction, it is home to many student athletes: three-quarters of Dartmouth undergraduates participate in some form of athletics.[6]

In addition to varsity sports, Dartmouth also offers twenty-six club sports, such as rugby, water polo, figure skating, volleyball, ultimate frisbee and cricket.[100] The figure skating team has performed particularly well in recent years, winning the national championship in each of the past four consecutive seasons.[101]

Technology

Technology plays an important role in student life, as Dartmouth has been ranked as one of the most technologically-advanced colleges in the world (as in Newsweek's 2004 ranking of "Hottest for the Tech-Savvy"[102] and Yahoo!'s 1998 "Wired Colleges" list[103]). BlitzMail, the campus e-mail network, plays a tremendous role in social life, as students tend to use it for communication in lieu of cellular phones or instant messaging programs.[104][105] Student reliance on BlitzMail (known colloquially as "Blitz," which functions as both noun and verb[105]) is reflected by the presence of about 100 public computer terminals intended specifically for BlitzMail use.[105] Since 1991, Dartmouth students have been required to own a personal computer.[106][107]

In 2001, Dartmouth became the first Ivy League institution to offer entirely ubiquitous wireless internet access.[102] With over 1,400 wireless access points, the wireless network is available throughout all College buildings as well as in most public outdoor spaces.[108] Other technologies being pioneered include College-wide Video-on-Demand and VoIP rollouts.[108][109]

Native Americans at Dartmouth

The charter of Dartmouth College, granted to Eleazar Wheelock in 1769, proclaims that the institution was created "for the education and instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land in reading, writing and all parts of Learning ... as well as in all liberal Arts and Sciences; and also of English Youth and any others."[110] The funds for Dartmouth College were raised primarily by the efforts of a Native American named Samson Occom.[111]

Despite this initial mission, the College graduated only nineteen Native Americans during its first two hundred years.[111] In 1970, the College established Native American academic and social programs as part of a "new dedication to increasing Native American enrollment."[111] Since then, Dartmouth has graduated over 500 Native American students from over 120 different tribes, more than the other seven Ivy League universities combined.[111]

Traditions

File:2004 Winter Carnival Sculpture.JPG
Snow sculpture at the 2004 Dartmouth Winter Carnival
Main article: Dartmouth College traditions

Dartmouth is well-known for its fierce school spirit and many traditions.[112] The College functions on a quarter system, and one weekend each term is set aside as a traditional celebratory event, known on campus as "big weekends"[113][114] or "party weekends".[115] In the fall term, Homecoming (officially called Dartmouth Night) is marked by a bonfire on the Green constructed by the freshman class.[116] Winter term is celebrated by Winter Carnival, a tradition started in 1911 by the Dartmouth Outing Club to promote winter sports.[117] In the spring, Green Key is a weekend mostly devoted to campus parties and celebration.[118]

The summer term was formerly marked by Tubestock, an unofficial tradition in which the students used wooden rafts and inner tubes to float on the Connecticut River. Begun in 1986, Tubestock met its demise in 2006 when Hanover town ordinances and a lack of coherent student protest conspired to defeat the popular tradition.[119] The class of 2008, during their summer term on campus in 2006, replaced the defunct Tubestock with Fieldstock. This new celebration includes a barbecue, live music, and the revival of the 1970s and 1980s tradition of racing homemade chariots around the Green. Unlike Tubestock, Fieldstock is funded and supported by the College.[120]

Another longstanding tradition is four-day, student-run Dartmouth Outing Club trips for incoming freshmen, begun in 1935. Each trip concludes at the Moosilauke Ravine Lodge.[121] Last year, 85% of freshman elected to participate.

Insignia and other representations

Motto and song

Dartmouth's motto is "Vox Clamantis in Deserto". The Latin motto is literally translated as "The voice of one crying in the wilderness", but the College administration often translates the phrase as "A voice crying in the wilderness", which, while not technically correct in Latin grammar, attempts to translate the synecdoche of the phrase. The motto, chosen by Eleazar Wheelock, is a reference to the Christian Bible's John the Baptist as well as to the College's location on what was once the frontier of European settlement.[122] Richard Hovey's "Men of Dartmouth" was elected as the best of all the songs of the College in 1896,[116] and today it serves as the school's alma mater, although the lyrics and title have since been changed to be gender-neutral.

Seal

File:Dartseal.gif
Seal of Dartmouth College

Dartmouth's 1769 royal charter required the creation of a seal for use on official documents and diplomas.[110] The College's founder Eleazar Wheelock designed a seal for his college bearing a striking resemblance to the seal of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, a missionary society founded in London in 1701, in order to maintain the illusion that his college was more for mission work than for higher education. Engraved by a Boston silversmith, the seal was ready by Commencement of 1773. The trustees officially accepted the seal on August 25, 1773, describing it as:

An Oval, circumscribed by a Line containing SIGILL: COL: DARTMUTH: NOV: HANT: IN AMERICA 1770. within projecting a Pine Grove on the Right, whence proceed Natives towards an Edifice two Storey on the left; which bears in a Label over the Grove these Words "vox clamantis in deserto" the whole supported by Religion on the Right and Justice on the Left, and bearing in a Triangle irradiate, with the Hebrew Words [El Shaddai], agreeable to the above Impression, be the common Seal under which to pass all Diplomas or Certificates of Degrees, and all other Affairs of Business of and concerning Dartmouth College.[123]

On October 28, 1926, the trustees affirmed the charter's reservation of the seal for official corporate documents alone.[124] The College Publications Committee under Ray Nash commissioned typographer W. A. Dwiggins to create a line drawing version of the seal in 1940 that saw widespread use. Dwiggins' design was modified during 1957 to change the date from "1770" to "1769," to accord with the date of the College Charter. The trustees commissioned a new set of dies with a date of "1769" to replace the old dies, now badly worn after almost two hundred years of use.[124] The 1957 design continues to be used under trademark number 2305032.[125]

Shield

On October 28, 1926, the Trustees approved a "Dartmouth College Shield" for general use. Artist and engraver W. Parke Johnson designed this emblem on the basis of the shield that is depicted at the center of the original seal. This design does not survive. On June 9, 1944 the trustees approved another coat of arms based on the shield part of the seal, this one by Canadian artist and designer Thoreau MacDonald. That design was used widely and, like Dwiggins' seal, had its date changed from "1770" to "1769" around 1958.[124] That version continues to be used under trademark registration number 3112676 and others.[125]

College designer John Scotford made a stylized version of the shield during the 1960s, but it did not see the success of MacDonald's design.[126] The shield appears to have been used as the basis of the shield of the Dartmouth Medical School, and it has been reproduced in sizes as small as a few nanometers across.[127] The design has appeared on Rudolph Ruzicka's Bicentennial Medal (Philadelphia Mint, 1969) and elsewhere.

Nickname, symbol, and mascot

Keggy posing on the Dartmouth College Green with Baker Memorial Library in the background

Dartmouth has never had an official mascot.[128] The nickname "The Big Green," originating in the 1860s, is based on students' adoption of a shade of forest green ("Dartmouth Green") as the school's official color in 1866.[129] Since the 1920s, the Dartmouth College athletic teams have been known by their unofficial nickname "the Indians," a moniker that probably originated among sports journalists.[128] This unofficial mascot and team name was used until the early 1970s, when its use came under criticism. In the 1974, the Trustees declared the "use of the [Indian] symbol in any form to be inconsistent with present institutional and academic objectives of the College in advancing Native American education."[130] Some alumni and students, as well as the conservative student newspaper, The Dartmouth Review, have sought to return the Indian symbol to prominence,[131] but no team has worn the symbol on its uniform in decades.[132]

Various student initiatives have been undertaken to adopt a new mascot, but none has become "official." One proposal devised by the College humor magazine the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern, was Keggy the Keg, an anthropomorphic beer keg who makes occasional appearances at College sporting events. Despite student enthusiasm for Keggy,[133] the mascot has only received approval from the student government.[134] In November 2006, student government attempted to revive the "Dartmoose" as a potential replacement amid renewed controversy surrounding the former Indian mascot.[135]

Alumni

Main article: List of Dartmouth College alumni

Dartmouth's alumni are known for their devotion to the College.[10] In 2001, Dartmouth was ranked second only to Princeton University in the U.S. for alumni donation rates.[136] As of 2007, Dartmouth has graduated 237 classes of students and has over 60,000 living alumni in a variety of fields.[137]

Over 164 Dartmouth graduates have served in the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives,[138] such as Massachusetts statesman Daniel Webster.[138] Cabinet members of American presidents include Attorney General Amos T. Akerman,[139] Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal,[140] Secretary of Labor Robert Reich,[141] current Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson,[142] and current Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao.[143] C. Everett Koop was the Surgeon General of the United States under president Ronald Reagan.[144] Two Dartmouth alumni have served as justices on the Supreme Court of the United States: Salmon P. Chase and Levi Woodbury.[145][146]

In literature and journalism, Dartmouth has produced five Pulitzer Prize winners: Thomas Burton,[147] Richard Eberhart,[148] Robert Frost,[149] Paul Gigot,[150] and Nigel Jaquiss.[151] Other authors and media personalities include political analyst Dinesh D'Souza,[152] radio talk show host Laura Ingraham,[153] commentator Mort Kondracke,[154] and journalist James Panero.[155]

Dartmouth alumni in academia include Stuart Kauffman and Jeffrey Weeks, both recipients of MacArthur Fellowships (commonly called "genius grants").[156][157] Dartmouth has also graduted three Nobel Prize winners: Owen Chamberlain (Physics, 1959),[158] K. Barry Sharpless (Chemistry, 2001),[159] and George Davis Snell (Physiology or Medicine, 2001).[160] Educators include University of Alabama president Robert Witt,[161] founding president of Vassar College Milo Parker Jewett,[162] founder and first president of Bates College Oren B. Cheney,[163] founder and first president of Kenyon College Philander Chase,[164] and former president of Union College Charles Augustus Aiken.[165] Nine of Dartmouth's sixteen presidents were alumni of the College.[166]

Dartmouth alumni serving as CEOs or company presidents include Sandy Alderson (San Diego Padres),[167] C. Michael Armstrong (AT&T),[168] Peter R. Dolan (Bristol-Myers Squibb),[169] John Donahoe (eBay), Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. (IBM),[170] Charles E. Haldeman (Putnam Investments),[171] Donald J. Hall, Sr. (Hallmark Cards),[172] Jeffrey R. Immelt (General Electric),[173] Henry Paulson (Goldman Sachs),[174] Janet L. Robinson (The New York Times Company),[175] Christopher A. Sinclair (Pepsi),[176] and Grant Tinker (NBC).[177]

In entertainment and television, Dartmouth is represented by Rachel Dratch, a cast member of Saturday Night Live,[178] creator of Grey's Anatomy Shonda Rhimes,[179] and the titular character of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, Fred Rogers.[180] Other notable actors include Sarah Wayne Callies (Prison Break),[178] Mindy Kaling (The Office),[181] Emmy Award winner Michael Moriarty,[178] and Andrew Shue of Melrose Place.[182]

A number of Dartmouth alumni have found success in professional sports. In baseball, Dartmouth alumni include All-Star and Gold Glove winner Brad Ausmus[183] and All-Star Mike Remlinger.[184] Professional football players include linebacker Reggie Wiliams,[185][186] three-time Pro Bowler Nick Lowery,[187] quarterback Jeff Kemp,[188] and Tennessee Titans tight end Casey Cramer.[189] Dartmouth has also produced a number of Olympic competitors. Kristin King and Sarah Parsons were members of the United States' 2006 bronze medal-winning ice hockey team.[190][190][191] Cherie Piper, Gillian Apps, and Katie Weatherston were among Canada's ice hockey gold medalists in 2006.[192][193][194] Dick Durrance and Tim Caldwell competed for the United States in skiing in the 1936 and 1976 Winter Olympics, respectively.[195][196] Arthur Shaw,[197] Earl Thomson,[198] Edwin Myers,[197] Marc Wright,[197] Adam Nelson,[199] Gerald Ashworth,[197] and Vilhjálmur Einarsson[197] have all won medals in track and field events.

Dartmouth College has appeared in or been referenced by a number of popular media. The 1978 comedy film National Lampoon's Animal House was cowritten by Chris Miller '63, and is based loosely on a series of fictional stories he wrote about his fraternity days at Dartmouth. In a CNN interview, John Landis said the movie was "based on Chris Miller's real fraternity at Dartmouth," Alpha Delta.[200] Dartmouth's Winter Carnival tradition was the subject of the 1939 film Winter Carnival starring Ann Sheridan.[117]

In addition, Dartmouth has served as the alma mater for a number of fictional characters, including Stephen Colbert's fictional persona,[201] Michael Corleone of The Godfather,[202] Meredith Grey of Grey's Anatomy,[203] and Howie Archibald of Gossip Girl.[204] Two leading characters of the 2007 film Superbad were also slated to attend Dartmouth.[205]

Notes

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  3. ^ Forbes, Allison (2003-04-15). "Mascot debate returns to agenda". The Dartmouth. The Assembly's Student Life Committee initiated discussions about the College's unofficial mascot, the Indian... {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |oldurl= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Butler, Brent (2004-02-16). "'Keggy' makes an awaited return". The Dartmouth. ...Keggy debuted last fall as the Big Green's unofficial mascot... {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |oldurl= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Spradling, Jessica (2003-05-23). [oldhttp://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2003052301010 "Moose tops mascot survey"]. The Dartmouth. Retrieved 2007-01-29. ...the moose has been an unofficial symbol of the College for a long time. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "About Dartmouth: Facts". Dartmouth College. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Childs, Francis Lane (December 1957). "A Dartmouth History Lesson for Freshman". Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  8. ^ "Trustees of Dartmouth College". Dartmouth College. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  9. ^ "Booz Allen Hamilton Lists the World's Most Enduring Institutions". Booz Allen Hamilton. 2004-12-16. Retrieved 2007-01-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b Jaschik, Scott (2007-09-10). "Dartmouth Approves Controversial Board Changes". Inside Higher Education. Retrieved 2007-09-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Hoefnagel, Dick (November 1999). "Eleazar Wheelock's Two Schools". Dartmouth College Library Bulletin. Retrieved 2007-01-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Hoefnagel, Dick (2002). Eleazar Wheelock and the Adventurous Founding of Dartmouth College. Hanover, New Hampshire: Durand Press for Hanover Historical Society. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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  196. ^ "Pamphlet" (PDF). Dartmouth College. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
  197. ^ a b c d e "Men's Track & Field Olympians". Big Green Sports. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  198. ^ "NCAA Champions from Dartmouth College" (PDF). Ivy League Sports. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  199. ^ "Adam Nelson". USA Track & Field, Inc. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  200. ^ "Interview with John Landis". CNN. 2003-08-29. Retrieved 2007-02-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  201. ^ Gordon, Avery. "Stephen's Bio". Colbert Nation. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  202. ^ Peet, Jessica (2005-11-11). "Better than Cornell: Dartmouth in pop culture". The Dartmouth. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |oldurl= ignored (help)
  203. ^ Silberman, Katie (2005-11-07). "'Grey's Anatomy' hit for Rhimes '91". The Dartmouth. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |oldurl= ignored (help)
  204. ^ Patterson, Troy. "Gossip Girl: Imagine Beverly Hills 90120 without any of the guilt". Slate. Retrieved 2007-09-21. {{cite news}}: Text "date 2007-09-17" ignored (help)
  205. ^ Rudderman, Allison (2007-08-21). "'Superbad' gives laughs with heart". The Dartmouth. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

References

  • Glabe, Scott L (2005). Dartmouth College: Off the Record. College Prowler. ISBN 1-59658-038-0.
  • Molly K. Hughes, Susan Berry (2000). Forever Green: The Dartmouth College Campus—An arboretum of Northern Trees. Enfield Books. ISBN 1-893598-01-2.
  • Richardson, Leon B. (1932). History of Dartmouth College. Dartmouth College Publications. OCLC 12157587.
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