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This article describes the Canadian province. For other usages, see Quebec (disambiguation).
Quebec
Map
CountryCanada
ConfederationJuly 1, 1867 (1st)
Government
 • Lieutenant GovernorLise Thibault
 • PremierJean Charest
Federal representationParliament of Canada
House seats75 of 338 (22.2%)
Senate seats24 of 105 (22.9%)
Population
 • Total8,501,833
Canadian postal abbr.
QC
Postal code prefix
G, H, J
Rankings include all provinces and territories

Quebec (pronounced [kwəˈbɛk] or [kəˈbɛk]) (French: Québec, pronounced [kebɛk]) is the largest province in Canada geographically, and the second most populous, after Ontario, with a population of 7,568,640 (Statistics Canada, January 2005). This represents about 24% of the Canadian population. Quebec's primary and only official language is French, making up the bulk of the Francophone population in North America. Quebec is the only Canadian province where English is not an official language (at the provincial level), and it is one of only two Canadian provinces where French is an official language (the other, per the Constitution Act 1982, is New Brunswick. Manitoba enjoys limited official bilingualism, such as in the publication of its laws as provided for in the Manitoba Act of 1870.) The capital is Quebec City (simply referred to as "Québec" in French) and the largest city is Montreal (or Montréal in French).

A resident of Quebec is called a Quebecer (also spelled "Quebecker"), or in French, un(e) Québécois(e).

Geography

Main article: Geography of Quebec

The province, Canada's largest, occupies a vast territory (nearly three times the size of France), most of which is very sparsely populated. More than 90 percent of Quebec's area lies within the Canadian Shield, a large part of which was historically referred to as the Ungava Region. The addition of the vast and scarcely inhabited northern region (which borders James Bay, Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait) by the Parliament of Canada through passage of the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898 and the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912 created the massive Province of Quebec of today. Quebec is located in eastern Canada, bordered by Ontario and Hudson Bay to the west, Atlantic Canada to the east, the United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and New York) to the south and the Arctic Ocean to the north.

The province's three largest hydro-electric projects are built on La Grande Rivière. The extreme north of the province, now called Nunavik, is subarctic or arctic and is home to part of the Inuit nation.

The most populated region is the St. Lawrence River Valley in the south, where the capital, Quebec City, and the largest city, Montreal, are situated. North of Montreal are the Laurentians, a range of ancient mountains, and to the east are the Appalachian Mountains which extends into the Eastern Townships and Gaspésie regions. The Gaspé Peninsula juts into the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the east.

10 Largest Municipalities by population

Municipality 2001 1996
Montreal 1,812,723 1,774,846
Quebec City 507,986 504,605
Longueuil (Part of Greater Montreal) 348,091 373,009
Laval (Part of Greater Montreal) 343,005 330,393
Gatineau 226,696 217,591
Saguenay 148,050 153,476
Sherbrooke 146,689 135,501
Trois-Rivières 122,395 124,417
Lévis 121,999 118,344
Terrebonne 80,531 75,110

History

Main article: History of Quebec

Discovery and exploration

The name Quebec, which comes from an Algonquian word meaning "strait" or "narrowing", originally meant the narrowing of the St. Lawrence River off what is currently Quebec City.

The first European explorer of what is now Quebec was Jacques Cartier, who planted a cross either in the Gaspé in 1534 or at Old Fort Bay on the Lower North Shore and sailed into the St. Lawrence River in 1535.

New France

Quebec City was founded near the site of Stadacona, a village populated by Iroquoians when Jacques Cartier explored Canada. However, the village was no longer there when Samuel de Champlain established the Habitation de Quebec in 1608.

After 1627, King Louis XIII of France introduced the seigneurial system and forbade settlement in New France by anyone other than Roman Catholics, ensuring that welfare and education was kept firmly in the hands of the church. New France became a royal province in 1663 under King Louis XIV of France and the intendant Jean Talon.

Change of colonial powers

Great Britain acquired Canada by the Treaty of Paris (1763) when King Louis XV of France and his advisers chose to keep the territory of Guadeloupe for its valuable sugar crops instead of New France, which was viewed as a vast, frozen wasteland of little importance to the French colonial empire. By the British Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada (part of New France) was renamed the Province of Quebec.

In 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act that helped ensure the survival of the French language and French culture in the region; since it did not hinder Catholicism in Quebec, it was deemed as one of the Intolerable Acts that spurred the American Revolution. The Act allowed Quebec to maintain the French civil law as its judicial system and sanctioned the freedom of religious choice, allowing the Roman Catholic Church to remain.

Quebec retained its seigneurial system and civil law code after France's giving of the territory to England. Owing to an influx of Loyalist refugees from the US Revolutionary War, the Constitutional Act of 1791 saw the colony divided in two at the Ottawa River (a small portion west of the Ottawa/St. Lawrence River confluence, which had the westernmost seigneuries, was retained in Lower Canada); the western part became Upper Canada and changed to the British legal system. The eastern part was named Lower Canada.

The Patriotes Rebellion in Lower Canada

Like their counterparts in Upper Canada, in 1837, English and French speaking residents of Lower Canada, led by Louis-Joseph Papineau and Robert Nelson, formed an armed resistance group to seek an end to British colonial rule. Their actions resulted in the Lower Canada Rebellion. An unprepared British Army had to raise a local militia force and the rebel forces were soon defeated after having scored a victory in Saint-Denis, Quebec, south of Montreal.

Act of Union

After the rebellions, Lord Durham was asked to undertake a study and prepare a report on the matter and to offer a solution for the British Parliament to assess. Following Durham's Report, the British government merged the two colonial provinces into one Province of Canada in 1841. However, the union proved contentious.

Canadian Confederation

In the 1860s, the delegates from the colonies of British North America (Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland) met in a series of conferences in Charlottetown, Quebec City and London to discuss a broader union. As a result of those deliberations, in 1867 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the British North America Act, providing for the Confederation of most of these provinces. The former Province of Canada was again divided into its two previous parts as the provinces of Ontario (Upper Canada) and Quebec (Lower Canada). New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined Ontario and Quebec in the new Dominion of Canada (Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland entered Confederation later, in 1873 and 1949, respectively).

The "Quiet Revolution"

The conservative government of Maurice Duplessis and his Union Nationale dominated Quebec politics from 1944 to 1960 with the support of the Catholic church. Pierre Trudeau and other intellectuals and liberals formed an intellectual opposition to Duplessis' repressive regime setting the groundwork for the Quiet Revolution under Jean Lesage's Liberals. The Quiet Revolution was a period of dramatic social and political change that saw the decline of the Roman Catholic Church's influence, the nationalization of Hydro-Québec and the emergence of a separatist movement under former Lesage minister René Lévesque.

File:Qcuds.jpg
The slogan on the current Quebec license plate, first introduced in 1978 is "Je me souviens" which translated into English means "I remember".

Beginning in 1963, a terrorist group that became known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices and at least two murders by FLQ gunfire and three violent deaths by bombings. Their activities culminated in events referred to as the October Crisis [1] when James Cross, the British trade commissioner to Canada, was kidnapped along with Pierre Laporte, a provincial minister and Vice-Premier, who was murdered a few days later. In their published Manifesto, the terrorists stated: "In the coming year Bourassa (Quebec Premier) will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized."

At the request of premier Robert Bourassa, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act. Once the War Measures Act was in place, arrangements were made for all detainees to see legal counsel. In addition, the Quebec Ombudsman [2], Louis Marceau, was instructed to hear complaints of detainees and the Quebec government agreed to pay damages to any person unjustly arrested. On February 3, 1971, John Turner, the Minister of Justice of Canada, reported that 497 persons had been arrested under the War Measures Act, of whom 435 had been released. The other 62 were charged, of which 32 were crimes of such seriousness that a Quebec Superior Court judge refused them bail. A federal government inquiry later revealed that some Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) agents infiltrated the group to gain evidence of the group's willingness to commit terrorist acts.

In 1977, the Parti Québécois government, lead by René Lévesque, introduced the Charter of the French Language, under title of Bill 101. It was a legislative act directing use of French language in the Province of Quebec.

The Charter of the French Language (S.Q. 1977, c. 5), was adopted as statute by the Quebec National Assembly the same year (1977). The Charter of the French Language is popularly known as ‘Bill 101’, from its designation on the order paper when it was first introduced by the Parti Québécois government.

The move toward the Charter of the French Language was incremental. The first laws governing the use of French in Quebec were passed early in the 20th century. The first was the Lavergne Law, passed in 1910, which required that tickets for buses, trains and trams be printed in both French and English.

In 1937, the government of Premier Maurice Duplessis passed a law requiring the French text of Quebec laws to prevail over the English, reasoning that the French would better reflect the intent of the lawmakers. Anglophones in Quebec resented the law and it was repealed the following year.

In the 1960s concern for the future of the French language began to be expressed in Quebec after the birth rate declined. Immigrants tended to adopt English rather than French and to send their children to English schools, and some demographers predicted that Montreal would again become a mainly English-speaking city, as it briefly had been in the mid-nineteenth century.

In the fall of 1969, Quebec's last Union Nationale government – it was the party of Duplessis – but now lead by Jean-Jacques Bertrand, passed Bill 63. It was an attempt to address a number of issues. One involved a school board in the Montreal suburb of St-Leonard that had decided that all children whose mother tongue was not English would have to go to French schools. That angered many in the community, which had a high concentration of Italian immigrants.

The legislation was also designed to improve access to French classes for immigrants, to help them better integrate into Quebec.

Not only did the bill not implement the linguistic policy that most Quebecers seemed to have wished but, in reality, its substance was to guarantee to all in Quebec the right to choose the language of instruction for their children.

The effect of such a clause was to accelerate the rate of integration of the rapidly increasing population of allophones to the anglophone group and, thus, to potentially threaten the position of dominance of French in Quebec.

The legislation was cited as a major factor in the defeat of the Union Nationale government at the polls in 1970 and in the demise of that party from the political landscape of Quebec.

In 1973, the Gendron Commission recommended measures to encourage the use of French, especially in the economy.

In 1974, the Quebec Liberals under Premier Robert Bourassa passed Bill 22, la Loi sur la langue officielle, which made French the province's official language. Under the legislation, French became the official language of contracts, and corporations were forced to give themselves French names and to advertise primarily in French in Quebec. They also had to acquire a certificate of francization, which could only be obtained when a company showed it could function in French and address its employees in French.

The legislation also restricted enrolment in English schools for the first time. Children had to show they had an understanding of English before they could be admitted to an English school.

The legislation came under attack from both sides of the language divide. The English community resented having to put their kids through tests to get into an English school. Critics on the French side said the legislation didn't do enough to protect the language.

Anglophone rejection of the bill was especially widespread. An anglophone petition bearing more than 600,000 names (nearly the entire anglophone community) was drafted in 1976 and large numbers of anglophone abandoned the Liberal party in the elections of 1976, despite the fact that they were traditional supporters of that party and that the main opponent of the Liberals was the Parti Québécois. They voted instead for the moribund Union Nationale and contributed, by their voting behaviour, to the election of the Parti Québécois. The discontent generated by bill 22 not only contributed significantly to the defeat of the Liberal government but, as well, to the resignation of Robert Bourassa from the leadership of the Liberal Party.

In the summer of 1977, the Parti Québécois government, under the leadership of René Lévesque, passed Bill 101 – the Charter of the French Language.

Within that bill was the declaration that French was to be the only language allowed on commercial signs in the province. With few exceptions, the use of English was banned.

On the education front, English was to be restricted mostly to those already in the system, their siblings, those temporarily posted in Quebec, or children whose parents had received an English elementary education in the province. (Eventually that regulation was relaxed to allow children of people educated in English in Canada access to English schools.)

Originally it restricted the use of English in the National Assembly and the courts, but these provisions were contrary to section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867 and were struck down by the Supreme Court of Canada in 1979 (see Quebec (A.G.) v. Blaikie, [1979] 2 S.C.R. 1016).

The most controversial sections of ‘Bill 101’ were those restricting access to English schools and prohibiting the use of English on commercial signs. Both became vulnerable after the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms took effect in 1982. Soon afterwards the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that ‘Bill 101’ must be brought into conformity with section 23(1)(b) of the Charter, which guarantees Canadian citizens who received an English education in Canada the right to educate their children in English (see Quebec (A.G.) v. Quebec Protestant School Boards, [1984] 2 S.C.R. 66).

In 1988 the provision relating to signs was struck down as a violation of freedom of expression (see Ford v. Quebec A.G., [1988] 2 S.C.R. 712), but the Bourassa government promptly used the notwithstanding clause to re-enact it in a modified form, Bourassa introduced Bill 178. It decreed that only French could be used on exterior signs while English would be allowed inside commercial establishments. A measure that caused three anglophone cabinet ministers to resign.

In the 1989 provincial election four members of the new English rights Equality party were elected to the National Assembly.

In 1993, the United Nations Human Rights Committee ruled that Quebec's sign laws broke an international covenant on civil and political rights. "A State may choose one or more official languages," the committee wrote, "but it may not exclude outside the spheres of public life, the freedom to express oneself in a certain language."

Reacting to these events, Bourassa, introduced Bill 86, which allowed English on outdoor commercial signs only if the French lettering was more prominent.

In 1999, the Quebec court ruling said the province can't continue to impose restrictions on the use of languages other than French on commercial signs unless it can prove the fragility of the French language in Quebec society. But the Quebec Superior Count overturned that decision in April 2000, citing Quebec's unique geographical situation as an enclave of French speakers on an English-speaking continent.

There have been other court challenges as well – especially when it comes to education. On March 31, 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled on three of them, opening the door to some changes in Quebec's language laws while preserving the province's right to protect French.

One of the cases was filed by French-speaking parents who wanted the right to enrol their children in English schools. The court ruled that legislation preventing French-speaking Quebecers from placing their children in English schools was reasonable. It said that linguistic majorities have no constitutional right to receive education in the minority language.

The language of instruction clause is considered the cornerstone of Bill 101, which has also been the source of some of the bitterest debates in Quebec politics for decades.

Many had expected Quebec Premier Jean Charest to invoke the notwithstanding clause to maintain the status quo. But because the court ruling did not strike down the legislation, he won't have to.

But the rulings do require that the government make some changes in the legislation to comply with the federal Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The court laid down new legal criteria that could make it easier for immigrants and native-born Canadians to gain access to English schools – as long as they have had some education in English.

Although it has been amended several times and is resented or ridiculed by some Quebec Anglophones, ‘Bill 101’ remains an important symbol of Quebec’s determination to maintain French as a viable language in a continent that speaks mainly English.


(http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/readings/langlaws.htm (http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bill101/ (http://www.law.ualberta.ca/ccskeywords/bill_101.html

Quebec and the Canadian constitution

Lévesque put sovereignty-association before the voters in the 1980 Quebec referendum. During the campaign, Pierre Trudeau promised that a vote for the NO side was a vote for reforming Canada. Trudeau advocated the patriation of Canada's Constitution from the United Kingdom, as the existing constitutional document, the British North America Act, could only be amended by the United Kingdom Parliament.

After sixty percent of the Quebec electorate voted against the proposition, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau, his minister Jean Chrétien and the nine other provincial premiers. The negotiations quickly reached a stand-still. Then on the night on November 4 to November 5 1981, called in Quebec the 'Night of the Long Knives' (La Nuit des Longs Couteaux'), Jean Chrétien secretly met all the provincial premiers except René Lévesque to sign the document that would eventually become the new Canadian constitution. The next morning, they put Lévesque in front of the "fait accompli." Lévesque refused to sign the document, and returned to Quebec. In 1982, Trudeau had the new constitution approved by the UK, with Quebec's signature still missing (a situation that persists to this day).

In subsequent years, two attempts were made to gain Quebec's approval of the constitution. The first was the Meech Lake accord of 1987, which was finally abandoned in 1990 when the provinces of Manitoba and Newfoundland refused to vote on it. This led to the formation of the new Bloc Québécois party in Ottawa, led by Lucien Bouchard (formerly of the Progressive Conservative Party). The second attempt, the Charlottetown Accord of 1992, was rejected by 56.7% of all Canadians and 57% of Quebecers. This result caused a split in the Quebec Liberal Party that led to the formation of the new Action Démocratique (Democratic Action) party led by Mario Dumont and Jean Allaire.

On October 30, 1995, with the Parti Québécois back in power, a second referendum on sovereignty took place. This time, it was rejected by a slim majority (50.6% NO to 49.4% YES).

The same night, Jacques Parizeau, then premier, declared that the loss was due to money and the ethnic vote. A media frenzy around these comments forced Parizeau to resign. Lucien Bouchard became Quebec's new premier in 1996.

After winning the next election, Bouchard retired from politics in 2001. Bernard Landry was then appointed leader of the Parti Québécois and premier of Quebec. In 2003, Landry lost the election to the Quebec Liberal Party and Jean Charest.

File:Map of Quebec (English).png
Map of Quebec

Politics

Main article: Politics of Quebec

The Lieutenant Governor represents Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. The head of government is the Premier (called premier ministre in French) who leads the largest party in the unicameral National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, from which the Council of Ministers is appointed.

Until 1968, the Quebec legislature was bicameral, consisting of the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. In that year the Legislative Council was abolished, and the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly. Quebec was the last province to abolish its Legislative Council.

The government of Quebec awards an order of merit called the National Order of Quebec. It is inspired in part by the French Legion of Honour. It is conferred upon men and women born or living in Quebec (but non-Quebecers can be inducted as well) for outstanding achievements.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Quebec

The St. Lawrence River Valley is a fertile agricultural region, producing dairy products, fruit, vegetables, maple syrup (Quebec is the world's largest producer), and livestock.

North of the St. Lawrence River Valley, the territory of Quebec is extremely rich in resources in its coniferous forests, lakes, and rivers—pulp and paper, lumber, and hydroelectricity are still some of the province's most important industries.

High-tech industries are very important around Montreal. It includes the aerospace companies like jet manufacturer Bombardier, the jet engine company Pratt & Whitney, the flight simulator builder CAE and defense contractor Lockheed Martin, Canada. Those companies and other major subcontractors make Quebec the fourth biggest player worldwide in the aviation industry.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Quebec

The Québécois people, a people also found in small minorities of Canada and of the United States, consider Quebec their homeland. The Québécois are the largest population of French speakers in the Americas. Most French Canadians live in Quebec, though there are other concentrations of francophones throughout Canada with varying degrees of ties to Quebec. Montreal is the vibrant cosmopolitan metropolis of Quebec. History made Quebec a place where cultures meet, where people from all over the world experience America, but from a little distance and through a different eye. Often described as a crossroads between Europe and America, Quebec is home to a people that has the privilege of being connected to the strong cultural currents of the United States, France, and the British Isles all at the same time.

Quebec is also home to 11 aboriginal cultures and that of a large Anglo-Quebecer minority of approximately 600,000 people.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Quebec

Quebec's fertility rate is now among the lowest in Canada. At 1.48, it is well below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1. This contrasts with the fertility rate before 1960 which was among the highest of the industrialized countries.

Although Quebec represents only 24% of the population of Canada, the number of international adoptions in Quebec is the highest of all provinces of Canada. In 2001, 42% of international adoptions in Canada were carried out in Quebec.

Ethnicity

The majority of the population are of French descent, approximately 80% of the population. There are also significant numbers of Irish, English, Italians, and Portuguese.

Racial Groups

Religious Groups

Language

Main article: Demolinguistics of Quebec

Quebec is the only Canadian province where French is the only official language and the majority. In 2001 the population was:

  • French speakers: 81.2%
  • English speakers: 8.0%
  • French and English: 0.8%
  • Allophones: 10.0% (Italian 6.3%, Spanish 2.9%, Arabic 2.5%, and others)

Symbols and emblems

The motto of Quebec is Je me souviens (I remember), which is carved into the Parliament Building façade in Quebec City (Ville de Québec) and is seen on the coat of arms and licence plates.

The fleur-de-lis leads a ship to harbour near Quebec City

The graphic emblem of Quebec is the fleur-de-lis, usually white on a blue background, as on the flag of Quebec (above), the Fleurdelisé. As indicated on the government of Quebec's Web site, the flag recalls the Royal banner said to have accompanied the army of General Montcalm, Marquis de Saint-Véran during the victorious battle of Carillon in 1758.

The floral emblem of Quebec is the blue flag iris (Iris versicolor). It was formerly the Madonna lily, to recall the fleur-de-lis, but has been changed to the iris which is native to Quebec.

The avian emblem of Quebec is the snowy owl.

The patron saint of French Canada is John the Baptist. La Saint-Jean-Baptiste, June 24, is Quebec's national day, and is officially called the Fête nationale du Québec since 1977. The song "Gens du pays" by Gilles Vigneault is often regarded as Quebec's unofficial anthem.

Quebec is sometimes referred to as "La Belle Province" which means "The Beautiful Province". Until the late 1970s, this phrase was displayed on Quebec licence plates. It has since been replaced by the province's official motto: "Je me souviens" which means "I remember". A common debate in popular Canadian culture (both French and English) is to what is being remembered.

See also

 Canada

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