Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)
| Haplogroup R | |
|---|---|
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| Possible time of origin | 26,800 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Central Asia or South Asia |
| Ancestor | P |
| Descendants | R1, R1a, R1b, R2 |
| Defining mutations | R = M207 :R1 = M173 ::R1a = L62, L63 ::R1b = M342 :R2 = M124 [2] |
In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, defined by the M207 mutation.
Origins
This haplogroup is believed to have arisen around 26,800 years ago,[3] somewhere in Central Asia or South Asia, where its ancestor Haplogroup P is most often found at polymorphic frequencies.[4] However Kivisild et al. (2003) suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup:
Given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that southern and western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation.
Distribution
The R haplogroup is common throughout Europe and western Asia and the Indian sub-continent, and in those whose ancestry is from within these regions. It also occurs in North and Sub-Saharan Africa. The distribution is markedly different for the two major subclades R1a and R1b.
Haplogroup R1a is particularly common in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe.
Haplogroup R1b predominates in Western Europe.
Subclades
The subclades of haplogroup R with their defining mutation, according to the stratification chart published by the 2006 International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG)[5]:
- R*
- R1 (M173)
- R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532)) Typical of populations of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Western Europe, Southwest Asia, and southern Siberia
- R1b (M343) Typical of populations of Western Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eurasia and in parts of Africa
- R1*
- R2 (M124) Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus
Haplogroup R*
Y-chromosomes which possess the marker M207 (which defines Haplogroup R), but neither of the markers for its subgroups, are categorised as belonging to group R*. However R* is exceedingly rare. It has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan.[6]
R1
The majority of members of haplogroup R belong to its subgroup R1, defined by marker M173. R1 is very common throughout Europe and western Eurasia in the form of its subclades R1a (SRY1532) and R1b (M343).[7][8][9]
R1*
The Haplogroup R1* is very rare. Examples have been found in Turkey, Pakistan and India, but the highest frequency so far discovered is in Iran.[10]
R1a
The highest levels of R1a (>50%) are found across the Eurasian Steppe: West Bengal Brahmins (72%), and Uttar Pradesh Brahmins, (67%) , the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Khojant (64%), Kyrgyz (63.5%), Sorbs (63.39%), Poles (56.4%), Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%)[11][12][13][8] and in the central India among the sahariai tribe of North india (72%).[14]
R1a has been variously associated with:
- the re-colonization of Eurasia from the Ukrainian LGM refuge following the end of the last ice age[15][8]
- the expansion of the Kurgan people from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages.[12][8]
The Modern "Out of Africa" theory ties in with R1a1 (M17) that it "could have found his way initially from India or Pakistan, through Kashmir, then via Central Asia and Russia, before finally coming to Europe"..."as part of an archaeologically dated Paleolithic movement from east to west 30,000 years ago."[16].
R1b
Haplogroup R1b is thought to have originated in Central Asia the middle east or Iberia. It is prolific in Western Europe, where frequencies of 70% or more have been found in populations from Ireland,[9] Spain,[8] and the Netherlands,[8], according to the Genographic Project conducted by the National Geographic Society.[7]
It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe,suggesting an ancient migration of R1b from the east.[17] R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural Mountains and Central Asia, its likely region of origin.
It is also found in North Africa where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria.[18]
R2
The haplogroup R2 is defined by the presence of the marker M124. At least 90% of R2 individuals are located in the Indian sub-continent.[19] It is also reported in Caucasian and Central Asian populations.
R2 may have arisen in southern Central Asia, and its members migrated southward as part of the second major wave of human migration into India.[20]
Notes
- ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Monica B. Meilerman, Peter A. Underhill, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer, New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree,Genome Research, (April 2, 2008).
- ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2008 from ISOGG
- ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Monica B. Meilerman, Peter A. Underhill, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer, New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Genome Research, (April 2, 2008).
- ^ R.Spencer Wells et al, The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity, PNAS August 28, 2001, vol. 98 no. 18, pp.10244-10249.
- ^ http://www.isogg.org/tree/Main06.html ISOGG Website
- ^ Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill and Qasim Ayub, "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 121–126.
- ^ a b "Haplogroup R1 (M173)". The Genographic Project. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
- ^ a b c d e f Semino et al. 2000
- ^ a b Rosser et al. 2000
- ^ M. Regueiro et al., Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration, Human Heredity vol. 61 (2006), pp. 132–143.
- ^ High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations - Pericic et al. 22 (10): 1964 - Molecular Bi...
- ^ a b Wells et al. (2001)
- ^ Behar et al. (2003)
- ^ The Autochthonous Origin and a Tribal Link of Indian Brahmins: Evaluation Through Molecular Genetic Markers, by S. Sharma (1,2), E. Rai (1,2), S. Singh (1,2), P.R. Sharma (1,3), A.K. Bhat (1), K. Darvishi (1), A.J.S. Bhanwer (2), P.K. Tiwari (3), R.N.K. Bamezai (1) 1) NCAHG, SLS, JNU, New delhi; 2) Department of Human Genetics, GNDU, Amritsar; 3) Centre for Genomics, SOS zoology, JU, Gwalior, Page 273 (1344/T), Published in The American Society of Human Genetics 57th Annual Meeting, October 23–27, 2007, San Diego, California.
- ^ Passarino et al. (2002)
- ^ The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa, (p.152,Oppenheimer)
- ^ B. Arredi, E. S. Poloni and C. Tyler-Smith, The peopling of Europe, in M. Crawford (ed.), Anthropological Genetics: Theory, methods and applications (2007), p. 394.
- ^ Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample
- ^ Manoukian (2006)
- ^ "The Genographic Project". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2008-03-13.. The first wave consisted of African migrants who traveled along the Indian coastline some 50,000 to 60,000 years ago.
References
- Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08750-4
- Semino; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans" (PDF), Science, vol. 290, p. 1155, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155
{{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help). - Wells; et al. (2001), "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity" (PDF), PNAS, vol. 98, p. 10244, doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098
{{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help). - Passarino; et al. (2002), "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms", Eur. J. Hum. Genet., vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 521–9, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834, PMID 12173029
{{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help). - Behar; et al. (2003), "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" ([dead link] – Scholar search), Am. J. Hum. Genet., vol. 73, pp. 768–779, doi:10.1086/378506, PMID 13680527
{{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); External link in|format= - Saha Anjana, Sharma Swarkar, Bhat Audesh,Pandit Awadesh, Bamezai Ramesh (2005). Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow. J Hum Genet;50:49–51 PMID 15611834
- Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists, American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221
- C. Cinnioglu et al. (2004), Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Human Genetics 114(2):127-48.
See also
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Genealogical DNA test
- Prehistoric Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups
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Footnotes
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External links
Phylogenetic tree of Y-DNA haplogroup R
- ISOGG 2009 tree of haplogroup R
- ISOGG 2008 tree of haplogroup R
- ISOGG 2007 tree of haplogroup R
- ISOGG 2006 tree of haplogroup R
- 2005 Y-Chromosme Phylogenetic Tree
- R branch of the haplotree
Other information of Y-DNA haplogroup R
- World and European haplogroup prevalence maps
- Video tutorial and Distribution maps of Y-DNA haplogroup R and its subclades
- Spread of Haplogroup R1, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
- Spread of R1a1, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic
- Spread of R1b, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic
- Worldfamilies.net Page on Haplogroups
- Travels on a D.N.A. molecule - the first farmers