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Koreans

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Koreans
한민족(韓民族)
File:The Korean People.jpg
Regions with significant populations
 South Korea      48,379,392 (2008 est.)[1]
 North Korea      23,479,089 (2008 est.)[2]

Overseas populations as of 2009
 People's Republic of China2,336,771[3]
 United States2,102,283[3][4]
 Japan912,770[3]
 Canada223,322[3]
 Russia222,027[3]
 Uzbekistan175,939[3]
 Australia125,669[3]
 Philippines115,400[3]
 Kazakhstan103,952[3]
 Vietnam84,566[3]
 Brazil48,419[3]
 United Kingdom45,925[3]
 Indonesia31,760[3]
 Germany31,248[3]
 New Zealand30,792[3]
 Argentina22,024[3]
 Thailand20,200[3]
 Kyrgyzstan18,810[3]
 France14,738[3]
 Malaysia14,580[3]
 Singapore13,509[3]
 Ukraine13,001[3]
 Mexico12,072[3]
 Guatemala9,921[3]
 India8,337[3]
 Paraguay5,229[3]
 Cambodia4,772[3]
 Italy4,203[3]
Languages
Korean speakers: 78 million[5]
Religion
Mahayana Buddhism, Christianity, Cheondoism. Background of Confucianism and Korean shamanism.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in East Asia.[14] Most Koreans speak the Korean language.

Names

South Koreans call Koreans Han-guk-in (한국인; 韓國人)—or simply 한인/Han-in for South Koreans living abroad—or informally Hanguk saram (한국 사람; 韓國 사람), while North Koreans call Koreans Chosŏn-in (조선인; 朝鮮人) or Chosŏn saram (조선 사람; 朝鮮 사람). See Names of Korea, Korean romanization, Hangul (한글) and Hanja (한자).

Origins

Koreans are believed to be descendants of Altaic-[15][16] or proto-Altaic[17]-speaking tribes, linking them with Mongolians, Tungusics, and Turks. Archaeological evidence suggests proto-Koreans were Altaic-language-speaking migrants from south-central Siberia,[18] who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age[19].

Genetic studies

Studies of polymorphisms in the human Y-chromosome have so far produced evidence to suggest that the Korean people have a very long history as a distinct, mostly endogamous ethnic group with successive waves of people moving to the peninsula and three major Y-chromosome haplogroups.[20]

Korean males display a very high frequency of a derived subclade of Manchurian origin, Haplogroup O2b1* (P49). In fact, Haplogroup O2b1* comes close to being the modal Y-chromosome haplogroup in Korea, occurring in approximately 35% of all Korean males.

There is moderate to high frequency of Haplogroup O3 and Haplogroup C3. Origin of Haplogroup O3 is thought to be diverse, some of them having expanded from Manchuria with Haplogroup O2b and some of them having expanded from southern China by people with rice agriculture such as the Hmongs. Haplogroup C3 is thought to be the original inhabitants of the area related to the Nivkhs.

A population genetic study[21] demonstrated DNA evidence of the origin of Koreans from the central Asian Mongolians.

Regional differences

Distinct regional differences, culturally and politically, exist among the Koreans, as they do among other ethnicities.

Within South Korea, the most important regional difference is between the Gyeongsang region, embracing Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do provinces in the southeast, and the Jeolla region, embracing Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do provinces in the southwest. The two regions, separated by the Jiri Massif, nurture a rivalry said to reach back to the Three Kingdoms Period, which lasted from the fourth century to the seventh century A.D., when the kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla struggled for control of the peninsula.

Observers noted that interregional marriages are rare, and that as of 1990, a new four-lane highway completed in 1984 between Gwangju and Daegu, the capitals of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, was unsuccessful in promoting travel between the two areas.

South Korea's political elite, including presidents Park Chung-hee, Chun Doo-hwan, and Roh Tae-woo, have come largely from the Gyeongsang region. As a result, Gyeongsang has been a special beneficiary of government development assistance.

By contrast, historically the Jeolla region has remained comparatively rural and undeveloped. Regional social disturbances intensified in the May 1980 Gwangju massacre, in which about 200 and perhaps many more College students of the capital of Jeollanam-do were killed by Chun Doo-hwan's troops who were sent to quell demonstrations of students against the government and the military regime. The demonstrations against the military regime occurred all over the country, but only Gwangju was heavily damaged. Many of the troops who put down the demonstrations were reportedly from the rival Gyeongsang region. [citation needed]

Regional stereotypes, like regional dialects, have been breaking down under the influence of centralized education, nationwide media, and the several decades of population movement since the Korean War. Stereotypes remain important, however, in the eyes of many South Koreans. For example, the people of Gyeonggi-do, surrounding Seoul, are often described as being cultured, and Chungcheong people, inhabiting the region embracing Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do provinces, are thought to be mild-mannered, manifesting true yangban virtues. The people of Gangwon-do in the northeast were viewed as farmers in a rural, countryside area, while Koreans from the northern provinces of Pyongan, Hwanghae, and Hamgyong, now in North Korea, are perceived as being diligent and aggressive. Jeju-do is known for its strong-minded and independent women.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Korea, contemporary culture of North Korea, and contemporary culture of South Korea

North Korea and South Korea share a common heritage, but the political division since 1945 has resulted in some divergence of modern culture.

Language

Main articles: Korean language and Hangul

The language of the Korean people is the Korean language, which uses hangul as its main writing system. There are around 78 million speakers of the Korean language worldwide.[5]

North Korea data

North Korean soldiers in the Joint Security Area.

Estimating the size, growth rate, sex ratio, and age structure of North Korea's population has been extremely difficult. Until release of official data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population. They either totaled the number of delegates elected to the Supreme People's Assembly (each delegate representing 50,000 people before 1962 and 30,000 people afterward) or relied on official statements that a certain number of persons, or percentage of the population, was engaged in a particular activity. Thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il Sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were gradually made available to the outside world.

In 1989 the Central Statistics Bureau released demographic data to the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) in order to secure the UNFPA's assistance in holding North Korea's first nationwide census since the establishment of the state in 1948. Although the figures given to the United Nations might have been distorted, it appears that in line with other attempts to open itself to the outside world, the North Korean regime has also opened somewhat in the demographic realm. Although the country lacks trained demographers, accurate data on household registration, migration, and births and deaths are available to North Korean authorities. According to the United States scholar Nicholas Eberstadt and demographer Judith Banister, vital statistics and personal information on residents are kept by agencies on the ri (“village”, the local administrative unit) level in rural areas and the dong (“district” or “block”) level in urban areas.

Koreans outside of the Korean peninsula

A Russian stamp honouring rock star Viktor Tsoi
Main article: Korean diaspora

Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these populations would later grow to nearly three million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand Koryo-saram (ethnic Koreans in Central Asia).[22][23] During the Japanese colonial period of 1910-1945, Koreans were often recruited and or forced into labour service to work in mainland Japan, Karafuto Prefecture, and Manchukuo; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans.[24][25] Korean emigration to America was known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965; as of 2007, roughly 2 million Koreans emigrants and people of Korean descent live in the United States.[citation needed]

Large Koreatowns can also be found in Australia, Brazil, and Canada. The largest Korean community outside of Korea is in Los Angeles, California. Koreans in the United Kingdom now form Western Europe's largest Korean community; Koreans in Germany used to outnumber those in the UK until the late 1990s. There are also Koreatowns in Latin American countries such as Argentina, Guatemala, and Mexico.[citation needed] During the 1990s and 2000s, the number of Koreans in the Philippines and Koreans in Vietnam have also grown significantly.[26][27]

The Korean population in the United States is a small share of the US economy, but it has a disproportionately favorable impact. The Koreans in the United States have a saving rate double that of the average American. Koreans in the United States graduate from college at a rate double that of the average American providing a highly skilled and educated addition to the US workforce. According to the U.S. Census Bureau's Census 2000 data, mean household earnings for Koreans in the U.S. were $59,981, approximately 5.1% higher than the U.S. average of $56,604.[28]. Marcus Noland, an expert on South Korea, the Korean economy, North Korea, and outlook for Korean unification, has claimed that if somehow the Korean-American population were to double, the US would experience a growth rate of per capita income by 0.1 to 0.2 percent.[citation needed][neutrality is disputed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ CIA Factbook - South Korea
  2. ^ CIA Factbook - North Korea
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab 재외동포현황/Current Status of Overseas Compatriots, South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2009, retrieved 2009-05-21
  4. ^ Note that the 2006 American Community Survey gave a much smaller figure of 1,520,703. See S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States, United States Census Bureau, retrieved 2007-09-22
  5. ^ a b "Korean". ethnologue. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
  6. ^ Every Culture - Culture of NORTH KOREA
  7. ^ Every Culture - South Koreans
  8. ^ Every Culture - Culture of SOUTH KOREA
  9. ^ state.gov
  10. ^ "Korea.net: The official website of the Republic of Korea - Religion".
  11. ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2008 - Korea, Republic of". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Text "work-U.S. Department of State" ignored (help)
  12. ^ state.gov
  13. ^ Korean Peninsula (48.4 million + 23.5 million) + Korean diaspora (6.82 million)
  14. ^ Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues - Page 40 by Pyrong Gap Min
  15. ^ Nelson, Sarah M. (1993). The Archaeology of Korea. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbsn= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Korean people(한민족)". Naver Encyclopedia (in Korean). Retrieved 2007-03-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  17. ^ "Korean people(한민족)". Encyclopedia Britannica Korea (in Korean). Retrieved 2007-03-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  18. ^ The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan, pp. 165
  19. ^ 뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국, pp. 44–45
  20. ^ Y chromosomes and mtDNA of Koreans
  21. ^ Origin of the Koreans: a population genetic study
  22. ^ Lee Kwang-kyu (2000). Overseas Koreans. Seoul: Jimoondang. ISBN 89-88095-18-9.
  23. ^ Kim, Si-joong (2003). "The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China" (PDF). The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy. Institute for International Economics. pp. Ch. 6: 101-131. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Ban, Byung-yool (2004-09-22). "Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective". Korea Times. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  25. ^ NOZAKI, Yoshiki. "Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century". Japan Focus. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Kelly, Tim (2006-09-18). "Ho Chi Minh Money Trail". Forbes. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  27. ^ Meinardus, Ronaldo (2005-12-15). ""Korean Wave" in Philippines". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  28. ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF4_U_QTP33&-reg=DEC_2000_SF4_U_QTP33:001%7C023&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF4_U&-_lang=en&-format=&-CONTEXT=qt

References

  • 서의식 and 강봉룡. 뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국, ISBN 89-8133-536-2
  • Barnes, Gina. The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan, ISBN 05-0027-974-8
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