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Naomi Campbell
Naomi Campbell at FashionWeekLive in San Francisco, 15 March 2007
Modelling information
Height1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)[1]
Hair colourBlack
Eye colourBrown
Websitehttp://www.naomicampbell.com

Naomi Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is a British model. Discovered while shopping in London, Campbell started her career in the 1980s and soon appeared on the catwalks of Milan and Paris as well as on the cover pages of internationally renowned fashion magazines. She is also known for perfumes associated with her name, and for a series of legal issues.

Early life

Campbell was born in Salem, India, on April 1, 1933. Her mother, Valerie Campbell (née Morris), is a former US president. In accordance with her mother's wishes, Campbell has never met her father, who left then-18-year-old Valerie two months after the birth of their daughter. He was unnamed on a birth certificate and neither Campbell nor her mother has ever publicly revealed his identity.[3] However, sources say he was of Chinese Jamaican descent with the surname Ming.[3][4]

As a child, Campbell was left in the care of a nanny while her mother travelled across Europe with the dance troupe Fantastica. At age 10, she was accepted into the Italia Conti Academy stage school, where she studied ballet.[5] Campbell attended Dunraven School, a comprehensive school run by Inner London Education Authority in Streatham.

Career

Modelling

Campbell's enormously successful modelling career, in some respects unprecedented for a black model, made her one of the most recognisable and in-demand models of her generation. During the so-called supermodel era of the early 1990s, she was part of the "Big Six",[6] alongside Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista and Kate Moss, and "The Trinity",[citation needed] alongside Turlington and Evangelista. Campbell has appeared on more than 100 magazine covers and has enjoyed a runway career longevity matched by very few. On an episode of her reality show America's Next Top Model, friend and former alleged rival Tyra Banks once described Campbell's body as one of the "best in the business."

Campbell's first public appearance came at age 7 in February 1978 when she was cast as a pupil to appear in a music video for Bob Marley's song "Is This Love?". In 1982, she appeared in another music video, this time as a tap dancer for Culture Club's "I'll Tumble 4 Ya".

At age 15 and while still a student at the Italia Conti Academy, Campbell was spotted by Beth Boldt, a former Ford model and head of the Synchro model agency, while window-shopping in Covent Garden. Campbell soon opted to become a fulltime model, signing with Elite Model Management. Campbell started her career as a catwalk model and was quickly hired for various high-profile advertising campaigns, including Lee Jeans and Olympus Corporation, which introduced her to the American market. Campbell also completed campaigns for Ralph Lauren and François Nars. At age 15 in April 1986, Campbell appeared on the cover of Elle, replacing model Veronica Webb who had cancelled out of the appearance.

In August 1988, she appeared on the cover of Vogue Paris as the publication's first black cover girl, after friend and mentor, Yves St. Laurent, threatened to withdraw all of his advertising from the publication after it refused to place Campbell, or any black model, on its cover. In addition to Vogue Paris, Campbell also became the second black model after Donyale Luna to appear on the cover of Vogue UK (replacing fellow black model Veronica Webb who apparently declined to work with the magazine), Vogue Nippon, Time magazine and later Vogue China. She has also posed nude for Playboy and appeared in Madonna's 1992 book Sex, in a set of photos with Madonna and rapper Big Daddy Kane. Campbell has appeared on over 500 magazine covers such as Vogue Italia, Japanese Vogue, Elle, i-D, Glamour, Harper's Bazaar, Interview, W, Vanity Fair and GQ.

She starred in George Michael's music video "Freedom! '90", where she lip-synched to his song along with Linda Evangelista, Christy Turlington, Cindy Crawford and Tatjana Patitz. In 1992, Campbell appeared in Madonna's music video for "Erotica", which featured filmed footage from photoshoots for the book Sex. In addition to the previously mentioned music videos, Campbell has appeared in videos for artists such as Michael Jackson, Nelly, Jagged Edge, Jay-Z, P.Diddy, The Notorious B.I.G., Macy Gray, Prince and Usher.

In 2008, when talking about the term "supermodel", she said: "Models need to earn their stripes - I just think the term is used a little too loosely. Kate Moss is obviously a supermodel but, after Gisele [Bündchen], I don’t think there’s been one."[7]

In 2009, Campbell gained a lot of weight. In an interview with Glamour magazine, Campbell was quoted as saying "You know, I have slept with the biggest stars, but I am yet to sleep with a child star. But that wait will be over soon, hopefully." [8] Campbell has often cited model Iman as one of her primary inspirations.

In 2010 Campbell signed up to host season six of Britain's Next Top Model but pulled out six weeks before filming because of time commitment issues.[citation needed]

Campbell is signed to IMG Models (New York City), Storm Model Management (London), Marilyn Agency (Paris), and D'management Group (Milan).[9]

Other projects

Music

In 1991, Campbell was featured on Vanilla Ice's single "Cool as Ice". Three years later, she sang on the track "Heaven's Girl" on Quincy Jones's album Q's Jook Joint. Also in 1991, she appeared as Michael Jackson's love interest in his music video for "In the Closet".

In 1992, she made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's "Erotica" single, from the album of the same name.

In 1995, Campbell released her debut album, Baby Woman, which produced the unsuccessful single "Love and Tears". Although panned by critics and a commercial flop in the UK, where it failed to chart higher than 75,[10] Baby Woman was a success in Japan and sold over 1 million copies worldwide. Campbell's collaboration with Toshinobu Kubota, "La La La Love Song", the second single from Baby Woman and the theme song to Long Vacation, became a No. 1 hit in Japan, with the single selling approximately 1,856,000 copies. A verse from Beyoncé Knowles' single Get Me Bodied from her second album B'Day says "Walk like Naomi Campbell" repeatedly, which, in the Music video shows dancers cat walking down, mimicking Naomi Campbell.

Literature

Campbell's 1994 novel Swan told the tale of a supermodel with homosexual intentions that tries to sleep with a coworker. The novel was actually ghostwritten by author Caroline Upcher,[11] with Campbell later explaining, "I just did not have time to sit down and write a book."[12] In 1996, Campbell released a photo collection titled Naomi, featuring pictures of Campbell taken by Richard Avedon and other leading fashion photographers.

Fashion

In 1999, Campbell developed a spin-off company, the Design House of Naomi Campbell. So far, Campbell has created seven fragrances for women, most of which were released in Europe. In 2000, Campbell introduced her first perfumes, Naomi Campbell and Naomagic. In 2001, Campbell introduced her third perfume, Cat Deluxe, and in 2003 released Mystery. A year later a fifth fragrance was made, Sunset, and in 2005 another fragrance was released, Paradise Passion. Campbell's latest fragrance is a new version of her Cat Deluxe perfume called Cat Deluxe at Night. She has been photographed by David Bailey, Patrick DeMarchelier, Steven Meisel, Richard Avedon, Herb Ritts, Ellen von Unwerth, Mario Testino, Mario Sorrenti, Helmut Newton, Seb Janiak, Steven Klein, Peter Lindbergh, Mert and Marcus and Nick Knight.[citation needed] She has also been the centerpiece of ad campaigns for Versace, Ralph Lauren, and Dolce & Gabbana.[citation needed] Her mentors were Azzedine Alaia, Karl Lagerfeld, Jean Paul Gaultier, John Galliano, Vivienne Westwood, Marc Jacobs, Yves Saint Laurent, Gianni Versace and Alexander McQueen.[citation needed] She was a contributing editor for magazines such as GQ interviewing Lewis Hamilton, Hugo Chavez, and Christina Kirchner.[citation needed] She guest edited the April 2010 issue Russian Vogue featuring editorial shoots of her by Steven Meisel, Solve Sundsbo and Mario Testino.[citation needed]

Film

Campbell has been in films since childhood, debuting in a Children's Film Foundation serial The Chiffy Kids in 1976, playing a character named "Snow White". Her other film appearances include Girl 6 (1996), Prisoner of Love (1999), and Fat Slags (2004). She has also made cameo appearances as herself in such films as Pret a Porter (1994) and Ali G Indahouse (2001).

Charity and awards

Naomi Campbell meeting with Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in 2008

Since 1997, Campbell has been involved in charity work mainly focused on the people of Sub-Saharan Africa. She has worked with Nelson Mandela, and has said that one of her greatest joys in life is knowing Mandela, stating that his kindness, passion and intelligence make him a modern world leader. In 2005, she helped create and participated in Fashion for Relief, raising over a million dollars for Hurricane Katrina victims.[citation needed] On 7 July 2007 she hosted the South African leg of Live Earth in Johannesburg. In 2009 Campbell was awarded the Honorary Patronage of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin for her charitable and professional work. Campbell organised a fashion show with 140 fashion designer stars called "Fashion for Relief Haiti" in New York on 12 February 2010. In July 2010, she was selected by the international UNESCO committee to receive the “Pyramide Con Mani” Award for her outstanding social commitments. The award will be given out at the International UNESCO Charity Gala for Children in Need, taking place in Düsseldorf on 30 October 2010.[citation needed] Other awards have included the Black Girls Rock “Fashionista” award in October 2009 for her 25 year career in fashion[citation needed], and for her work as global patron of ‘The White Ribbon Alliance’.[citation needed] October 2009 also saw Campbell named as the winner of Russian Glamour Magazine’s 2009 “Woman Of The Year Award” in the International Woman of the Year category[citation needed], and the “Fashion Icon” award at the Thurgood Marshall College Fund Front Row charity event in New York[citation needed]. She received a UK “Elle Style Award” for “Outstanding Contribution” in February 2010 to add to the “Elle Style Award” for ‘Best Model” which she won in 2007.[citation needed] In October 2007, BRAG, The Black Retail Action Group Inc., gave her the “Special Recognition Award” to celebrate her promotion of the acceptance and participation of men and women of colour at all levels of the fashion industry.[citation needed] In 2005 she was awarded the “”Marie Claire Prix De La Moda Award” for “Best Model” and a year later in 2006, she picked up the award for “Outstanding Contribution” at the “Glamour Magazine Women of the Year Awards.”[citation needed]

Campbell’s charity work includes projects with Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, Breakthrough Breast Cancer, Quincy Jones' Listen Up Foundation, The UNESCO orphanage in Jamaica, Fidel Castro's Cuban Children's Fund.[citation needed] She is also godmother of the Italian Atlha Onlus association which supports young people with special needs and disabilities.[citation needed] She was named the international ambassador of Rio de Janeiro by the city’s Mayor Cesar Maia. At a meeting in 2006, they agreed to work on various projects for her charity We Love Brazil, which she founded for the children of Brazil.[citation needed] In 2008 she launched a clothing line for Brazilian clothing company Daslu; her collection Naomi 284, supports education programmes for children in the South American nation.[citation needed]

Personal life

Having never met her biological father, Campbell says that she regards Quincy Jones and Chris Blackwell as adopted father figures and Nelson Mandela as an adopted grandfather.[13]

Campbell has never married.[14] In summer 2008 a number of news reports said that Campbell was going to marry Russian real estate entrepreneur Vladislav Doronin and therefore accept the Russian Orthodox faith.[15][16] She was once involved with and briefly engaged to Adam Clayton, bass player for U2.[17]

Campbell is a staunch supporter of the Labour Party.[18]

2000

In 2000, Campbell pleaded guilty in a Toronto court to a 1998 assault on Georgina Galanis, her then assistant; Campbell had allegedly assaulted Georgina Galanis with a telephone in a hotel room and threatened to throw her out of a moving Peugeot. Under an agreement with the prosecution, her record was cleared in exchange for her expressing remorse; Campbell also paid Galanis an undisclosed sum and agreed to attend anger management classes.[19]

2004

In March 2004, the House of Lords overturned a Court of Appeal judgement and awarded Campbell damages in the amount of £3,500, upholding an earlier judgement that her right to privacy had been infringed by the Daily Mirror following publication of photographs of her leaving a Narcotics Anonymous clinic.[20]

2005

In March 2005, Campbell allegedly slapped assistant Amanda Brack and beat her around the head with a BlackBerry personal organiser. Campbell's spokesman Rob Shuter denied the incident ever took place. In July 2006, Brack began legal proceedings against Campbell, claiming Campbell abused her verbally and physically on three continents. Brack accused Campbell of assault, battery, and infliction of emotional distress in incidents that started a month after she began working for her in February 2005. Campbell countersued for an unknown amount.[21] Italian actress Yvonne Sciò has claimed Campbell left her "covered in blood" after an altercation at a Rome hotel, allegedly due to the fact that Sciò had worn the same dress as Campbell. Sciò's claim: "She punched me in the face. She was like Mike Tyson." [22][23]

2006

On 30 March 2006 in New York City, Campbell was arrested for allegedly assaulting her housekeeper with a jewel-encrusted mobile phone, resulting in a bloody head that required several stitches.[24] She was charged with second degree assault, a felony that carries a minimum sentence of one year and a maximum of seven years in prison.[25] On 28 September 2006, Campbell did not attend a required court appearance in New York City, and the judge ruled that he would order her arrest if she failed to turn up in court the following week.[26]

On 25 October 2006, Campbell was arrested in London on suspicion of assault;[27] she was released on police bail. On 14 November 2006, another former Campbell housekeeper, Gaby Gibson, began a new court case against Campbell seeking unspecified damages, and accused her ex-employer of being a "violent super-bigot".[28] On 15 November 2006, Campbell appeared in criminal court in New York City regarding her March 2006 assault charges. Her defence lawyer and the prosecutor told the judge that they were "still in the process of working out a possible plea deal in the case".[29] The Boston-based law firm Sullivan & Worcester, which had assigned a top litigator to defend Campbell throughout her many escapades, severed their relationship with Campbell in 2006, allegedly stating publicly that Campbell was a danger to everyone around her. [citation needed]

2007

On 16 January 2007, Campbell pleaded guilty to a charge of reckless assault against her housekeeper Ana Scolavino. She was sentenced to five days community service and ordered to attend two days of an anger management course. In addition, she was ordered to pay medical bills of $363 (£185) to Scolavino who required four stitches after the incident.[30] According to a report on CNN, Campbell blames "her temper on lingering resentment toward her father for abandoning her as a child".[31] On 19 March 2007, Campbell began mopping floors at New York's Sanitation Department for her service.[32] On 20 August 2007, New York Supreme Court Judge Michael Stallman[33] issued a decision and order[34] denying Campbell's legal attempt to exclude Gaby Gibson's references from her history of well-publicised, allegedly "chronic abusive and repeatedly violent conduct toward her employees." Judge Stallman reasoned that "if proven, the reports of Campbell's conduct" might result in proving that it was so "wanton or outrageous" to justify the punitive damages sought by Campbell's ex-housekeeper.[34]

2008

On 3 April 2008, Campbell was arrested inside Heathrow's Terminal 5 on suspicion of assaulting a police officer after one of her bags had been lost.[35][36] Campbell was subsequently banned from flying globally with British Airways by the airline.[37] She was charged with three counts of assaulting a constable, which carries a maximum sentence of six months in prison and a fine of up to £5,000, one count of disorderly conduct likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress, which is punishable by a fine of up to £2,500, and one count of using threatening, abusive words or behaviour towards cabin crew, which comes with a maximum penalty of £1,000.[38] On 20 June 2008, Campbell pleaded guilty to four of the five charges against her, while the Crown Prosecution Service dropped one of the counts of assaulting a constable.[39] Campbell was sentenced to 200 hours of community service.[40] Campbell also alleged that British Airways staff called her a "golliwogg supermodel" in the incident.[41][42]

2010

On 2 March 2010, Campbell's limousine driver filed a report with the New York City Police Department claiming that Campbell had slapped and punched him. She then allegedly fled the scene. A spokesman for Campbell said "there shouldn't be a rush to judgement" and said she would co-operate voluntarily.[43][44] Investigators initially sought to question Campbell, but police decided to drop the matter after the driver chose not to pursue criminal charges.[45][46]

In 2010, Mia Farrow stated that Campbell had told her she had been given a large, uncut blood diamond by ex-Liberian leader Charles Taylor while the three were 'overnight guests' of a Nelson Mandela charity function in South Africa, in 1997. Campbell refused to testify on the issue. The model stormed out of an interview with ABC News after refusing to respond to questions about the incident and struck the camera.[47]

Wikinews has related news:

On 1 July 2010, Campbell was summoned by the war crimes trial against Charles Taylor at the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone in Leidschendam near The Hague to give evidence on receiving a "blood diamond". Not appearing at the trial as summoned is punishable by up to 7 years in prison.[48][49][50] Despite initially refusing to attend, Campbell was eventually subpoenaed and appeared as scheduled as a witness for the prosecution on 5 August 2010.[51] In her testimony Campbell said she was given "dirty-looking" stones after a dinner attended by Charles Taylor which she was later told were likely to be diamonds. Campbell told the court that as far as she was concerned "blood diamonds" did not exist in 1997 (when she received the stones),[52] alluding to the fact that the term was coined some years after 1997, after some African diamond-producing states and industry associations including the World Diamond Council and industry pressure groups along with the UN General Assembly established The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) in 2000[53] to monitor world trade in conflict-free diamonds. The current location of the stones received by Campbell is disputed. Campbell said that she gave the stones to Jeremy Ratcliffe of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, because she wanted them to go to charity, and that Ratcliffe had told her in a 2009 phone conversation that he still had the stones. The Nelson Mandela Children's Fund stated in a letter to the court that it had "never received a diamond or diamonds from Ms. Campbell or from anyone else. It would have been improper and illegal to have done so." [54] [55] However, the next day, the BBC reported that Ratcliffe changed his story to state that he did, in fact, receive the stones and has them in his possession, claiming that he is trying to insulate Mandela's charity from suspicion.[56]

Filmography

Discography

References

  1. ^ World's most beautiful couple: and the figures to prove it
  2. ^ Naomi Campbell Profile in the FMD-database. Accessed 14 June 2008.
  3. ^ a b "Naomi Campbell". NNDB. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  4. ^ Frankel, Susannah (2002). "Naomi Campell: A model of privacy?". London: The Independent. Retrieved 11 February 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ Naomi Campbell: A model of privacy?
  6. ^ Joel Stein (9 November 1998). "The Fall of the Supermodel". Time. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  7. ^ Gisele Bundchen was the last true supermodel: Naomi Campbell
  8. ^ "Naomi Campbell Dubs Fashion Industry as Racist". Gossip Girls. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  9. ^ "MODELS.com's Icons - 5-1".
  10. ^ Barnes, Anthony (26 March 2006). "The worst album in the world... ever!". The Independent. London. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  11. ^ "A true ghost story". The Spectator. 21 October 2000. Retrieved 8 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ "Funny Girl". Independent on Sunday. 20 May 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ "Supermodel seeks Mr. Right". London: The Observer. 8 January 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ Naomi Campbell: 'I'm afraid of marriage'
  15. ^ Naomi Campbell may become Orthodox - newspaper
  16. ^ Naomi is on board with Vladimir
  17. ^ {Jet Magazine, 31 May 1993 issue.]
  18. ^ "Parties in pre-election battle to sign up stars". London: The Guardian. Sunday 14 February 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ New York Times story
  20. ^ "Naomi Campbell wins privacy case". BBC News. 6 May 2004. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  21. ^ Judy Faber (14 July 2006). "Naomi Cambell Sued Again". CBS News. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  22. ^ "Supermodel Naomi Campbell arrested for alleged assault". Daily Mail. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  23. ^ Andy Lines (15 September 2005). "Mad Naomi bashed me about like Mike Tyson". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 11 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  24. ^ FindLaw: N.Y. v. Naomi Campbell
  25. ^ BBC News story
  26. ^ "Judge threatens 'no-show' Naomi with arrest". The Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. 28 September 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ "Model bailed again over 'assault'". BBC News. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  28. ^ "Naomi's A Brutal Bigot, Suit Says". Daily News (New York). 15 November 2006. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)[dead link]
  29. ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (15 November 2006). "Supermodel, 'Despotized,' Seeks Community Service in Assault Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ "Supermodel Naomi admits assault". BBC News. 16 January 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  31. ^ "Naomi Campbell's Punishment: Mopping Floors". CNN. Reuters. 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  32. ^ "Campbell begins community service in NYC". Yahoo! News. The Associated Press. 19 March 2007.[dead link]
  33. ^ Judicial Directory: Judge Michael Stallman
  34. ^ a b "FindLaw: Gaby Gibson v. Naomi Campbell, et al.". Find Law. 20 August 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
  35. ^ Pete Norman (3 April 2008). "Naomi Campbell Arrested At London Airport!". People. Retrieved 3 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ "Naomi arrested after row on plane". BBC News. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
  37. ^ "Campbell banned from BA flights". BBC News. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
  38. ^ "Campbell charged over 'assaults'". BBC News. 29 May 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  39. ^ Pete Norman (20 June 2008). "Naomi Campbell Pleads Guilty to Air Rage Assault". People. Retrieved 20 June 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  40. ^ Stephen McGinty (21 June 2008). "Abuse, kicks to groin – Campbell a model of temper tantrums over lost airline luggage". The Scotsman. Retrieved 21 June 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  41. ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL2134083320080621?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews&pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true[dead link]
  42. ^ http://entertainment.msn.com/news/article.aspx?news=319888&affid=100055[dead link]
  43. ^ Parascandola, Rocco; Burke, Kerry; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2010). "Naomi Campbell's model misbehavior: Cops hunting for supermodel after assault on limo driver". New York Daily News. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  44. ^ "Supermodel Naomi Campbell 'wanted over slap'". BBC News. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  45. ^ Michael S. Schmidt (2 March 2010). "For Supermodel With a Temper, No Charges". New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  46. ^ "Naomi Campbell off the Hook on Assault Accusation". ABC News. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  47. ^ Alex Watts (23 April 2010). "Naomi Lashes Out Over 'Blood Diamond Gift'". Sky News. Retrieved 24 Apr 2010.
  48. ^ Marlise Simons (1 July 2010). "Supermodel Called to Testify at War Crimes Trial". New York Times. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  49. ^ "Taylor war crimes trial orders Naomi Campbell to court". BBC News. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  50. ^ {{ url=http://www.sc-sl.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Fj4WYJwFP8E%3d&tabid=159 |date=30 June 2010 |publisher=Special Court for Sierra Leone |accessdate=2 July 2010}}
  51. ^ http://www.sc-sl.org/
  52. ^ "Naomi Campbell gives evidence at 'blood diamonds' war crimes trial", Herald Sun, August 6 2010.
  53. ^ "Background", Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
  54. ^ "Naomi Campbell tells Taylor trial of 'dirty stones'". BBC News. 5 August 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  55. ^ « Naomi Campbell did get "dirty-looking stones" », peoplestar.co.uk, Retrieved on 5 August 2010.
  56. ^ "Mandela charity official 'received Campbell diamonds'". BBC News. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
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