Pseudo-anglicism
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Pseudo-anglicisms are words in languages other than English which were borrowed from English but are used in a way native English speakers would not readily recognize or understand. Pseudo-anglicisms often take the form of portmanteau words, combining elements of multiple English words to create a new word that appears to be English but is unrecognisable to a native speaker of English. It is also common for a genuine English word to be used to mean something completely different from its original meaning.
Pseudo-anglicisms are related to false friends or false cognates. Many speakers of a language which employs pseudo-anglicisms believe that the relevant words are genuine anglicisms and can be used in English.
When many English words are incorporated into many languages, language enthusiasts and purists often look down on this phenomenon, terming it (depending on the importing language) Denglisch, Franglais or similar neologisms.
Pseudo-anglicisms in various languages
Chinese
- BB call — pager
- DM — flyer, brochure, junk mail (from "direct mail")
- MV — music video
- VC — Vitamin C
Danish
- Babylift ([b̥eɪb̥ilifd̥]) — baby transport/carrycot
- Butterfly — a bow tie
- A timemanager — a calendar or notebook in which you write down appointments (originally from the registered trademark Time Manager)
Dutch
- Bandrecorder — tape recorder
- Beamer (also in German) primarily referred to a digital video projector
- Box — playpen
- Camper — recreational vehicle
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
- Cassetterecorder — cassette deck
- Coffeeshop — a store selling cannabis (or, colloquially, other psychedelic drugs)
- Dumpstore — an army surplus store
- Drugs primarily referred to as drugs for Recreational drug use
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics - also: gym, as indication of the place where you have your fitness training.
- Harddisk — hard disk drive
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
- Hometrainer — low level consumer fitness machines especially for indoor rowing or cycling
- Junk — a drug addict (in English that would be Junkie)
- Loverboy — a pimp who makes women fall in love with him in order to force them into prostitution.
- Magnetron — microwave oven
- Occasion — bargain (especially a car sold at a favourable price), or even: second-hand car. Originally a French loanword with the meaning of "bargain" and pronounced as in French, it is now often pronounced as in English
- Oldtimer (also in German) — vintage car
- Panty (also in Spanish) — pantyhose
- Parking (in Flemish Dutch) — parking lot (car park)
- Pickup — turntable
- Playback — (also in other European languages) to mime or lip sync to music, rather than simply the playing back of pre-recorded music
- Pocket — for what is commonly known as a paperback
- Sheets — transparencies or computer presentation slides
- Slip — briefs
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- Songtext — lyrics
- String (also in French, German, Polish and Russian) refers exclusively to a G-string
- Topfit (also in German) — perfectly physically fit
- Touringcar — refers to a Coach (vehicle) and not a Touring car, which is both an automobile body shape and classification of racing car.
- Videorecorder — VCR
- Zapping — channel surfing
Filipino languages
- Bad shot - To get on someone's bad side or to make a bad impression.
- Bad trip - An unfortunate situation. May mean "bummer".
- Bold - May refer to nudity
- Bold movie - A movie with nude or sexually-explicit scenes
- Chancing - To make a sexual advance
- C.R. (Comfort Room) - Toilet, bathroom
- Gimmick or Gimik - A night out with friends. Also, any offering during evening hours by clubs, bars and restaurants to lure customers in.
- Slang - May refer to strong foreign accents and pronunciation. Also occurs in Malay.
Finnish
- College — sweater
- Flipper — pinball machine
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip sync
French
- Baby Foot — Table football
- Basket (also in Italian and Polish) — basketball
- Baskets (also in Romanian) — sneakers, trainers (basketball shoes)
- Box (also in Italian) — garage ; now also designates internet access devices, following the trend of brand naming initiated with Free Telecom's "Freebox", then imitated by others (Livebox, Neufbox...)
- Black — the english word is increasingly used in french to designate black people, the french word "noir" being considered offensive, or at least ambiguous (incidentally, the expression "travailler au noir" tends to be replaced with "travailler au black")
- Break — a station wagon (American English) or estate car (British English) - cf. shooting brake
- Brushing — blow dry
- Caddie ([kaˈdi]) — shopping trolley refers to the brand Caddie.
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
- Camping-car (also in Japanese) — Campervan or "recreational vehicle"
- Car (also in Swiss German) — coach, tour bus or inter-city bus
- Catch — professional wrestling.
- Dancing (also in Italian) — dance hall or dancing-house
- Dressing — dressing room
- Fashion — as an adjective rather than a noun
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Flipper (also in German and Italian) — pinball machine
- Foot — Football (soccer) (In Canadian French, this would refer to Canadian football, or sometimes in context to American football. Association football is le soccer.)
- Footing (also in Italian and Spanish) — jogging
- forcing as in faire le forcing — to pressure
- de grand standing — high class (of property)
- Jogging — Tracksuit (jogging suit)
- Just (adj.) ([dʒœst]) — tight
- Lifting (also in Italian, Romanian and Spanish) — facelift
- Living — living room
- Mail — electronic mail or e-mail
- Open Space — Open plan office
- Paper Board — Flip chart
- Parking (also in Italian, Spanish, Swiss German and Russian) — parking lot (car park)
- People (sometimes spelt pipeuls, pipoles) — celebs, also used as adjective (ex. "Il est très people")
- Playback (also in other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
- Pressing — dry cleaning shop
- Pull — pullover
- Recordman, recordwoman (also in Italian) — record holder in sports
- Relooking — makeover
- Rugbyman — rugby player
- Scotch (also in Italian and Russian) — adhesive tape (any brand)
- Self — self-service restaurant
- Sig (in cartoons) — sigh
- Shampooing ([ʃɑ̃ˈpwɛ̃]) — shampoo
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- Speaker or Speakerine — announcer (radio, TV, railway etc.)
- String (also in Dutch, German and Russian) refers exclusively to a G-string
- Sweat — sweater
- Talkie-walkie — walkie-talkie
- Tennisman, tenniswoman — Tennis player (male or female)
- Ticket Restaurant (also in Italian) — meal ticket or Luncheon Voucher (in UK)
- Top (adj.) — brilliant, great
- Trench (also in Italian) — trench coat
- Volley ([vɔˈle]) (also in Italian) — volleyball
- Zapping (also in Italian, Spanish and German) — channel surfing
- Zoning — industrial estate
German
- Air-Condition — abbreviated from air conditioning
- Beamer (also in Dutch) — video projector
- Beautyfarm (also in Italian) — spa
- Black Music — Music in the Hip-Hop/Rap genre.
- Body Bag — shoulder bag. The bag which is slung across the midriff in English is called cross-body bag. In Germany, Body Bag is a registered trademark.
- Box — High fidelity loudspeaker
- Castingshow — talent search television series
- Car (Switzerland only; also in French) — motor coach
- Cornflakes — any breakfast cereal
- Chatten — written form of communication over the Internet
- Dressman — male model
- Ego-Shooter — first-person shooter (derived from Latin "Ego" = "I")
- Flipper (also in French and Italian) — pinball machine
- Fotoshooting — photo session
- Funeralmaster — undertaker.[1]
- Funsport — a sport primarily practised in leisure time and for fun
- Handy — mobile phone
- Happy End (also in other European languages) — happy ending
- Highboard — a table-high cupboard
- Homepage — website
- Hometrainer — exercise bicycle
- Horrortrip — bad trip
- Inboard-Kamera — onboard camera
- Inliner — inline skates (shoes)
- Kicker — table football ("foosball" in American English, a variation on the German word "Fußball" (football))
- Leader(innen)board — provisional ranking; in English leader board is only used in professional golf and for a collection of important rules and statements of a Christian sect[citation needed]
- Lifting — taking the ski lift uphill. Common term in Kühtai region in Austria
- Logical — riddle/puzzle to be solved by logical thought
- Longseller — long-term (best)seller
- Messie — a "pack rat", a person engaging in compulsive hoarding
- Mobbing — bullying
- Oldtimer — (also in Dutch) — vintage car (or bike or aircraft or boat)
- Playback — (also in other languages) — lip sync
- Pocketbook — paperback
- Pressing (in sport; also in Italian) — forcing
- Public Viewing — showing of football matches on giant screens in public[2]
- Pullunder, often Pollunder or Polunder — sweater vest
- Puzzle — jigsaw puzzle. German "Puzzle" can only be a jigsaw puzzle in English
- Rumpsteak — sirloin steak.
- Shootingstar — successful newcomer (sports, music, literature, business, politics...)
- Shorty — shorts
- Slipper — lace-less shoes
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- Showmaster — show host
- Talkmaster — talk show host
- Topfit (also in Dutch) — perfectly physically fit
- Trainings- — in compound terms such as Trainingsanzug, -hose, and -jacke for tracksuit, - trousers, and - top
- Twen — a person in his or her twenties, or the time period of one's twenties
Greek
- Air-Condition (also in German) — abbreviated from air conditioning
- Autostop (also in other European languages) — hitchhiking
- Barwoman — barmaid
- Basket (also in French, Italian) — basketball
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
- Flipper (also in other European languages) — pinball machine
- Gallup opinion poll
- String (also in other European languages) refers exclusively to a G-string
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
- Jean — denim
- Lifting (also in French, Italian, Romanian and Spanish) — facelift
- Luna park — funfair
- Montgomery — duffel coat
- Parking (also in French, Italian, Spanish and Russian) — parking lot (car park)
- Pickup turntable
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
- Pullman — motor coach, tour or inter-city bus, not a railway vehicle
- Puzzle — jigsaw puzzle
- Reality — reality show
- Recordman (also in French, Italian) — record holder in sports
- Smoking ([ˈzmɔkiŋɡ]) (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- Slip — briefs
- Toast ([ˈtɔst]) — toasted sandwich
- Transistor — portable radio
- Trolley — trolleybus
- Video VHSrecorder
- Videoclip (also in other European languages) — music video
- Volley ([ˈvɔlɛi]) (also in French, Italian) — volleyball
- Zapping (also in French, Spanish and Italian) — channel surfing
Hungarian
- Autóstop (also in other European languages) — hitchhiking
- Drill — three of a kind in poker.
- Farmer means "denim" as well as "(blue) jeans" made of denim
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
- Pendrive — USB flash drive
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
- Póker means both the poker hand four of a kind and the game poker itself.
- Tréning (cf. "training") — jogging suit
- Wellness — feeling well by expensive means, especially in a chic hotel near a spa
- Winchester — Hard disk drive
Israeli Hebrew
- Aktualia (אקטואליה) - real-time, current events
- Back-Axe (בק-אקס) - rear axle
- Egzauze (אגזוז) - exhaust pipe
- Front Back-Axe (פרונט בק-אקס) - front axle
- Golf (גולף) — turtleneck sweater
- Tréning (טריינינג) — 'tracksuit', cf. English training
- Talkback (tokbek טוקבק) - A comment on a blog or a internet news site
- Patent (pahtent) - an improvisation/innovation.
Italian
- Autogrill ([ˈaʊtogrɪl]) — motorway snack bar (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
- Baby killer — juvenile murderer
- Bar — café (the English "bar" is called "pub" in Italy)
- Basket (also in French) — basketball
- Beauty case or Beauty — vanity bag
- Beauty farm (also in German) — spa
- Body (for dancing) — leotard
- Body (for infants) (also in French and Spanish) — Infant bodysuit
- Body rental - temporary staffing firm
- Box (for vehicles) (also in French) — garage
- Box (for toddlers) — playpen
- Box (in motorsports) — place on a race track where pit stops are conducted
- Box doccia — shower cubicle
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
- Catch — professional wrestling, even though it is considered to be old-fashioned
- Cargo — cargo boat
- Charleston (instrument) — Hi-hat
- Custom — custom motorcycle
- Dancing (also in French) — dance hall or dancing-house
- Feeling — personal chemistry, common bond [3]
- Fiction — TV miniseries
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Flipper (also in other European languages) — pinball machine
- Footing (also in French and Spanish) — jogging
- Golf — sweater
- Gadgets — goodies
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
- Hostess — female flight attendant, stewardess
- Jolly — joker or wild card
- K-Way — Windbreaker
- Killer (also in Russian) — hitman, contract killer
- Lifting (also in French, Romanian and Spanish) — facelift
- Luna park — funfair
- Mister (in football) — coach
- Montgomery — duffel coat
- Night — nightclub
- Parking (also in French, Spanish and Russian) — parking lot (car park)
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
- Pressing (in sport, also in Swiss German) — forcing
- Pullman — motor coach, tour or inter-city bus, not a railway vehicle
- Puzzle — jigsaw puzzle
- Reality — reality show
- Recordman (also in French) — record holder in sports
- Scotch (also in French and Russian) — adhesive tape (any brand)
- Sexy shop — sex shop
- Skilift — platter lift
- Slip (also in French and Spanish) — briefs
- Smoking ([ˈzmɔkiŋɡ]) (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- Speaker — radio announcer
- Telefilm — TV series
- Ticket — cost associated to a service provided by national health care system
- Ticket Restaurant (also in French) — meal ticket or Luncheon Voucher (in UK)
- Tight — morning suit
- Toast ([ˈtɔst]) — toasted sandwich
- Trench (also in French) — trench coat
- Trolley— trolley case
- Tutor or Safety tutor — SPECS (speed camera)
- Volley ([ˈvɔllei]) (also in French) — volleyball
- Water ([ˈvater]) — water closet
- Zapping (also in French, Greek and Spanish) — channel surfing
Japanese
- Ball Point Pen (borupen) — amalgamation of "ball point pen"
- Desk (デスク, desuku) — title for a person in office
- Famicom (ファミコン, famikon) — video game, portmanteau of "family" and "computer"
- Lolicon (ロリコン, rorikon) - portmanteau of "lolita" and "complex"
- Mansion (マンション, manshon) — a condominium apartment
- Smart (スマート, sumaato) — slim or skinny
- Style (スタイル, sutairu) — a woman's figure (particularly if slim or skinny)
Korean
- Apart (아파트) — This word is used to mean not only individual suites, but "apartment building" or "apartment complex".[4]
- Fighting (파이팅 or 화이팅) — a Korean cheer that can roughly be translated as "Victory!" but can also be used as a word of encouragement (a la "Courage!").[5][6]
- Handphone (also in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia etc., 핸드폰) — a mobile phone.
- Office-tel (오피스텔) — This word is a portmanteau of "office" and "hotel" and means office and hotel combined.
- One room (원룸) — a bachelor-style studio apartment.
- One shot (원샷) — a form of toast, roughly equivalent to "bottom's up". It challenges the drinker to finish his drink in one gulp.[7]
- Sharp (also in Japanese, 샤프) — a mechanical pencil.
- Skin scuba (스킨스쿠버) — Scuba-diving.
Polish
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- String - G-string
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
- Parking (also in French and Spanish) — parking lot (car park)
Portuguese
- Cooper — To jog.
- Funk — A style of music from Rio de Janeiro, completely unrelated to American funk music
- Night — (Brazilian Portugese) Nightlife, particularly meeting members of the opposite sex.
- Outdoor — Billboard, using the English adjective as a noun.
- Shopping — Shopping mall, using the English gerund as a noun.
- Show — Concert, particularly a popular-music concert ("concerto" is used mainly for classical music")
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo. However in Brazilian Portuguese, sometimes its name is tuxedo /tu'ʃɛdu/.
- Tuning — Car tuning.
- "Videogame" - (Brazilian Portuguese) Game console, although the term "console" is also used. The videogames themselves are simply called "games", "jogos" (the standard translation for "game") or less ambiguously "jogos de videogame" (Console games).
Romanian
- Autostop (also in other European languages) — hitchhiking
- Beamer (also in German and Dutch) — video projector
- Body (for dancing) — leotard
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Fotoshooting - photo session
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
- Jolly - joker or wild card
- Lifting (also in Italian, French and Spanish) - facelift
- Living — living room
- Open Space — Open plan office
- Peeling (also in other European languages) — facial or body scrub
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
- Puzzle - jigsaw puzzle
- Scotch (also in French, Italian and Russian) — adhesive tape (any brand)
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) - tuxedo
- Videoclip (also in other European languages) - music video or video clip
Russian
- Biker (байкер) — a member of a Motorcycle club rather than merely a motorcyclist
- Camping (кемпинг) (also in other European languages) — campsite
- Clipmaker (клипмейкер) — music video director
- Face control (фейс-контроль) — checking whether a person looks appropriate (a common practice at Russian night clubs)
- Happy end (хэппи-энд) (also in other European languages) — happy ending
- Killer (киллер) (also in Italian) — hitman, contract killer
- Parking (паркинг) (also in French and Spanish) — parking lot (car park)
- Safing (сейфинг) — providing safe deposit boxes
- Scotch (скотч) (also in French and Italian) — adhesive tape (any brand)
- Smoking (смокинг) (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- String (стринги) (also in Dutch, French and German) refers exclusively to a G-string
Serbian/Croatian
- Discount (Diskont) — a store
- Drugstore (Dragstor) - a corner store that is open in evenings or overnight. They do not offer pharmacy services.
- Full (Ful) - Full house (in poker)
- Goalman (Golman) - Goalkeeper
- Insert — Movie clip
- Marketing - Advertising
- Playback (Plejbek) — Lip-synching in music
- Poker - Four of a kind (in poker)
- Recorder (Rekorder) – record holder (in sports)
- Spot — Music video
- Strip - Comic book or Comic strip
Spanish
- Basket - basketball
- Bistec - beef steak
- Body – bodice
- Boxer — boxer shorts
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Fútbol - phonetic transcription for football.
- Footing (also in French and Italian) — jogging
- Güisqui - phonetic transcription for whisky.
- Heavy — slang term for that means awesome, excellent, great, etc. This word is used in the same way English speakers use the slang term "Cool". It also means "metalhead".
- Hotcake — pancake
- Inbox -email message
- Lifting (also in Italian, Romanian, French and Swiss German) — facelift
- un nuevo look — a makeover (hair, clothing, makeup etc.)
- Parking (also in French and Russian) — parking lot (US, Canada) or car park (UK, Aus)
- Panty (also in Dutch) or panti — pantyhose
- Peeling (also in other European languages) — facial or body scrub
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip-sync (in songs)
- Puenting (from puente, bridge) — a sport that involves jumping from a bridge. It is similar to bungee jumping except for the fact that the cord is non-elastic and that the jump ends in a pendulum-like movement.
- Round Point (in Colombia) — Roundabout
- Slip — briefs
- Smoking (Esmoquin) (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- Snow — an abbreviation for "snowboard" as sport. The board is called tabla de snow
- Zapping (also in French, Italian and German) — channel surfing
Swedish
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo.
- Walkman (as in a small portable cassette player) is usually replaced with "freestyle", despite the fact that the word does not fit particularly well with Swedish phonotactics or grammar. Actually, Freestyle was the name chosen for marketing purposes in Sweden.
Thai
- Bia - Beer
- Hemburker - Hamburger
- Hi-so - High Society describing someone who insists on designer labels
- I-tim - Ice Cream
- Kahfeh - Coffee
- Tee wee - TV
Turkish
- Basket - basketball
- Body – bodybuilding
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) – fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Flirt - generally used as dating
- Cola (derived from Coca-Cola) – refers to any soft drink
- Playback (also in many other European languages) – lip-synch (in songs)
- Smoking or smokin (also in many other European languages) - tuxedo
- String (also in other European languages) refers exclusively to a G-string
Vietnamese
- Camera ([ca mê ra] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: vn (help)) - camcorder
- Dollar ([đô la] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: vn (help)) - explicitly US dollar
- Film ([phim] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: vn (help)) - refers to both movies and soap opera
- Photo ([phô tô] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: vn (help)) - photocopy
- Remote ([rờ mốt] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: vn (help)) - remote control
- Sex ([sét] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: vn (help)) - wearing revealing clothes that make the wearer appear lustful
- Style ([xì tin] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: vn (help)) - appearing teenage, active, playful and modern
- Vest ([vét] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: vn (help)) - Western suit in clothing
Yiddish
- cherry lights red headlights
- hitshn to hitchhike
- payday salary/payment
Sources
- James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
- Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
- Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
- Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
See also
- Anglicism
- Barbarism
- Calque
- Denglisch
- False friends
- Language transfer
- Loanword
- List of pseudo-German words adapted to English
- List of pseudo-French words adapted to English
- Phono-semantic matching
References
- ^ http://www.bestatter.de/bdb2/pages/news/presseinformationen_pdf.php?id=53&filename=bdb_presseinformation_2000-12-11.pdf Official press information of the Federation of German Undertakers/header
- ^ "Public Viewing". Retrieved 18 May 2009.
- ^ According to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, this pseudo-anglicism might have "been influenced by Italian fili ‘threads’ (plural of Italian filo ‘thread’.[citation needed]) Italian feeling is used in Italian pop music, for example in the song Pensami per te (‘Think about me for your sake’) (by Cogliati/Ciani/Cassano), sung by Anna Oxa, which includes Tra di noi c’é uno strano feeling che ci lega ormai ‘Between us there is a strange feeling that binds us by now’."See p. 102 of Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
- ^ Desa Philadelphia (26 November 2001). "Local English". Time. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ Kim Hyo-jin (10 June 2002). "English? Konglish? Purists concede to 'fighting' cheer". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ ""Korea Fighting!"". JoongAng Daily. 18 June 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ http://e4u.ybmsisa.com/EngPlaza/hotWord.asp?idx=1447&page=7
External links