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2011 Norway attacks

Coordinates: 59°54′54″N 10°44′48″E / 59.9149776°N 10.746544°E / 59.9149776; 10.746544 (2011 Oslo explosion)
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Hemshaw (talk | contribs) at 23:06, 10 August 2011 (→‎Political and religious views: Bold edit but needed, its not his own work, it is a compendium - over half is copied from elsewhere, some even from wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

2011 Norway attacks
View 30 minutes after the explosion in Oslo.
2011 Norway attacks is located in Buskerud
Utøya
Utøya
Oslo
Oslo
2011 Norway attacks (Buskerud)
Locations of the incidents in the Oslo and Buskerud counties of Norway
LocationOslo and Utøya, Norway
Coordinates59°54′54″N 10°44′48″E / 59.9149776°N 10.746544°E / 59.9149776; 10.746544 (2011 Oslo explosion)
Date22 July 2011 (2011-07-22)
15:25[1] (CEST)
TargetNorway Labour Party[2]
Attack type
Bombing
Shooting spree
WeaponsCar bomb (made using ANFO)
Ruger Mini-14 Carbine
Glock 17 pistol
Deaths8 (Oslo)[3]
69 (Utøya)[4][5] Total: 77
Injured30 (Oslo)
66 (Utøya)[6][7] Total: 96
Victim77 (deaths)
96 (injuries)
Total 173 victims
PerpetratorsAnders Behring Breivik
(Lone wolf)

The 2011 Oslo bombing and Utøya shooting were two sequential terror[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]attacks against the government, the civilian population and a summer camp in Norway on 22 July 2011.

The first was a car bomb explosion in Oslo within Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Norway, at 15:25:19 (CEST).[15] The car bomb was placed outside the office of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and other government buildings.[16] The explosion killed eight people and wounded several others, with more than 10 people critically injured.

The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a summer camp on the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. The camp was organized by AUF, the youth division of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party (AP). A gunman disguised as a policeman opened fire at the participants, killing 69 attendees,[4][5] including personal friends of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and the stepbrother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit.[17]

The Norwegian Police Service arrested Anders Behring Breivik, a 32-year-old Norwegian[18] with "right-wing sympathies"[19] for the mass shootings on Utøya[20] and subsequently charged him with both attacks.[21] The European Union, NATO and several countries around the world expressed their support for Norway and condemned the attacks.

Preparation for the attacks

Breivik had participated for years in debates in Internet forums and spoke against Islam and immigration.[22] He was preparing for the attacks from at least as early as 2009, though he concealed his violent intentions.[23][24][25]

Failed attempt to buy weapons in Prague

Breivik spent six days in Prague in late August and early September 2010. He chose the Czech Republic because the country has some of the most relaxed laws regarding guns and drugs in Europe. Following his Internet inquiry, Breivik noted that "Prague is known for maybe being the most important transit site point for illicit drugs and weapons in Europe". Despite the fact that Prague has one of the lowest crime rates[26] among European capitals, Breivik observed that he was not looking forward to his trip to the Central European capital, because he has "heard that there are very brutal and cynical criminals".[27]

He hollowed out the rear seats of his Hyundai Atos in order to have enough space for the firearms he hoped to buy. After two days, he got a prospectus for a mineral extraction business printed, which was supposed to give him an alibi in case someone suspected him of preparing a terrorist attack.[27] He wanted to buy an AK-47 rifle (this firearm is however not very common in the country, unlike the Vz. 58[28]), a Glock pistol, hand-grenades and a rocket-propelled grenade, stating that getting the latter two would be a "bonus".[25][27]

Breivik had paid for prostitutes in Prague[27] and had several fake police badges printed to wear with a police uniform, which he had acquired illegally on the Internet, and which he later wore during the attack.[29] Contrary to his expectations, he was completely unable to get any firearms in the Czech Republic, commenting that it was the "first major setback in [his] operation". In the end, he concluded that Prague was "far from a ideal city to buy guns" and nothing like "what the BBC reported", and that he had felt "safer in Prague than in Oslo".[25][27][30]

Arming in Norway and through the Internet

Originally, Breivik intended to try to obtain weapons in Berlin or Serbia if his mission in Prague failed. The Czech disappointment, however, led him to procure his weapons through legal channels.[30] He decided to obtain a semi-automatic rifle and a Glock pistol legally in Norway, noting that he had a "clean criminal record, hunting license, and a pump action shotgun Benelli Nova already for seven years", and that obtaining the guns legally should therefore not be a problem.[25]

Upon returning to Norway, Breivik obtained a legal permit for a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic carbine, ostensibly for the purpose of hunting deer. He bought it in late 2010 for €1,400 ($2000). In his manifesto he said he was going to use soft-point rifle bullets, injected with 99% pure liquid nicotine, to make them even more lethal. Forensics tests to determine whether nicotine was used are underway.[31]

Getting a permit for the pistol proved more difficult, as he had to demonstrate regular attendance at a sport shooting club.[27] He also bought 10 30-round magazines from a US supplier. From November 2010 to January 2011 he went through 15 training sessions at the Oslo Pistol Club, and by mid-January his application to purchase a Glock pistol was approved.[32][33]

Breivik claimed in his manifesto that he bought 300 g of sodium nitrite from a Polish shop for €10 in December 2010, in order to make a bomb fuse.[34] In March 2011,[35] he legally bought 100 kg of chemicals from a small Internet-based Wrocław company. The Polish ABW interviewed the company owner on 24 July 2011.[34] Breivik's Polish purchases initially led to him being put on the watch list of the Norwegian intelligence, which did not act because they did not believe it was relevant.[36]

He had also planned a last religious service (in Frogner Church) before the attack (and before possible becoming a martyr)..[27]

According to his manifesto, Breivik ordered the fertiliser for making explosives on 27 April 2011.[37] He used eBay to procure ingredients for bomb making, a full-face respirator and a "hazmat suit" under user name "andrewbrei".[38] He started making the explosives in early May, noting how ironic it was that he lived near the largest army compound in the country, and that "borrowing" explosives from the army would "save him a lot of trouble". On 13 June 2011, he made the first experimental explosion at an unspecified desolate location. On 15 July he rented a car; on 18 July he rigged a car with explosives.[39]

Weapons training

Beside visiting firing ranges and countries with relaxed gun laws to sharpen his skill, a manifesto, supposedly written by Breivik (though this is unconfirmed) claims he made use of the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 as a training simulation while using World of Warcraft as a cover for his extended period of isolation.[40]

Oslo bombing

Placement of the car bomb near the entrance of the main government building (the H block.) The R4 block houses the Ministries of Petroleum and Energy; Trade and Industry. S block: Ministry of Health and Care Services
Main article: Timeline of the 2011 Norway attacks

On 22 July 2011 at 15:25:19[15] (CEST) a bomb placed in a Volkswagen Crafter[41] was detonated in the parking lot in front of the H block[42] in Regjeringskvartalet, downtown Oslo, near the offices of the Prime Minister of Norway (H block) and several other governmental buildings, such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (R4) and Ministry of Finance (G block).[1][43]

The explosion started fires in the H block (H-blokka) and R4, and the shock wave blew out the windows on all floors as well as in the VG house and other buildings on the other side of the square.[41] The streets in the area were filled with glass and debris following the explosion. The wreckage of a car was sighted near one of the affected buildings. A cloud of white smoke was reported as a fire continued to burn at the Ministry of Petroleum. The blast was heard at least 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) away.[43]

At 15:26 the police received the first message about the explosion,[41] and at 15:28 the first police patrol reported that it had arrived at the scene.[41] At the same time, news agency NTB was told that the Prime Minister was unhurt and safe.[41]

Following the explosion, police cleared the area and searched for any additional explosive devices.[44] Through media outlets, police urged citizens to evacuate central Oslo.[45]

Police later announced that the bomb was composed of a mixture of fertiliser and fuel oil (ANFO), similar to that used in the Oklahoma City bombing.[46][47]

Impact on transportation

Immediately after the explosion, the area surrounding the damaged buildings was cordoned off and evacuated. People were asked to remain calm and leave the city center if possible, but there was no general evacuation. The subway system remained operational, and most of the tram network was also running except for the line through Grensen (the street between Prof. Aschehoug's plass and Stortorvet).[48] Buses also continued to run, although at least one articulated bus on the No.37 line, which stops outside the Ministry of Finance, was commandeered to evacuate the walking wounded.

An e-mail communication with the BBC from a traveller indicated that police were conducting searches in cars on the road to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen,[49] which remained open.[50][51]

The Gardermoen Line between Lillestrøm and Oslo Airport was shut down after a suspicious package was found close to the tracks.[52] The same happened at the offices of TV 2 which were evacuated after a suspicious package was found outside the building.[53]

Utøya massacre

Attack

Approximately one and a half hours after the Oslo explosion,[54] a man wearing a police uniform, confirmed to be Anders Behring Breivik,[55] boarded a ferry at Tyrifjorden, a lake some 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Oslo, to the island of Utøya,[56] the location of the Norwegian Labour Party's annual AUF youth summer camp, which is organised there every summer[57] and which was attended by approximately 600 teenagers.[58]

Former prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, whom Breivik said he hated and referred to in his writings as "the murderer of the nation",[59] had been on the island earlier in the day to give a speech to the camp. After the attack Breivik stated that he originally wanted to target her specifically; but because of delays related to the ongoing renovation of Oslo Central railway station, she was already gone when the shooting started.[60][61]

When Breivik arrived on the island, he presented himself as a police officer who had come over for a routine check following the bombing event in Oslo. He signalled and asked people to gather around him[62] before pulling weapons and ammunition from a bag and indiscriminately firing his weapons,[63][64][65] killing and wounding numerous people. He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake.[66] Survivors on the island described a scene of terror.[63] In one example, 21-year-old survivor Dana Berzingi described how several victims wounded by Breivik pretended to be dead to survive; but he later came by to shoot them again in the head.[63] He did relent in his executions on two occasions: First, when an 11-year-old boy who had just lost his father during the shooting, stood up against him and said he was too young to die; and later, when a 22-year-old male begged for his life.[67]

Some witnesses on the island were reported to have hidden in the undergrowth, and in lavatories, communicating by text message to avoid giving their positions away to the gunman.[68] The mass shooting reportedly lasted for around an hour and a half, ending when a police special task force arrived and the gunman surrendered, despite having ammunition left, at 18:35.[69] It is also reported that the shooter used hollow-point[70] or frangible bullets[71] (dum-dums[72]) which increase tissue damage.[71]

The island's manager for over 20 years, Monica Bøsei, 45, known as “Mother Utøya”, was one of the victims.[73] Her husband and two daughters were also present, but escaped with their lives.[74] The youngest victim, Sharidyn Svebakk-Boehn, just turned 14 years old, and wrote a blog[75] describing the days before her murder.[76][77]

Local residents in a flotilla of little motorboats and fishing dinghies sailed out to rescue the survivors who were pulled out shivering and bleeding from the water and picked up from hiding places in the bushes and behind rocks around the island's shoreline. Some survived by pretending to be dead.[78] Several campers, especially those with the experience to know the island well, swam to the island's rocky west side and hid in the caves which are only accessible from the water. Others were able to hide away on the secluded Kjærlighetsstien ("love path").[79] 47 of the campers sought refuge in Skolestua ("the School House") together with personnel from the Norwegian People's Aid. Although Breivik shot two bullets through the door, he did not get through the locked door, and the people inside this building survived.[80][81]

The police have declined to say what guns he used for the attacks or how he acquired them.[82]

Rescue and emergency response

Initially, as the besieged people from Utøya tried to call the emergency services, they were told to keep off the line unless they were calling about the Oslo bomb.[83][84]

The first person to arrive on the scene was Marcel Gleffe, a German resident of Ski vacationing at a holiday camp on the mainland. Recognizing gunshots, he piloted his boat to the island and began throwing lifejackets to young people in the water, rescuing as many as he could in four or five trips, after which the police asked him to stop. The Daily Telegraph credited him with saving up to 30 lives.[85] Another forty were saved by Hege Dalen and Toril Hansen, a married female couple holidaying in the area.[86]

At 17:27 the local police district learned about the shooting, and two minutes later the police in Oslo were informed.[41] By 17:38, the Norwegian central counter-terrorist unit Beredskapstroppen was dispatched to Utøya from their headquarters in Oslo.[41] However special forces in Oslo did not have a helicopter available that could take them straight to the island. The only helicopter available to the Oslo-based unit was a military one parked 60 km south of the capital at Moss Airport in Rygge, and thus the special unit had to reach the location by cars.[87] They reached the ferry crossing at 18:09, but had to wait a few minutes for a boat to take them across. They reached Utøya at 18:25. Within two minutes of police arriving the gunman surrendered.[41]

When the police arrived at the scene, they were met by survivors begging the officers to throw away their weapons, as they were afraid that the men in uniforms would again open fire on them.[88]

Shortage of transport capacity

The Norwegian police does not have any helicopters that are suitable for transporting groups of police for an airdrop; the one they have is useful only for surveillance. When helicopter transport is needed, the Norwegian police have to rely on assistance from the military. The lack of full transport capacity for the anti-terrorism unit has long been criticized by some[who?] within the police force. When at the shore, the police could not find a suitable boat to reach the island.[citation needed] The boat they finally located almost sank because their equipment was so heavy; they had to continuously bail out water as they made the crossing.[87]

All the crews of the police surveillance helicopter were on vacation.[89]

Casualties

The building housing the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police with blown-out windows shortly after the explosion.

Oslo

Eight people were killed in the explosion,[54] with eleven seriously wounded,[90] and fifteen suffering minor injuries.[91][92] A doctor at the Oslo University Hospital said the hospital staff were treating head, chest and abdominal wounds.[93]

Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was at his official residence near the Royal Palace, preparing the speech he was scheduled to give at Utøya the next day.[94] Norway’s finance minister, Sigbjørn Johnsen, was on holiday in Denmark at the time.[95]

Fewer people than usual were in the area because the bombing took place during July, the usual vacation month for Norwegians,[96] which may have averted a higher death toll.

Utøya

At approximately 03:50 (CEST) on 23 July, NRK and TV 2, the two primary Norwegian television networks, broadcast a live press conference from the Sentrum politistasjon in Oslo where Norway's National Police Commissioner Øystein Mæland stated the number of fatalities at Utøya to have reached "at least 80" with the count expected to increase.[1][97][98][99]

On 25 July, a police spokesperson revealed that the death toll of the victims on Utøya had been revised downwards to 68 after the casualties had been counted on their return to the mainland.[100] They added that the number of people missing was still high and that the number of casualties could be as high as 86. On 29 July police announced that one of the severely wounded victims from Utøya had died in a hospital, bringing the death toll from the island massacre to 69 (and 77 total, including 8 from the bombing in Oslo).

On 26 July, the Norwegian police began releasing the names and dates of birth of the victims on their website. By 29 July, the names of all 77 victims (eight from the bomb attack, 69 from Utøya) had been published[101], the last, a shooting victim, having been found on the 28th.[102] The median age of the deceased was 18 years and the average age 21.8 years.

Age of the deceased
Age 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 25 26 27 28 30 32 34 43 45 51 56 61
Fatalities 2 7 7 17 17 5 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1

Trond Berntsen, an off-duty, unarmed police officer and step-brother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit, was among the dead.[17]

Victims

On 1 August, the Norwegian national broadcasting company (NRK) revealed that a total of 153 people were injured during the attacks, in addition to the 77 casualties (reported down from an original figure of over 90). Ninety-one of the injured were brought to hospital or other medical treatment from the Oslo bombing, 62 from the Utøya shooting. On 2 August, the same source revised the number of injured from the Oslo bombing to 89, to a total of 151.[103]

Suspect

Main article: Anders Behring Breivik

Public broadcaster NRK and several other Norwegian media outlets identified the suspected attacker as Anders Behring Breivik. He was arrested in Utøya for the shootings and also linked to the Oslo bombings.[104][105][106] He has been charged with terrorism for both attacks.[21] According to his attorney, Breivik has acknowledged that he is responsible for both the bomb and the shooting during interrogation but denies culpability, as he asserts that his actions were “atrocious but necessary”.[107] At his initial arraignment on 25 July, Breivik was remanded into custody for eight weeks, the first half to be in solitary confinement.[108] Breivik wanted to have an open hearing, and attend it wearing a uniform of his own design, but both requests were denied by the presiding judge.[109]

Political and religious views

File:Anders Behring Breivik in diving suit with gun (self portrait).jpg
Breivik posing in a wet suit, in a photo released with his manifesto six hours before the attacks. The insignia on his left shoulder reads: "Marxist Hunter – Norway – Multiculti traitor hunting permit".[110]

Breivik is linked to a compendium entitled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence bearing the name "Andrew Berwick", the file was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.[111][112] CNN has not been able to independently verify that the document was written by Breivik. Police told the Norwegian newspaper VG that the document is "linked".[113]

The compendium is described as militant far-right ideology ultranationalist manifesto, a xenophobic worldview, which contains an array of political concepts; including support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism, Islamophobia, "far-right Zionism", and Serbian paramilitarism.[114][115] It regards an alliance ofIslam and "cultural Marxism" as the enemy and argues for the annihilation of "Eurabia" and multiculturalism, to preserve a Christian Europe.[24][115][116][117][118][119] He further urged Europeans to restore the historic crusades against Islam as in the middle ages.[120] A video Breivik released on Youtube 6 hours before the attack, has been described as promoting violence towards Muslims and Marxists who reside in Europe.[121]

Among other things, in the manifesto he identified the Beneš Decrees, which facilitated the Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, as an example for committing that act on European Muslims.[122] In his manifesto he also urges the Hindus to drive Muslims out of India.[123] He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe from 2011 to 2083 through repatriation.[124][124] He blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.[125]

Breivik's writings mention the English Defense League, claiming that he had contact with senior members of the EDL, and that a Norwegian version of the group, was 'in the process of gaining strength'. He wrote that the EDL were 'naïve fools' because in his words the EDL 'harshly condemns any and all revolutionary conservative movements that employ terror as a tool'. EDL leader Stephen Yaxley-Lennon denounced Breivik and the attack on 26 July 2011 and denied any links with the Norwegian.[126][127][128][129][130]

After being apprehended, Breivik was characterized by police officials as being a right-wing extremist and an Islamophobe.[116] Breivik is described by the newspaper Verdens Gang as considering himself a conservative nationalist.[106] According to The Australian, Breivik was highly critical of Muslim immigration into Christian societies, is pro-Israel and an admirer of the US Tea Party movement.[131] Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that "We have no more information than... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist."[21][132][133] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterization of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[134][135] Furthermore, Breivik stated that "myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God."[136][137] According to the International Business Times, in his manifesto, he "did not see himself as religious", but he did identify as a cultural Christian and wrote about the differences between cultural and religious Christians, but stressed that both were Christians, and shared the same identity and goals.[138] He has written many posts on the far-right[139] website document.no.[140] He attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the Document.no website.[141] He is a former member of the Progress Party (FrP) and its youth wing FpU. According to the current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme.[142]

In his online Youtube video, he expressed admiration of several historic leaders such as Charles Martel, Richard Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad III the Impaler, Jacques de Molay, Tsar Nicholas and John III Sobieski.[143] A recently created social media website bearing Breivik's name and picture but of unknown authorship refers to him as an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus,[144][145] and also of Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose political party, the Party for Freedom, he describes as "the only true party of conservatives".[146]

Attorney

The police initially kept the choice of counsel secret after request from the attorney. Attorney Geir Lippestad elected to act on behalf of Breivik's defense, confirming to the Dagbladet newspaper that Breivik had requested him personally.[147] Lippestad said "I thought carefully about it. Everyone is entitled to a lawyer, even in a case like this, and I decided to accept."[107]

Possible accomplices

Several witnesses at the youth camp expressed doubt that there was only one shooter.[148] The police have received descriptions of a second gunman, and are currently working to confirm or deny the accuracy of this new information. Due to the uncertainty surrounding these witness descriptions and the chaotic nature of the events, the police have, as a matter of precaution, yet to make an official comment on the matter.[149][150] Breivik has claimed that he acted alone and that he had no accomplices.[151] On 24 July, six more people were arrested in Oslo in connection with the attacks and then released as they were said to be no longer suspected of involvement.[152]

Reactions

Flower march in Sentrum, Oslo, on 25 July 2011 in the aftermath of the attacks. An estimated 200,000 attended the flower march.

Domestic

King Harald sent his condolences to the victims and their families, and urged unity.[153]

At a press conference on the morning after the attacks, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Justice Minister Knut Storberget addressed the country. Stoltenberg called the attack a "national tragedy" and the worst atrocity in Norway since World War II. Stoltenberg further vowed that the attack would not hurt Norwegian democracy, and said the proper answer to the violence was "more democracy, more openness, but not naivety".[154] In his speech at the memorial service on 24 July 2011, he opined what would be a proper reaction: "No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: 'If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together.'"[155][156]

Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral, 25 July 2011

The leader of the Workers' Youth League, Eskil Pedersen, vowed to "return to Utøya" and urged Norway to continue its tradition of openness and tolerance.[157]

Leaders of Norwegian political parties expressed grief and sent condolences in public statements.[158][159][160][161][162][163][164]

On 1 August 2011, Norway's parliament, nominally in recess for the summer, reconvened for an extraordinary session to honour the victims of the attack. In a departure from parliamentary procedure, both King Harald V and Crown Prince Haakon were present. The president of Norway's Parliament, Dag Terje Andersen read out loud the names of all 77 victims. The session was open to the public, but due to limited seating, priority was given to relatives of the deceased.[165][166]

The seven political parties in the parliament agreed to postpone the electoral campaign for local elections, which will be held in September, until mid-August.[167] Campaigning was also postponed and due to start in mid-August. The school debated were canceled; though the school elections were, however, not cancelled.[168]

International

Main article: International reactions to the 2011 Norway attacks

The United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and governments around the world expressed their condemnation of the attacks, condolences, and solidarity with Norway. However, there have also been reports of European politicians giving support to the killings or excusing them as a result of multi-culturalism. Interviewed on a popular radio show, the Italian MEP Francesco Speroni, a leading member of the Lega Nord, the junior partner in Berlusconi's conservative coalition, said: "Breivik's ideas are in defence of western civilisation."[169] Similar views were voiced by Italian MEP Mario Borghezio.[170] Werner Koenigshofer, a member of the National Council of Austria, was expelled from the right-wing Freedom Party of Austria after equating the massacre with the death of millions of fetuses through abortion.[171]

On 25 July 2011, at noon (CEST), each of the Nordic countries held a minute of silence to dignify the victims of the two attacks.[172] In Oslo, a city of approximately 600,000 inhabitants, an estimated 200,000 people attended a "flower march".[173][174][175]

The Norwegian media reported critiscism against Fox News and its commentator Glenn Beck for their coverage of the attacks.[176] Beck's comparison of the AUF to the Hitler Youth[177] lead Frank Aarebrot, a Norwegian professor with political sympathies to the Norwegian Labour Party,[178] to call Beck a "fascist" and "swine."[179]

After-effects

In the days following the attacks, Norway's main political parties noted a significant increase in interest for membership from young people. The Norwegian Young Conservatives signed up forty new members by Tuesday[when?], and the Progress Party's Youth had at least thirty new members, while a spokesperson for the Workers' Youth League (AUF) said they had got a "significant number" of new members.[180]

In the first opinion poll published for local elections after the attack the incumbent Labour Party had a more than 10% gain with the further leftist Socialist Left Party also making gains. All other parties declined.[181]

Toys and games

Coop Norway, a chain of retail stores in Norway, is removing several brands from its shelves as a result of the attack. Some of the titles includes games like Homefront, Call of Duty series, Sniper Ghost Warrior, Counter-Strike Source and World of Warcraft.[182]

References

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  2. ^ According to his lawyer during a press conference on 26 July 2011.
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  11. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8656143/Norway-At-least-87-killed-in-terror-attacks.html
  12. ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/23/norway-terrorist-attack-christian-perpetrator-defied-stereotypes.html
  13. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/christian-terrorist-norway-case-strikes-debate-181559379.html
  14. ^ http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4181314.ece
  15. ^ a b "Eksplosjonen i Oslo sentrum 22. juli 2011" (in Norwegian). 23 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Beaumont, Peter (22 July 2011). "Norway attacks suggest political motive". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  17. ^ a b "Norway killings: Princess's brother Trond Berntsen among dead". Telegraph.
  18. ^ «Han står også oppført som medlem av Johannes-losjen Søilene i TV 2s oversikt over frimurerlosjen.», fra «Anders Behring Breivik (32) i Oslo ble pågrepet etter bombe og massedrap», artikkel på nettsidene til TV2, 23. juli 2011
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  21. ^ a b c "Scores killed in Norway attack". BBC. UK. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011. We have no more information than... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist.
  22. ^ Clive Williams. "Deadly, cruel lesson from Norway". The Australian. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
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  156. ^ "Address by Prime Minister in Oslo Cathedral". Norwegian government. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011. No one has said it better than the Labour Youth League girl who was interviewed by CNN: If one man can create that much hate, you can only imagine how much love we as a togetherness can create.
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