Stentor (ciliate)
| Stentor | |
|---|---|
| |
| Stentor roeseli | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Superphylum: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Stentor Oken, 1815
|
Stentor, sometimes called trumpet animalcules, are a genus of filter-feeding, heterotrophic ciliate protists, representative of the heterotrichs. They are usually horn-shaped, and reaching lengths of 2 millimeters, they are among the biggest known unicellular organisms.
Appearance and characteristics
The body, or cortex, is generally horn-shaped, hence the association with the Greek herald and the former name "trumpet animalcule", with a ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" that sweep in food and aid in swimming. Some reach several millimeters in length, making them among the largest single celled organisms. Stentor can come in different colors. As in many freshwater protozoans, the Stentor has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt inside the cell and in the surrounding freshwater is different, Stentor must store water that enters it by osmosis and then discharge it from the vacuole. They can regenerate, and small fragments can grow into full organisms. Each cell has one (often elongated) macronucleus and several micronuclei.
Ecology
These protists are common worldwide in freshwater lakes and streams, only S. multiformis has been recorded from marine, freshwater and even terrestrial biotopes. They are usually attached to algae and other detritus. Some Stentor species can live symbiotically with certain species of green algae (Chlorella). After being ingested, the algae live on while their host absorbs nutrients produced, whereas the algae, in turn, absorb and feed on the Stentor's metabolic wastes. Stentors react to outside disturbances by contracting into a ball. Resting cysts are known from a few species[1].
Systematics
The genus contains over twenty described species, including[2][3]:
- Stentor amethystinus
- Stentor araucanus
- Stentor baicalius (syn. Stentor pygmaeus)
- Stentor barretti
- Stentor caudatus
- Stentor coeruleus
- Stentor cornutus
- Stentor elegans
- Stentor fuliginosus
- Stentor igneus
- Stentor introversus
- Stentor katashimai
- Stentor loricatus
- Stentor magnus
- Stentor muelleri (syn. Stentor felici)
- Stentor multiformis (syn. Stentor gallinulus, =S. nanus)
- Stentor multimicronucleatus
- Stentor niger
- Stentor polymorphus (syn. Stentor pediculatus)
- Stentor pyriformis
- Stentor roeseli
The type species of the genus is Stentor muelleri Ehrenberg, 1831. According to recent molecular analyses, the genus seems to be monophyletic, and related to the genus Blepharisma[4].
References
- ^ Tartar,V. (1961). The biology of Stentor. Pergamon Press, New York
- ^ Kumazawa, H. (2002) Notes on the taxonomy of Stentor Oken (Protozoa, Ciliophora) and a description of a new species. J. Plankton Res. 2002 24: 69-75; doi:10.1093/plankt/24.1.69
- ^ Foissner, W. and Wölfl, S. (1994) Revision of the genus Stentor Oken (Protozoa: Ciliophora) and description of S. araucanus nov. spec. from South American lakes. J. Plankton Res., 16, 255–289
- ^ Gong, Y-Ch. et al. (2007) Molecular Phylogeny of Stentor (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea) Based on Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Sequences. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 54(1), pp. 45–48