List of universities in Canada
Template:Canada provinces map/universities in Canada
The Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC), an organisation composed of Canadian universities, defines two distinct types of post-secondary institutions in Canada: universities and colleges. Universities grant university degrees, which include bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees; and colleges, also known as community colleges, provide diplomas.[1] In some cases, universities must be a member of AUCC to be able to grant university degrees.[2] However, in other provinces membership is no guarantee of university status. Provincial and territorial governments provide the majority of funding to their public universities, with the remainder of funding coming from the federal government,[3] tuition fees, and research grants.[4]
There is significant variation between universities in the amount of funding they receive. Universities in Quebec receive the most funding and have the lowest tuition fees, while universities in Atlantic Canada generally receive the least funding.[4] Among G7 countries, Canada has the highest proportion of post-secondary education graduates in the workforce. It also has one of the highest percentage of university graduates in the workforce, with 22%.[5] There are approximately 1.2 million university students in Canada based on the totals below.
Table symbols:
- L – Language (not including language study programs) (E – English, F – French, B – English and French)
- E – Established
- U – Undergraduate enrollment
- P – Postgraduate enrollment
- T – Total enrollment
Alberta
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mechanical_Engineering_Building_University_Of_Alberta_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg/220px-Mechanical_Engineering_Building_University_Of_Alberta_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg)
Post-secondary education in Alberta is regulated by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Technology.[6] There are five universities in Alberta, thirteen public colleges (one of which grants degrees[citation needed]), and seven private colleges (all of which grant degrees). Most private colleges refer to themselves as "university colleges", but are not legally universities, although they grant equivalent degrees.[6]
There are two universities in Calgary: University of Calgary and Mount Royal University (although the University of Lethbridge has a campus downtown as well). Edmonton, the province's capital city, is home to the University of Alberta, the province's oldest and largest university.
In 2009, a bill was passed by the Alberta legislature that allowed the two public colleges that offered degrees (MacEwan College in Edmonton and Mount Royal College in Calgary) to rename themselves universities. [7] Mount Royal College was renamed Mount Royal University on September 3, 2009 [8] and Grant MacEwan College became Grant MacEwan University on September 24, 2009.[9]
Institution | Location(s) | Language | Year Established | Undergrad Student Enrollment (Population) | Post grad Student Enrollment (Population) | Total Student Enrollment (Population) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
University of Alberta | Edmonton, Camrose, Calgary | B | 1906 | 29,250 | 6,930 | 36,180 | [10] |
Athabasca University | Athabasca, Calgary, Edmonton | E | 1970 | 36,240 | 3,460 | 39,700 | [11] |
University of Calgary | Calgary, Edmonton, Doha, Qatar | E | 1966 | 23,320 | 6,540 | 29,860 | [12] |
University of Lethbridge | Lethbridge, Edmonton, Calgary | E | 1967 | 7,930 | 300 | 8,230 | [13] |
Mount Royal University | Calgary | E | 1910 | 10,670 | 0 | 10,670 | [14] |
Grant MacEwan University | Edmonton | E | 1971 | 11,721 | 0 | 11,721 | [15] |
British Columbia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/University_of_Victoria%2C_29_sept_2007%2C_2.jpg/220px-University_of_Victoria%2C_29_sept_2007%2C_2.jpg)
In total, there are eleven public universities and four private universities in British Columbia. Six of these universities – Capilano University, Emily Carr University of Art and Design, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Simon Fraser University, and the University of British Columbia – are in the Metro Vancouver region, the most populated region of British Columbia, and four of them – Vancouver Island University, Royal Roads University, the University of Victoria, and the University Canada West – are on Vancouver Island. Two public universities, Capilano University and Kwantlen Polytechnic University, and one private university, Quest University, are primarily undergraduate institutions.
The oldest university in the province is the University of British Columbia, established in 1908,[16] followed by the University of Victoria, also established in 1908. Five institutions in British Columbia were officially designated as universities on September 1, 2008:[17] Capilano University, Emily Carr University of Art and Design, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, the University of the Fraser Valley, and Vancouver Island University. University enrollment in British Columbia ranges from Quest University with 350 students to the University of British Columbia with 45,484 students.
The biggest provider of online and distance education in BC is Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning (TRU-OL). With over 400 individual courses and more than 57 programs available for completion by distance and online learning, students can take a variety of programs such as: adult secondary school completion; certificates and diplomas, including advanced and post-baccalaureate; associate degrees; and bachelor's degrees. Considering distance students, Thompson Rivers University's enrolment is 22,036 (8964 of which is distance).
Manitoba
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UniversityOfManitobaAdministrationBuilding.jpg/220px-UniversityOfManitobaAdministrationBuilding.jpg)
There are six universities in Manitoba, which are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy.[33] Five of these universities—the University of Manitoba, the Université de Saint-Boniface, the Canadian Mennonite University the University of Winnipeg and Booth University College—are in Winnipeg, the capital and largest city in the province. The Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface, established in 1818, is the oldest university in the province and is a French language university. Booth University College, formed in 1982, and located in Winnipeg, is the newest. University enrollment in Manitoba ranges from Booth University College with 250 students to the University of Manitoba with 26,800 students.
Institution | Location | L | E | U | P | T | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Booth University College | Winnipeg | E | 1982 | 250 | 0 | 250 | [34] |
Brandon University | Brandon | E | 1899 | 3,140 | 120 | 3,260 | [35] |
Canadian Mennonite University | Winnipeg | E | 1944 | 1,600 | 0 | 1,600 | [36] |
University of Manitoba | Winnipeg | B | 1877 | 23,640 | 3,160 | 26,800 | [37] |
Université de Saint-Boniface | Winnipeg | F | 1818 | 930 | 54 | 984 | [38] |
University of Winnipeg | Winnipeg | E | 1871 | 9,010 | 0 | 9,010 | [39] |
New Brunswick
There are eight chartered universities in New Brunswick; four public universities,[40] governed by the Ministry of Post Secondary Education, Training and Labour,[41] and four private institutions including an online university. New Brunswick holds the distinctions of having the first English-language university in Canada and the first public university in North America, (the University of New Brunswick);[42] and also the first university in the British Empire to have award a bachelor's degree to a woman, (Mount Allison University) in 1875.[43] St. Thomas University and University of New Brunswick have campuses in the province's capital of Fredericton and UNB also maintains a campus in Saint John. St. Thomas University is the only public university in the province that does not offer graduate-level programs. Established in 1785, the University of New Brunswick is the oldest public in the province, and the Université de Moncton is the newest, formed in 1963. Public university enrollment ranges from Mount Allison University with 2,486 students to the University of New Brunswick with 10,587 students. Of the three private universities, Crandall University is the largest with enrolment expected to reach 1,200.
Institution | Location(s) | L | E | U | P | T | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kingswood University | Sussex | E | 1945 | 300 | 0 | 300 | [44][needs update] |
Crandall University | Moncton | E | 1949 | 685 | 0 | 685 | [45][needs update] |
Université de Moncton | Moncton, Shippagan, Edmundston | F | 1963 | 5,184 | 738 | 5,922 | [46][needs update] |
Mount Allison University | Sackville | E | 1839 | 2,648 | 12 | 2,660 | [46][needs update] |
University of New Brunswick | Fredericton & Saint John | E | 1785 | 9,253 | 1,444 | 10,697 | [46][needs update] |
St. Stephen's University | St. Stephen | E | 1975 | 100 | 0 | 100 | [47][needs update] |
St. Thomas University | Fredericton | E | 1910 | 2,655 | 0 | 2,655 | [46][needs update] |
University of Fredericton | Fredericton | E | [46][needs update] |
Newfoundland and Labrador
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gushue_Hall_MUN.jpg/220px-Gushue_Hall_MUN.jpg)
The Degree Granting Act of Newfoundland and Labrador regulates degree-granting universities in the province.[48] The only university in Newfoundland and Labrador,[40] Memorial University of Newfoundland, has campuses in two cities, in St. John's, the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, and on the west coast of the province, in Corner Brook. With 18,172 enrolled students, it is the largest university in Atlantic Canada.[49]
Institution | Location(s) | L | E | U | P | T | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Memorial University of Newfoundland | St. John's, Corner Brook & Harlow, UK | E | 1925 | 15,454 | 3,118 | 18,572 | [46][needs update] |
Nova Scotia
Template:Nova Scotia universities map
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kings_College.jpg/220px-Kings_College.jpg)
There are 11 universities in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.[50] Six of these universities – the Atlantic School of Theology, Dalhousie University, Mount Saint Vincent University, the NSCAD University, Saint Mary's University, and the University of King's College – are located in the Halifax Regional Municipality, which is the capital of Nova Scotia and the largest urban area in the Atlantic Canada region. The oldest university in the province is the University of King's College, established in 1789, and the newest university is Cape Breton University, established in 1974. University student enrolment in Nova Scotia ranges from the Atlantic School of Theology with 125 students to Dalhousie University with 15,970 students.
Several universities in Nova Scotia have strong religious connections. The University of King's College, first founded in Windsor, holds the distinction of being the first college with university powers in British North America, at a time when Upper Canada had no government of its own. It has always remained under the control of the Church of England. Dalhousie University, first known as Dalhousie College, was established in Halifax in 1820 with the help of the Presbyterian Church, and Acadia University was founded by Baptists. Catholics formed both Saint Mary's University and Saint Francis Xavier University.[51]
Institution | Location(s) | L | E | U | P | T | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acadia University | Wolfville | E | 1838 | 3,437 | 519 | 3,956 | [46][needs update] |
Atlantic School of Theology | Halifax | E | 1971 | 0 | 147 | 147 | [46][needs update] |
Cape Breton University | Sydney | E | 1974 | 2,987 | 181 | 3,168 | [46][needs update] |
Dalhousie University | Halifax | E | 1818 | 13,478 | 3,783 | 17,261 | [46][needs update] |
University of King's College | Halifax | E | 1789 | 1,250 | 7 | 1,257 | [46][needs update] |
Mount Saint Vincent University | Halifax | E | 1873 | 2,898 | 959 | 3,857 | [46][needs update] |
Nova Scotia Agricultural College | Bible Hill | E | 1905 | 910 | 84 | 994 | [46][needs update] |
NSCAD University | Halifax | E | 1887 | 986 | 27 | 1,013 | [46][needs update] |
Saint Francis Xavier University | Antigonish | E | 1853 | 4,571 | 356 | 4,927 | [46][needs update] |
Saint Mary's University | Halifax | E | 1802 | 6,682 | 575 | 7,257 | [46][needs update] |
Université Sainte-Anne | Church Point | F | 1890 | 438 | 63 | 501 | [46][needs update] |
Ontario
Template:Ontario universities map There are 23 publicly funded universities in the Canadian province of Ontario that are post-secondary education institutions with degree-granting authority.[52] There are also 17 privately funded, religious universities.[53] Each of these institutions were either established through an Act of the Legislative Assembly or through a Royal Charter.[54] Students apply to public universities in Ontario through the Ontario Universities' Application Centre.
The oldest university, the University of Toronto, was established in 1827, and the newest university, Algoma University, was established in 2008. The largest university in terms of enrolment is the University of Toronto, which has campuses in three locations: St. George Campus (the university's main campus), Scarborough Campus, and Mississauga Campus.[55]
Prince Edward Island
There is one university in Prince Edward Island that is authorized to grant degrees.[40] Higher education in the province falls under the jurisdiction of the Higher Education and Corporate Services Branch within the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development.[80] The only university in the province, the University of Prince Edward Island, is in the province's capital of Charlottetown. The institution resulted from an amalgamation of Prince of Wales College, a former university college founded in 1834, and Saint Dunstan's University, founded in 1855.[81]
Institution | Location | L | E | U | P | T | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
University of Prince Edward Island | Charlottetown | E | 1969 | 4,276 | 324 | 4,600 | [46][needs update] |
Quebec
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Udemontreal.jpg/220px-Udemontreal.jpg)
There are 17 universities in the largely French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec. Of the 17 universities, 14 are francophone and three are anglophone, all of them accredited by the Conférence des recteurs et des principaux des universités de Québec.[82] Seven of these universities – Concordia University, École de technologie supérieure, École Polytechnique de Montréal, HEC Montréal, McGill University, Université de Montréal, and Université du Québec à Montréal – are located in Montreal, the most populated city in Quebec, and three of them – École nationale d'administration publique, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, and Université Laval – are based in Quebec City, the province's capital. The Institut national de la recherche scientifique and École nationale d'administration publique do not have undergraduate level programs.
The oldest university in the province is Université Laval, established in 1663. Two institutions, both established in 1974, are the most recently designated universities in Quebec: École de technologie supérieure and Concordia University. University enrollment in Quebec ranges from Institut national de la recherche scientifique with 480 students to Université de Montréal with 55 540 students.
Saskatchewan
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/First_Nations_University.jpg/220px-First_Nations_University.jpg)
There are three universities in Saskatchewan.[40] The Government of Saskatchewan must establish statutes individually to degree-granting universities; these statutes outline the authority of each institution, their regulations, and bylaws.[100] The First Nations University of Canada and the University of Regina are both in Regina, the province's capital, and the University of Saskatchewan is in Saskatoon, the most populous city in Saskatchewan. The University of Saskatchewan is the oldest university in the province, founded in 1907, and the First Nations University of Canada is the newest, established in 1976. The University of Saskatchewan is also the largest university in Saskatchewan with 18,620 students, and the First Nations University of Canada (FNUC) is the smallest with 840 students. The First Nations University is the only Canadian university that caters to the needs of First Nations students. It was originally called the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, and once formed, it entered into a federated agreement with the University of Regina to create the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College (SIFC). This Agreement allowed FNUC to become an independently administered university-college that served First Nations students.[101] The First Nations University of Canada is the only university in the province that does not offer graduate-level programs.
Institution | Location(s) | L | E | U | P | T | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Nations University of Canada | Regina, Saskatoon & Prince Albert | E | 1976 | 840 | 0 | 840 | [102] |
University of Regina | Regina, Saskatoon & Swift Current | E | 1911 | 10,690 | 1,480 | 12,170 | [103] |
University of Saskatchewan | Saskatoon | E | 1907 | 16,430 | 2,190 | 18,620 | [104] |
See also
- Lists
Notes
- ^ Barrie, Hearst, Kapuskasing & Timmins
- ^ Bracebridge & Brantford
- ^ Toronto, Alfred, Ridgetown & Kemptville
- ^ Scarborough, & Mississauga
- ^ Cambridge, Kitchener, Stratford & Dubai, UAE
- ^ Brantford & Kitchener
Footnotes
- ^ "Postsecondary institutions defined". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
- ^ "AUCC membership key to granting foundational degrees". Mount Royal College. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
- ^ "University funding". Association of Universities and Colleges in Canada. November 2000. Retrieved 2008-10-12. [dead link]
- ^ a b "University tuition fees". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "Post-Secondary Attainment". Industry Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-12. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Post-Secondary Institutions". Advanced Education and Technology. Retrieved 2008-10-09. [dead link]
- ^ Intercamp, "MacEwan and MRC could add University to name".
- ^ Braid, Don (2009-09-03). "Tories reward Mount Royal". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
- ^ "Grant MacEwan University celebrates new name". 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "University of Alberta". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ "Athabasca University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ "University of Calgary". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ "The University of Lethbridge". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ "Mount Royal University". Retrieved 2011-11-13.
- ^ "Grant MacEwan University". Retrieved 2011-11-13.
- ^ "About UBC". ubc.ca. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "An Overview of B.C.'s Public Post-secondary Institutions". Aved.gov.bc.ca. 2008-09-01. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
- ^ "Fall 2007: Student Enrolment and Demographic Statistics" (PDF). Capilano University. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "Emily Carr University of Art + Design". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "Fairleigh Dickinson University, Vancouver". Fairleigh Dickinson University. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
- ^ "Kwantlen Polytechnic University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "Quest University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ^ "Royal Roads University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "Simon Fraser University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ http://www.tru.ca/about_tru/facts_figures.html
- ^ "Trinity Western University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "The University of British Columbia". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "University of Victoria". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "Growth on track as Victoria's University Canada West honours graduates at second Convocation". University Canada West. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ "University of the Fraser Valley". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "University of Northern British Columbia". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "Vancouver Island University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ "Quality Assurance Practices for Postsecondary Institutions in Manitoba". Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials. 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
- ^ {{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-08|url=http://www.boothuc.ca
- ^ "Brandon University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ "Manitoba Advanced Education and Literacy". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
- ^ "The University of Manitoba". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ "Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ "The University of Winnipeg". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ "UNB: Quick Facts". University of New Brunswick. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
- ^ "Mount Allison and our Campus..." Mount Allison University. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- ^ "Bethany Bible College, Sussex, New Brunswick". Campus Starter. 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-30. [dead link]
- ^ "Atlantic Baptist University, Moncton, New Brunswick". Campus Starter. 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-30. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Full-time plus Part-time Enrollment". Association of Atlantic Universities. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ^ "St. Stephen's University, St. Stephen, New Brunswick". Campus Starter. 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-30. [dead link]
- ^ "Degree Granting Act, R.S.N.L. 1990, c. D-5". Canadian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
- ^ "About the School of Music". Memorial University. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "Universities in Nova Scotia". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
- ^ Bourinot, John George (2004). "Chapter II: Education". The Intellectual Development of the Canadian People. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-6747-2.
- ^ "Post Secondary - Schools Programs - University". Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities. Retrieved 2011-01-10.
- ^ "Post Secondary - Schools Programs - Private Universities". Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities. Retrieved 2011-01-10.
- ^ Cooper, William Mansfield (July 1967). "Governments and the University". Peabody Journal of Education. 45 (1): 57–60.
- ^ Girard, Daniel (2007-09-20). "University of Toronto (Mississauga): Best of both worlds". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
- ^ "Algoma University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC). Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Brock University". Brock University. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Carleton University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Dominican College of Philosophy and Theology (Dominican University College)". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Lakehead University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Laurentian University of Sudbury". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "McMaster University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Nipissing University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Ontario College of Art & Design". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Queen's University at Kingston". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Saint Paul University". SPU. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
- ^ "Tyndale University College". Retrieved 2011-08-22.
- ^ "Royal Military College of Canada". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Ryerson University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Trent University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "University of Guelph". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "University of Ontario Institute of Technology". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "University of Ottawa". AUCC. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
- ^ "University of Toronto". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "University of Waterloo". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "The University of Western Ontario". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "University of Windsor". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Wilfrid Laurier University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "York University". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Higher Education and Corporate Services". Government of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
- ^ "University of Prince Edward Island". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "Qui sommes-nous ?" (in French). Conférence des recteurs et des principaux des universités de Québec. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Bishop's University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Concordia University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université du Québec - École de technologie supérieure". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université du Québec - École nationale d'administration publique". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "École Polytechnique de Montréal". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "École des Hautes Études Commerciales". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Institut national de la recherche scientifique". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "McGill University". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université de Montréal". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université de Sherbrooke". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université du Québec en Outaouais". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université du Québec à Chicoutimi". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université du Québec à Montréal". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université du Québec à Rimouski". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Université Laval". Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Quality Assurance Practices for Postsecondary Institutions in Saskatchewan". Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials. 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
- ^ "Our History". First Nations University of Canada. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- ^ "First Nations University of Canada". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ "University of Regina". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ "University of Saskatchewan". AUCC. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
References
- Drake, Miriam A. (2003). Encyclopedia of library and information science. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-3894-8.