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List of file systems

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The following lists identify, characterize and link to more thorough information on computer file systems.

Many older operating systems support only their one "native" file system, which does not bear any name apart from the name of the operating system itself.

Disk file systems

Disk file systems are usually block-oriented. Files in a block-oriented file system are sequences of blocks, often featuring fully random-access read, write, and modify operations.

  • ADFS – Acorn's Advanced Disc filing system, successor to DFS.
  • AdvFS - Advanced File System, designed by Digital Equipment Corporation for their Digital UNIX (now Tru64 UNIX) operating system.
  • AFS (Not to be confused with Andrew File System, below) – Acer Fast Filesystem, used on SCO OpenServer
  • AFS - Ami File Safe, a commercial filesystem shipped on Amiga in the 1990s (AFS is structure compatible with PFS)
  • AthFS - AtheOS File System, a 64-bit journaled filesystem now used by Syllable. Also called AFS
  • BFS – the Be File System used on BeOS, occasionally misnamed as BeFS. Open source implementation called OpenBFS is used by the Haiku operating system.
  • Btrfs - is a copy-on-write file system for Linux announced by Oracle in 2007 and published under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
  • CBMFS – The filesystem used on most Commodore 64-compatible floppy drives including the venerable 1541.
  • CMDFS – A filesystem extension added to CBMFS by Creative Micro Designs, for use in their 3.5 inch floppy drives, RAM disks, and hard drive controllers.
  • CP/M file system — Native filesystem used in the CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) operating system which was first released in the late 1970s.
  • DDFS – Data Domain File System, the data deduplication file system that ships in the Data Domain Deduplication Storage Systems which are an alternative to tape for storing backups and archives.[1]
  • DTFS – Desktop File System, featuring file compression, used by SCO OpenServer
  • DOS 3.x - Original floppy operating system and file system developed for the Apple II
  • EAFS – Extended Acer Fast Filesystem, used on SCO OpenServer
  • Extent File System (EFS) – an older block filing system under IRIX.
  • ext – Extended file system, designed for Linux systems
  • ext2 – Second extended file system, designed for Linux systems.
  • ext3 – A journaled form of ext2.
  • ext4 – A follow up for ext3 and also a journaled filesystem with support for extents.
  • ext3cow – A versioning file system form of ext3.
  • FAT – File Allocation Table, used on DOS and Microsoft Windows; FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 for 12-, 16- and 32-bit table depths.
  • FFS (Amiga) – Fast File System, used on Amiga systems. This FS has evolved over time. Now counts FFS1, FFS Intl, FFS DCache, FFS2.
  • FFS – Fast File System, used on *BSD systems
  • Fossil – Plan 9 from Bell Labs snapshot archival file system.
  • Files-11 – OpenVMS file system; also used on some PDP-11 systems; supports record-oriented files
  • HFS – Hierarchical File System, in use until HFS+ was introduced on Mac OS 8.1. Also known as Mac OS Standard format. Successor to Macintosh File System (MFS) & predecessor to HFS+; not to be confused with IBM's HFS provided with z/OS
  • HFS+ – Updated version of Apple’s HFS, Hierarchical File System, supported on Mac OS 8.1 & above, including Mac OS X. Supports file system journaling, enabling recovery of data after a system crash. Also referred to as 'Mac OS Extended format or HFS Plus
  • HPFS – High Performance File System, used on OS/2
  • HTFS – High Throughput Filesystem, used on SCO OpenServer
  • ISO 9660 – Used on CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs (Rock Ridge and Joliet are extensions to this)
  • JFS – IBM Journaling file system, provided in Linux, OS/2, and AIX. Supports extents.
  • JXFS used in AmigaOS 4.1.
  • LisaFS - Filesystem used by Apple Lisa's operating system. Unique in that it allowed two different files with exactly same name ("foo" and "foo").
  • LFS – 4.4BSD implementation of a log-structured file system
  • MFS – Macintosh File System, used on early Mac OS systems. Succeeded by Hierarchical File System (HFS).
  • Next3 – A form of ext3 with snapshots support.[2]
  • MFS – TiVo's Media File System, a proprietary fault tolerant format used on Tivo hard drives for real time recording from live TV.
  • Minix file system – Used on Minix systems
  • NILFS – Linux implementation of a log-structured file system
  • NTFS – (New Technology File System) Used on Microsoft's Windows NT-based operating systems
  • NetWare File System - The original NetWare 2.x - 5.x file system, used optionally by later versions.
  • NSS – Novell Storage Services. This is a new 64-bit journaling file system using a balanced tree algorithm. Used in NetWare versions 5.0-up and recently ported to Linux.
  • OneFS - One File System. This is a fully journaled, distributed file system used by Isilon. OneFS uses FlexProtect and Reed-Solomon encodings to support up to four simultaneous disk failures.
  • OFS – Old File System, on Amiga. Good for floppies, but fairly useless on hard drives.
  • PFS – and PFS2, PFS3, etc. Technically interesting file system available for the Amiga, performs very well under a lot of circumstances. Very simple and elegant.
  • ProDOS - Operating system and file system successor to DOS 3.x, for use on Apple’s computers prior to the Macintosh & Lisa computers, the Apple series, including the IIgs
  • Qnx4fs - File system that is used in QNX version 4 and 6.
  • Qnx6fs - New copy-on-write file system presented in QNX 6.4.0 and used as default since 6.4.1.
  • ReFS (Resilient File System) - New file system by Microsoft that is built on the foundations of NTFS (but cannot boot, has a default custer size of 64 KB and does not support compression) and is intended to be used with the soon to be released Windows Server 8 operating system.
  • ReiserFS – File system that uses journaling
  • Reiser4 – File system that uses journaling, newest version of ReiserFS
  • Reliance – Datalight's transactional file system for high reliability applications
  • Reliance Nitro – Tree-based transactional file system developed for high-performance embedded systems, from Datalight
  • S51K – AT&T UNIX System V 1KB Filesystem, used by SCO UNIX and SCO OpenServer
  • SkyFS - Developed for SkyOS to replace BFS as the operating system's main file system. It is based on BFS, but contains many new features.
  • SFS – Smart File System, journaling file system available for the Amiga platforms.
  • SpadFS - Linux - non-journaling, hashing lookup
  • STL (standard language file system) - a file system developed by IBM.[3]
  • TRFS - Experimental, design only
  • Tux3 - An experimental versioning file system intended as a replacement for ext3
  • UDF – Packet based file system for WORM/RW media such as CD-RW and DVD, now supports hard drives and flash memory as well.
  • UFS – Unix File System, used on Solaris and older BSD systems
  • UFS2 – Unix File System, used on newer BSD systems
  • VxFS Veritas file system, first commercial journaling file system[citation needed]; HP-UX, Solaris, Linux, AIX
  • VLIR (Variable Length Indexed Record) – a filesystem extension added by Berkeley Softworks to CBMFS, allowing full random access read and write operations, for computers running GEOS.
  • WAFL – Write Anywhere File Layout. High performance, log-structured like file system. WAFL uses RAID-DP to protect against multiple disk failures, and NVRAM for transaction log replays. Used on NetApp systems
  • XFS – Used on SGI IRIX and Linux systems
  • ZFS - Sun Microsystems ZFS open source specification ported to IBM zSeries systems.

File systems with built-in fault-tolerance

These file systems have built-in checksumming and either mirroring or parity for extra redundancy on one or several block devices.

File systems optimized for flash memory, solid state media

Main article: Flash file system

Solid state media, like flash memory, are similar to disks in their interfaces, but have different problems. On low level, they require special handling such as wear leveling and different error detection and correction algorithms. Typically a device such as solid-state disk handles such operations internally and therefore a regular file system can be used. However, for certain specialized installations (embedded systems, industrial applications) a file system optimized for plain flash memory is needed.

  • CASL is a filesystem designed by Nimble Storage that uses Solid State Devices to cache traditional hard drives.
  • ETFS - Embedded Transactional File System. Designed primarily for NAND devices by QNX Software Systems.
  • exFAT - Microsoft proprietary system intended for flash cards[5]
  • ExtremeFFS - Internal file system for SSDs.
  • F2FS – Flash-Friendly File System. An open source Linux file system introduced by Samsung in 2012.[6]
  • FFS2 (presumably preceded by FFS1), one of the earliest flash file systems. Developed and patented by Microsoft in the early 1990s.[7]
  • JFFS – Original log structured Linux file system for NOR flash media
  • JFFS2 – Successor of JFFS, for NAND and NOR flash
  • LogFS – Intended to replace JFFS2, better scalability. In early development.
  • Non-Volatile File System—the "non-volatile file system" for flash memory introduced by Palm, Inc..
  • OneFS - OneFS is a file system utilized by Isilon. It supports selective placement of meta-data directly onto flash SSD.
  • Segger Microcontroller Systems emFile - File system for deeply embedded applications which supports both NAND and NOR flashes. Wear leveling, fast read and write, and very low RAM usage.
  • TFAT – A transactional version of the FAT filesystem.
  • TrueFFS - Internal file system for SSDs, implementing error correction, bad block re-mapping and wear levelling.
  • UBIFS – Successor of JFFS2 optimized to utilize non-volatile DRAM
  • UFFS - Ultra low cost flash file system for embedded system [8]
  • Unison RTOS - Fsys-Nand/Nor small footprint low cost flash file system for embedded systems [9]
  • Write Anywhere File Layout - WAFL is an internal file system utilized by NetApp within their DataONTAP OS, originally optimized to use non-volatile DRAM
  • XCFiles – an exFAT implementation from Datalight for Wind River VxWorks and other embedded operating systems
  • YAFFS – A Log structured file system designed for NAND flash, but also used with NOR flash.
  • ZFS - Allows placing write-ahead log (ZIL) on flash, and using flash as a second-level read cache (L2ARC)

Record-oriented file systems

In record-oriented file systems files are stored as a collection of records. They are typically associated with mainframe and minicomputer operating systems. Programs read and write whole records, rather than bytes or arbitrary byte ranges, and can seek to a record boundary but not within records. The more sophisticated record-oriented file systems have more in common with simple databases than with other file systems.

Shared disk file systems

Shared disk file systems (also called shared storage file systems, SAN file system, Clustered file system or even cluster file systems) are primarily used in a storage area network where all nodes directly access the block storage where the file system is located. This makes it possible for nodes to fail without affecting access to the file system from the other nodes. Shared disk file systems are normally used in a high-availability cluster together with storage on hardware RAID. Shared disk file systems normally do not scale over 64 or 128 nodes.

Shared disk file systems may be symmetric where metadata is distributed among the nodes or asymmetric with centralized metadata servers.

Distributed file systems

See also: Comparison of distributed file systems

Distributed file systems are also called network file systems. Many implementations have been made, they are location dependent and they have access control lists (ACLs), unless otherwise stated below.

Distributed fault-tolerant file systems

Distributed fault-tolerant replication of data between nodes (between servers or servers/clients) for high availability and offline (disconnected) operation.

  • Coda from Carnegie Mellon University focuses on bandwidth-adaptive operation (including disconnected operation) using a client-side cache for mobile computing. It is a descendant of AFS-2. It is available for Linux under the GPL.
  • Distributed File System (Dfs) from Microsoft focuses on location transparency and high availability. Available for Windows under a proprietary software license.
  • InterMezzo from Cluster File Systems uses synchronization over HTTP. Available for Linux under GPL but no longer in development since the developers are working on Lustre.
  • Moose File System (MooseFS) from Gemius SA is a networking, distributed file system. It spreads data over several physical locations (servers), which are visible to a user as one resource. Works on Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenSolaris and Mac OS X. Master server and chunkservers can also run on Solaris and Windows with Cygwin.
  • Tahoe-LAFS [15] is an open source secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant filesystem utilizing encryption as the basis for a least-authority replicated design.

Distributed parallel file systems

Distributed parallel file systems stripe data over multiple servers for high performance. They are normally used in high-performance computing (HPC).

Some of the distributed parallel file systems use object storage device (OSD) (In Lustre called OST) for chunks of data together with centralized metadata servers.

  • Fraunhofer Parallel File System (FhGFS) from the Fraunhofer Society Competence Center for High Performance Computing. Available free of charge for Linux under a proprietary license. (High availability features are on the roadmap.)
  • Parallel Virtual File System (PVFS, PVFS2). Developed to store virtual system images, with a focus on non shared writing optimizations. Available for Linux under GPL.
  • Starfish is a POSIX-compatible, N-way redundant file system created by Digital Bazaar Inc. and published under a pseudo open source license. Available for Linux and Mac OS. Windows support is available via Samba.

Distributed parallel fault-tolerant file systems

Distributed file systems, which also are parallel and fault tolerant, stripe and replicate data over multiple servers for high performance and to maintain data integrity. Even if a server fails no data is lost. The file systems are used in both high-performance computing (HPC) and high-availability clusters.

All file systems listed here focus on high availability, scalability and high performance unless otherwise stated below.

Name By License OS Description
Ceph Inktank LGPL Linux A massively scalable object store. Ceph was merged into the linux kernel in 2010. Ceph’s foundation is the Reliable Autonomic Distributed Object Store (RADOS), which provides object storage via programmatic interface and S3 or Swift REST APIs, block storage to QEMU/KVM/Linux hosts, and POSIX filesystem storage which can be mounted by linux kernel and FUSE clients.
CloudStore Kosmix Apache License 2.0 Google File System workalike
Cosmos Microsoft internal Focuses on fault tolerance, high throughput and scalability. Designed for terabyte and petabyte sized data sets and processing with Dryad.
dCache DESY and others A write once filesystem, accessible via various protocols
ExaFS Exanet proprietary software Distributed file system, runs as part of ExaStore, a Linux based NAS solution that runs on commodity Intel based hardware, serving NFS v2/v3, SMB/CIFS and AFP to Windows, Mac OS, Linux and other UNIX clients.
FS-Manager CDNetworks proprietary software Linux Focused on Content Delivery Network
Gfarm file system X11 License Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Solaris Uses OpenLDAP or PostgreSQL for metadata and FUSE or LUFS for mounting
General Parallel File System (GPFS) IBM proprietary AIX, Linux and Windows Support replication between attached block storage. Symmetric or asymmetric (configurable)
GlusterFS Gluster, a company acquired by Red Hat GNU General Public License v3 A general purpose distributed file system for scalable storage. It aggregates various storage bricks over Infiniband RDMA or TCP/IP interconnect into one large parallel network file system. GlusterFS is the main component in Red Hat Storage Server.
Google File System (GFS) Google Google App Engine Focus on fault tolerance, high throughput and scalability
IBRIX Fusion IBRIX proprietary software Linux
Lustre originally developed by Cluster File Systems and currently supported by Intel (formerly Whamcloud) GPL Linux A POSIX-compliant, high-performance filesystem. Lustre has high availability via storage failover
MogileFS Danga Interactive GPL Linux (but may be ported) Is not POSIX compliant, uses a flat namespace, application level, uses MySQL or Postgres for metadata and HTTP for transport.
OneFS distributed file system Isilon BSD based OS on dedicated Intel based hardware, serving NFS v3 and SMB/CIFS to Windows, Mac OS, Linux and other UNIX clients under a proprietary software
Panasas ActiveScale File System (PanFS) Panasas proprietary software Linux Uses object storage devices
PeerFS Radiant Data Corporation proprietary software Linux Focus on high availability and high performance and uses peer-to-peer replication with multiple sources and targets
TerraGrid Cluster File System Terrascale Technologies Inc proprietary software Linux Implements on demand cache coherency and uses industrial standard iSCSI and a modified version of the XFS file system
XtreemFS [3] open-source (GPL) cross-platform file system for wide area networks. It replicates the data for fault tolerance and caches metadata and data to improve performance over high-latency links. SSL and X.509 certificates support makes XtreemFS usable over public networks. It also supports Striping for usage in a cluster.
Chiron FS [16] is a fuse-based, transparent replication file system, layering on an existing file system and implementing at the file system level what RAID 1 does at the device level. A notably convenient consequence is the possibility of picking single target directories, without the need of replicating entire partitions. (The project has no visible activity after 2008, a status request in Oct. 2009 in the chironfs-forum is unanswered)

In development:

  • PlasmaFS [17] is a free and open-source (GPL) userspace filesystem focusing on data safety and security. PlasmaFS provides a transactional API which is accessible over a SunRPC-based protocol. PlasmaFS can also be mounted as NFS volume, and is POSIX-compliant. Both data and metadata are replicated.
  • WebDFS An Open Source scalable, decentralized file store similar to MogileFS in function and purpose. Uses HTTP as the transport. Data is automatically and optimally re-arranged to accommodate the addition of new resources. The lack of central meta data management greatly simplifies deployment and use.
  • zFS from IBM (not to be confused with ZFS from Sun Microsystems or the zFS file system provided with IBM's z/OS operating system) focus on cooperative cache and distributed transactions and uses object storage devices. Under development and not freely available.
  • Hadoop Distributed File System - free GoogleFS clone produced by Apache. http://hadoop.apache.org/
  • HAMMER/ANVIL by Matt Dillon
  • OASIS from ETRI. Very similar to the Lustre or Panasas. Available for Linux via. special technology transfer program provided by ETRI.
  • GLORY-FS also from ETRI. Very similar to the Google File System or Hadoop, but it is fully POSIX compliant. It is specially optimized for large-scale web 2.0 content services. Version 2.5 is available for Linux via. special technology transfer program provided by ETRI. Windows version is under development.
  • parallax [18]
  • PNFS (Parallel NFS) - Clients available for Linux and OpenSolaris and back-ends from NetApp, Panasas, EMC Highroad and IBM GPFS [19]
  • Coherent Remote File System (CRFS) - requires Btrfs
  • Parallel Optimized Host Message Exchange Layered File System (POHMELFS) and Distributed STorage (DST). POSIX compliant, added to Linux kernel 2.6.30
  • Sector [4] from National Center for Data Mining. Sector is a high performance, scalable, and secure distributed file system. Available under Apache License 2.0
  • StarFS from CDNetworks. The StarFS is a global storage platform which supports virtualization of distributed file system and event-driven file synchronization with remote StarFS clusters.
  • Unilium [5] provides a decentralized, versioning file system stored in content addressable storage, whose data may be hosted across heterogeneous data storage nodes.

Peer-to-peer file systems

Some of these may be called cooperative storage cloud.

  • CFS is a read-only file system based on the Chord DHT
  • Cleversafe uses Cauchy Reed-Solomon Information Dispersal Algorithms (IDAs) to separate data into unrecognizable slices and distribute them, via secure Internet connections, to multiple storage locations.
  • Infinit is a peer-to-peer file system, coded in C++, allowing users to store, access and share their files in a safe and collaborative way from any Internet-connected device.
  • Ivy [20] is a multi-user read/write peer-to-peer file system. Ivy has no centralized or dedicated components, and it provides useful integrity properties without requiring users to fully trust either the underlying peer-to-peer storage system or the other users of the file system.
  • Pastis file system is a French peer-to-peer file system developed in Java
  • ColonyFS emphasises anonymity, security and dependability, is written in Java and C#, and is released under the GPL

Special purpose file systems

  • archfs (archive)
  • aufs an enhanced version of UnionFS stackable unification file system
  • AXFS (small footprint compressed read-only, with XIP)
  • Barracuda WebDAV plug-in. Secure Network File Server for embedded devices.
  • Boot File System was used on UnixWare to store files necessary to its boot process.
  • Cascade File System – provides file system access to Subversion and Perforce repositories and caches their contents locally
  • cdfs (reading and writing of CDs)
  • Compact Disc File System (reading and writing of CDs; experimental)
  • cfs (caching)
  • cvsfs (presents the CVS contents as mountable file system).
  • Dokan LGPL FUSE for Windows analog
  • compFUSEd (overlay transparent read-write compression, FUSE based)
  • FuseCompress (overlay transparent read-write compression, FUSE based)
  • Cramfs (small footprint compressed read-only)
  • Cromfs is a user-space (FUSE based) read-only filesystem using an efficient LZMA compression algorithm.
  • Davfs2 (WebDAV)-
  • Freenet – Decentralized, censorship-resistant
  • FTPFS/CurlFtpFS (ftp access)
  • GmailFS (Google Mail File System)
  • lnfs (long names)
  • mhddfs - Join several filesystems together to form a single larger one
  • mini fo (The mini fanout overlay file system) – Redirects modifying operations to a writeable location called "storage directory", and leaving the original data in the "base directory" untouched. When reading, the file system merges the modified and original data so that only the newest versions will appear. Most prominently used in OpenWrt[21]
  • MVFS – MultiVersion File System, proprietary, used by Rational ClearCase.
  • MTFS – stackable file system, reliability improvement mechanism for Lustre and other file systems based on replication.
  • nntpfs (netnews)
  • ParFiSys (Experimental parallel file system for massively parallel processing)
  • pramfs - Protected and Persistent RAM Filesystem
  • RAIF Redundant Array of Independent Filesystems - stackable RAID-like file system
  • romfs
  • SODA: a Lease-based Consistent Distributed File System - (early 1990s)
  • SquashFS (compressed read-only)
  • SysmanFS (based on FUSE, a virtual file system for cluster system management)
  • tmpfs in-memory temporary file system (on Linux platforms).
  • UMSDOS - FAT file system extended to store permissions and metadata, used for Linux
  • UnionFS - stackable unification file system, which can appear to merge the contents of several directories (branches), while keeping their physical content separate
  • Venti - Plan 9 de-duplicated storage used by Fossil.
  • wikifs (Plan 9) (wiki wiki)
  • WDK.VFS - SiteAdmin CMS Virtual File System introduced by Evgenios Skitsanos
  • Datalight Reliance - transactional file system for 32-bit embedded systems from Datalight, Inc.
  • ERTFS ProPlus64 - it comes with integrated Failsafe operation, it contains a default journaling mode.
  • WBFS - Wii Backup FileSystem
  • whefs - WanderingHorse.net Embedded Filesystem is an open source C library implementing an embedded/embeddable filesystem.

Pseudo- and virtual file systems

  • devfs – Virtual file system in Unix-like operating systems for managing devices on-the-fly
  • procfs – Pseudo-file system, used to access kernel information about processes
  • specfs – Special File System for device files
  • sysfs – Virtual file system in Unix-like operating systems holding information about buses, devices, firmware, filesystems, etc.
  • WinFS – Windows Future Storage, was planned as the successor to NTFS for Windows Vista.

Encrypted file systems

Files system interfaces

These are not really file systems; they allow access to file systems from an operating system standpoint.

  • FUSE (file system in userspace, like LUFS but better maintained)
  • LUFS (Linux userland file system - seems to be abandoned in favour of FUSE)
  • VFS Virtual Filesystem

See also

References

  1. ^ Zhu, Ben; Li, Kai; Patterson, Hugo (2008). "Avoiding the Disk Bottleneck in the Data Domain Deduplication File System". Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST ’08). San Jose, CA. pp. 269–282. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Corbet, Jonathan. "The Next3 filesystem". LWN.
  3. ^ a b "Help - IBM AIX Compilers". Publib.boulder.ibm.com. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  4. ^ "ZFS on Linux". ZFS on Linux. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  5. ^ "Description of the exFAT file system driver update package". Support.microsoft.com. 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  6. ^ Michael Larabel (2011-10-05). "Samsung Introduces New Linux File-System: F2FS". phoronix.com. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  7. ^ "United States Patent: 5392427". Patft.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  8. ^ "gouffs". Sites.google.com. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  9. ^ "Embedded File System". RoweBots. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  10. ^ Pirkola, G. C. (1975). "A file system for a general-purpose time-sharing environment". Proceedings of the IEEE. 63 (6): 918–924. doi:10.1109/PROC.1975.9856. ISSN 0018-9219. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "Encina". Zois.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  12. ^ "IBM - TXSeries for Multiplatforms, V7.1 - TXSeries for Multiplatforms - Software". 306.ibm.com. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  13. ^ "Melio FS". Sanbolic. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  14. ^ http://www.polyserve.com/matrix_server_windows.php
  15. ^ "tahoe-lafs". Allmydata.org. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  16. ^ "ChironFS - A filesystem must go on, even if it is hurt". Furquim.org. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  17. ^ "The Plasma Project". Plasma.camlcity.org. 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  18. ^ "Parallax: Managing Storage for a Million Machines" (PDF). University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
  19. ^ "pNFS".
  20. ^ http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/ivy/osdi02.pdf
  21. ^ "Flash Layout - OpenWrt Wiki". Wiki.openwrt.org. 2011-12-20. Retrieved 2012-06-15.

External links

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