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2013 papal conclave

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Papal conclave
2013
Dates and location
12-13 March 2013
Sistine Chapel, Apostolic Palace,
Vatican City
Key officials
DeanAngelo Sodano
Sub-deanRoger Etchegaray
CamerlengoTarcisio Bertone
ProtopriestPaulo Evaristo Arns
ProtodeaconJean-Louis Tauran
SecretaryLorenzo Baldisseri
Election
CandidatesSee Papabile
Ballots5
← 2005

The Papal conclave of 2013 was convened to elect a pope to succeed Benedict XVI following his resignation on 28 February 2013. After the 115 participating cardinal-electors gathered, they set 12 March 2013 as the beginning of the conclave. After the fifth ballot on March 13, 2013 - white smoke emerged from the Sistine Chapel, signaling the election of a new Pope.[1]

Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI

Main article: Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI

On 11 February 2013, Benedict XVI announced his intention to resign the papacy effective 28 February 2013 at 8 p.m. local time (19:00 UTC).[2][3][4] Benedict XVI was the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415,[5] and the first to do so on his own initiative since Celestine V in 1294.[6][7]

Papabili

Main article: List of papabili in the 2013 papal conclave

Technically the conclave cardinals may elect any baptised Catholic male,[8][9][10] but since 1389 they have always elected a fellow cardinal. Observers of papal elections tend to consider a few cardinals more likely choices than the others —these are the papabili, the plural for papabile, an Italian word which is practically rendered into English as "pope-able". Since naming papabili is a matter of informed speculation, the election of a non-papabile is common: recent cases include John XXIII in 1958, and John Paul I and John Paul II, both in 1978, the most recent Year of Three Popes.

Christoph Schönborn of Austria,[11][12][13] Odilo Scherer of Brazil,[13][14] Luis Antonio Tagle of the Philippines, Peter Turkson of Ghana, Marc Ouellet of Canada, Péter Erdő of Hungary[15] and Angelo Scola of Italy are among those cardinals who are thought by media commentators to be the most likely successors. Francis Arinze of Nigeria and Joseph Zen of Hong Kong, both over 80 years old, have also been named by the media as possible choices.[8][16] French Cardinal André Vingt-Trois stated to the Associated Press on 9 March that there were around "half a dozen possible candidates."[17]

Speculation

The Los Angeles Times suggested that, though a pope from Latin America was unlikely, with only 19 of 117 cardinal-electors being from Latin America, the region seeks more say in Vatican affairs as it has the world's largest Catholic population. It cited secularism and the rise of Evangelicalism in Latin America, along with sex abuse scandals in Mexico, Brazil, and Chile as issues important to the region.[18]

The dossier of the Vatican's own internal investigation into the so-called Vatileaks scandal was being called "...in effect... the 118th cardinal inside the conclave"[19] prior to cardinals Julius Darmaatmadja and Keith O'Brien announcing that they would not be attending, whereupon the Italian media began referring to the collective weight of scandal as "the 116th cardinal."[20] Although the investigating cardinals (none of whom are cardinal electors) are free to discuss the results of their investigation with the participants of the conclave, the dossier itself will be given by the previous Pope to his successor.[21] Cardinal Velasio De Paolis said that the presence at the conclave of the former archbishop of Los Angeles, Roger Mahony, would be "troubling". Mahony is a cardinal aged under 80, hence eligible to vote for the new pope. His successor as archbishop, Bishop José Horacio Gómez, had recently rebuked Mahony for his handling of sex abuse cases, though he supported Mahony's presence at the conclave.[22] Cardinal Keith O'Brien, who would have been the only cardinal elector from Britain,[23] said he would not attend the College although entitled to do so; he had resigned as Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh on 18 February 2013 after accusations of impropriety.[24]

BBC News opined that while the balloting is likely to be hard-fought between different factions for a European or a non-European, an Italian or a non-Italian future pope, the internal differences are unclear,[25] and that many different priorities are at play, making this election difficult to predict.[26] Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor remarked laughingly to a BBC presenter that his colleagues have been telling him "Siamo confusi – 'we’re confused,'" as there are neither clear blocs nor a front-runner.[27] One Australian commentator notes that the reform of the administrative machinery of the church, the Roman Curia, is a major issue, as there is no major progressive candidate, and indeed no clear front-runner, in the dynamic between institutional-maintenance and evangelical Catholicism.[28] Giacomo Galeazzi of La Stampa suggested that "Apparently a sort of tsunami of non-European candidates will fall upon the Roman Curia, and this could take the pontificate far away from Rome, making it more international.”[29]

Papal election process

Papal Conclave of 2013[30]

Cardinal-electors by continent
  Italy
 		28
  Rest of Europe
 		32
  North America
 		20
  South America
 		13
  Africa
 		11
  Asia and Oceania
 		11
Total Electors 115
Not attending
2
Pope emeritus Benedict XVI
New pope To be announced
Main article: Papal conclave

Presiding over the conclave will be the most senior Cardinal-Bishop under age 80, Giovanni Battista Re from Italy. The Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici Gregis disqualifies Dean Angelo Sodano and vice-dean Roger Etchegaray from attending the conclave due to their age (although Sodano presides over preparatory General Congregations).[33]

Timing and rule change

In 1996, John Paul II issued an apostolic constitution that fixed the start date of the papal conclave at 15 to 20 days after the papacy becomes vacant. Under these rules, the conclave was initially expected to start sometime between 15 and 20 March 2013. However, because of the unique circumstances of an impending vacancy having been known of since mid-February, and furthermore because of the possible encroachment of the interregnum into Holy Week, there had been considerable discussion about the possibility of beginning the conclave sooner.[34]

On 25 February 2013, the Vatican confirmed that Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio Normas Nonnullas to provide for a scheduling change.[35] The rule change gave the College of Cardinals more latitude, once all of the elector-cardinals were present, to bring forward or push back the start of the conclave as they saw fit; they chose to schedule it for 12 March 2013.[36]

The Pope also amended the conclave law to provide for the automatic excommunication of any non-cardinal who breaks the absolute oath of secrecy.[37][38]

Cardinal electors

Main article: Cardinal electors for the papal conclave, 2013

There were 207 cardinals at the date the papacy fell vacant. Cardinals aged 80 years or older before the day the papacy fell vacant are ineligible to vote,[39][40][41] leaving 117 electors.

Two cardinal electors not attending the conclave are Julius Darmaatmadja, from Indonesia, due to the progressive deterioration of his eyesight,[31] and Keith O'Brien, from Scotland, who chose not to be a distraction after accusations of sexual misconduct towards priests in the 1980s came to light; he later apologised for 'sexual misconduct'.[24][42]

Preliminary discussions, research, and preparations

As soon as Pope Benedict announced his resignation, cardinals began arriving in Rome, and by the day the interregnum formally began most of them had already arrived.[43] A formal invitation to the Conclave was issued on 1 March.[20][44]

The first of several "general congregations" was held on the morning of 4 March to properly organize the event.[45] But already on the evening of 28 February the Vatican mentioned 11 March as the possible start date of the conclave,[46] a date echoed by La Stampa on 3 March.[47] The Sistine Chapel was closed to the public on 5 March in preparation for the still-to-be-announced conclave.[48] A date for the conclave could not be set, according to the Cardinals and Vatican spokesman Father Federico Lombardi, S.J., in accordance with the rules set down by Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI, until all the Cardinal Electors had arrived at the Vatican and could participate in the General Congregations. The last of the 115 Cardinal Electors to arrive was Cardinal Jean-Baptiste Phạm Minh Mẫn of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, who arrived on 7 March.[49] The setting of the date of the conclave in effect sets the end of pre-conclave deliberations, discussions,[50] and on-line research.[51] (No communications with the outside world, save for certain Church functions, are allowed during a papal conclave itself;[52] a Faraday cage blocking outgoing and incoming communications has been installed in the Sistine Chapel area.)[53]

Countries of origin of cardinals participating to the papal conclave of 2013

Gianfranco Ravasi of the Roman Curia, one of seventeen[54] Cardinal Electors with Twitter accounts, suspended his social media presence on his own initiative at the beginning of the interregnum. Cardinal Cardinal Roger Mahony of Los Angeles tweeted about the diversity of the Cardinals, many of whom were meeting each other for the first time: "Fascinating meeting Cardinals from all around the world. Stories and needs so different; but always a uniform focus on Jesus Christ!" Cardinal Wilfrid Napier of Durban, South Africa tweeted in response to a pastor in Ontario, Canada in less than an hour that "What I see is a real desire to know, and so evaluate, the papabili against criteria of qualities demanded by situations."[55] The College of Cardinals later, however, imposed a pre-conclave media and social media blackout, following leaks to the Italian press, which precluded some American cardinals from holding further press conferences.[50][56] Some Cardinal Electors Googled each other,[57] as many of them had never in fact met; on-line research[58] and social media are important elements of this conclave.[57][59] Furthermore, contemporary media are giving laity and journalists unprecedented access to this papal conclave,[60] the first in the smartphone era,[61] which is of intense interest all over the world.[62][63] Approximately 5,600 journalists have been accredited to cover the event.[64]

The first congregation (on the morning of 4 March) focused on introductory matters, picking three assistants to the Camerlengo, the recent Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization, and a suggestion of a message of appreciation to Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, with 13 cardinals giving speeches (simply in the order they had requested to speak). The second congregation (the evening of 4 March featured the preaching of the first of two required meditations by Father Raniero Cantalamessa and nine more addresses. The third congregation was held the morning of 5 March, and featured 11 more addresses (all 6 continents had by then been represented). The message of appreciation was sent, and the text of the guidelines for the conclave was read. Topics of discussion were: the activities of the Holy See in light of its relations with the world Church's bishops, the course of the Church's renewal after Vatican Council II, and the Church's position in the world, especially regarding the New Evangelization. That evening, the Sistine Chapel closed and the furnaces are being installed. The fourth congregation was held on the morning of 6 March. The Liturgy of the Hours was prayed and three cardinals with birthdays were congratulated, then 18 more speeches (limited to 5 minutes) were given. All but the two aforementioned Cardinal Electors were present and had taken the oath. The Church in the world today and the needs of the New Evangelization, the status of the Holy See and of the Roman Curia's dicasteries (its departments: the congregations, the courts, and the pontifical councils, commissions, and academies), relations with bishops, and expectations of a future pope, were discussed. That evening, a prayer service was held at St. Peter's Basilica. The fifth congregation was held the morning of 7 March. Three new cardinal assistants to the Camerlengo were chosen. A telegram of condolence for the death of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez was then read. Three separate speeches, each done by one of the three cardinal presidents of the three economic departments of the Holy See, were then given. Then, 13 more speeches were given, especially on ecumenism and the Church's charitable efforts and attention to the poor, in addition to the topics from the previous meeting sessions. The sixth congregation was scheduled for that evening. Some cardinals from the U.S. had stated in their interviews that the conclave might not begin until well into the following week, wanting the issues to be well discussed (this also gives the non-Italian and non-curial cardinals the benefit of getting to know their Italian and curial counterparts, and especially their other colleagues worldwide, better, which may lessen any disadvantage they may have in voting).[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]

On 7 March, reporters were shown images of preparation work, including the installation of the chimney.[75] On 8 March 2013, Father Lombardi stated in a briefing that the cardinals would meet that later that day, and that following that meeting a chosen date for the beginning of the papal conclave would likely be announced (presumably, he is referring to the 7th congregation; no further details have been released about the 6th meeting the previous night or any meeting on 8 March and there is a self-imposed news blackout save from these briefings and Vatican online news releases). It was determined at the end of the eighth general congregation meeting on 8 March that the conclave will begin on 12 March 2013. The first session of voting at the Sistine Chapel will begin that afternoon, following a morning Mass "Pro eligendo Summo Pontifice" (Eng.: "for the supreme pontiff who is to be elected") in St. Peter's Basilica. Cardinal Phạm Minh Mẫn was able to join the other 114 Cardinals for the 6th general congregation the evening of 7 March. Seven more cardinals spoke; all 115 Cardinal Electors were present but no mention was made in the Vatican news release as to what was discussed. The 7th general congregation was held on 8 March, with 153 cardinals and all 115 electors present. The Cardinal Dean notified the cardinals that (Jesuit) Cardinal Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja and Cardinal Keith O'Brien would not be joining the Conclave despite being eligible to vote, and this was accepted. He then noted that, all 115 electors being present, the conditions to begin the Conclave were fulfilled. The cardinals chose 87-year-old Cardinal Prosper Grech, a Maltese expert in the early Church Fathers, to give the meditation at the beginning of the conclave. Eighteen cardinals spoke, bringing the total number of interventions to over 100. In light of International Women's Day, one speech was about the role of women in the Church. Other topics added in this session were: interreligious dialogue, bioethics, the Church's role in promoting justice in the world, collegiality in the Church, and the need for the Church's evangelizers to proclaim the Gospel.[36][76][77]

Day one

On 12 March 2013, the 115 cardinal-electors entered the Sistine Chapel for the conclave, chanting the traditional Litany of the Saints. After taking their places the "Veni Creator Spiritus" ("Come, Creator Spirit") was sung.[78] Then the presiding Cardinal read the oath of secrecy in Latin and following this each man, in order of seniority, stepped up and placed his hands on the Gospel to affirm the oath in Latin.[79] The oath taken at this conclave was almost identical to the one sworn at the last conclave, the difference being that the cardinals here swore to observe not only the norms prescribed by John Paul II's apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis but also the new rules prescribed by the motu proprios issued by Pope Benedict XVI modifying certain provisions in John Paul II's aforementioned constitution.[78]. The oath was read loud by the presiding Cardinal, Giovanni Battista Re, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto, the most senior Cardinal in attendance in the absence of Angelo Sodano and Roger Etchegaray, the Dean and Sub-Dean of the College of Cardinals respectively due to their ineligibility to participate in the conclave. Then he, followed by the other cardinals in turn, in order of seniority placed their hands on the Gospels and made the following affirmation out loud as mandated by the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis.[78]

Et ego (forename) Cardinalis (surname) spondeo, voveo ac iuro. (here the Cardinal placed his hands on the Gospels) Sic me Deus adiuvet et haec Sancta Dei Evangelia, quae manu mea tango.[78][80]
Which translated into English reads:
And I, (forename) Cardinal (surname), do so promise, pledge and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand.[81]

While making the above oath, some Cardinals chose to use the Latin forms of their names (e.g., Ioannes Baptista Cardinalis Re, Tarcisius Cardinalis Bertone, Georgius Cardinalis Alencherry, Ioannes Lodovicus Cardinalis Tauran for Giovanni Battista Re, Tarcisio Bertone, George Alencherry and Jean-Louis Tauran respectively), while others chose to use the original forms of their names (e.g, Antonios Cardinalis Naguib, Rubén Cardinalis Salazar Gómez, Luis Antonio Cardinalis Tagle).[78]

Four cardinals were distinguished by their attire in the sea of red and white due to their being from a rite other than the Latin Rite. Two of them, Coptic Catholic Patriarch Antonios Naguib and Baselios Cleemis, Major-Archbishop of the Syro-Malankara Church wore predominantly black robes proper to their respective rites. Two others, Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi and Syro-Malabar Major Archbishop George Alencherry wore all-red robes with different headgear proper to their respective rites.[78]

Immediately afterwards Msgr. Guido Marini, Papal Master of Ceremonies, called out the words "'Extra omnes!"—"Everybody out!"— and the chapel doors were locked to outsiders.[82] Only one ballot was taken on this day.

Black smoke began pouring out of the Sistine Chapel's chimney, indicating that the ballot was inconclusive and that there was no decision made on the first day. A two-thirds majority is required to elect a pope.[83][84]

Day two

Since the two-thirds vote to elect a pope was not reached on the first day, there will be at least one round of voting in the morning at 9:30 am; if a pope is not elected in that round, another round will be held. If the second round fails, there will be at least one round and perhaps two in the afternoon.

If there are two ballots at either time of day, they are burned together. Thus, there can be only two smoke signals, at most, daily from the Sistine Chapel chimney. If the ballots are inconclusive, the smoke signals of day two are expected at noon and 7 p.m. If a pope is elected on the first ballot of the morning, the white smoke would billow forth between 10:30 a.m. and 11 a.m.; if he is elected on the first ballot of the afternoon, the white smoke would be seen between 5:30 p.m. and 6 p.m.[85]

The morning ballots on 13 March 2013 ended without a pope having been chosen.

The new pope was elected at 18:06:06 GMT.

See also

References

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  80. ^ http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_lt.html Universi Dominici Gregis Chapter III Section 53. Latin text. Retrieved March 13, 2013 11:16 a.m.
  81. ^ http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html Universi Dominici Gregis Chapter III Section 53. English text. Retrieved March 13, 2013 11:16 a.m.
  82. ^ "The schedule for the conclave (with U.S. times)". Catholic World Report. 10 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Text "accessdate-13 March 2013" ignored (help)
  83. ^ "Black smoke and no Pope after first vote by Cardinals". Daily Telegraph. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  84. ^ "Black smoke reveals no new pope yet from first papal conclave vote". Guardian UK. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  85. ^ "Conclave smoke signal timetable". Cnsblog.wordpress.com. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
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