List of current cardinals
Cardinals are senior members of the clergy of the Catholic Church. They are almost always bishops and generally hold important roles within the church, such as governing prominent archdioceses or managing dicasteries within the Roman Curia. Cardinals are created in consistories by the pope, and one of their foremost duties is the election of a new pope (invariably from among themselves, although not a formal requirement) when the Holy See is vacant, following the death or the resignation of the reigning pontiff. The body of all cardinals is collectively known as the College of Cardinals.[1][2]
Under current ecclesiastical law, as defined by the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis, only cardinals who have not passed their 80th birthday on the day on which the Holy See falls vacant are eligible to participate in a papal conclave to elect a new pope.[3] The same apostolic constitution also specifies a maximum of 120 cardinal electors who can participate in a conclave, but makes no provision in case this number is exceeded;[3] this has often happened, although never at the time of a conclave. Cardinals may also be created in pectore (reserved 'in the breast'), in which case their identities are not publicly revealed by the pope; they do not enjoy the privileges of a cardinal until their names are published. The creations of any such cardinals who have not been revealed at the pope's death or resignation automatically lapse.[1][4]
As of 6 June 2022,[update] there are 208 cardinals, 116 of whom are cardinal electors. The most recent consistory for the creation of cardinals was held on 28 November 2020, when Pope Francis created 13 cardinals, including 9 cardinal electors.[5] On 27 August 2022, a consistory is scheduled to be held to create 20 cardinals, including 16 cardinal electors.[6] Norberto Rivera Carrera was the most recent cardinal elector to turn 80, on 6 June 2022; Gregorio Rosa Chávez will be the next cardinal elector to turn 80, on 3 September 2022. Angelo Sodano was the most recent cardinal to die, on 27 May 2022, at the age of 94.[7]
Cardinals[edit]
The College of Cardinals is divided into three orders, with official precedence in the following sequence:[1]
- Cardinal bishops (CB): the six cardinals who are assigned the titles of the seven suburbicarian dioceses in the vicinity of Rome[a] (plus other cardinals who are exceptionally co-opted into the order[8][9]), as appointed by the pope, as well as cardinals who are patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches.[10] The two most senior cardinal bishops of the College, elected by the cardinal bishops from among themselves (excluding the Eastern Catholic patriarchs) and approved by the pope,[1] are the dean and the vice dean, currently Giovanni Battista Re and Leonardo Sandri, respectively. The latter is currently also the senior cardinal bishop among the cardinal electors.[b]
- Cardinal priests (CP): bishops typically in charge of dioceses, as well as former cardinal deacons who have opted for the order.[11] The most senior cardinal priest is the protopriest, currently Michael Michai Kitbunchu; among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal priest is Vinko Puljić.[b]
- Cardinal deacons (CD): bishops who hold curial or diplomatic roles, as well as other clergy, including priests granted dispensation not to be consecrated bishops. They have the option (Latin: optatio) of becoming cardinal priests after having been cardinal deacons for ten years.[1][12] The most senior cardinal deacon is the protodeacon, currently Renato Raffaele Martino; among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal deacon is James Michael Harvey and the junior cardinal deacon is Mauro Gambetti.[b]
For cardinal bishops, except the Eastern Catholic patriarchs, the dean is first in precedence, followed by the vice-dean and then, in order of appointment as cardinal bishops, by the remainder. For cardinal bishops who are Eastern Catholic patriarchs, for cardinal priests and for cardinal deacons, precedence is determined by the date of the consistory in which they were created cardinals and then by the order in which they appeared in the official announcement or bulletin.
By default, this table is sorted by order of precedence. All cardinals are of the Latin Church unless otherwise stated. Cardinals belonging to institutes of consecrated life or to societies of apostolic life are indicated by the respective post-nominal letters.
Cardinals to be created on 27 August 2022[edit]
On 29 May 2022, Pope Francis announced that 21 cardinals, including 16 cardinal electors, would be created in a consistory to be held on 27 August 2022.[6] On 16 June 2022, it was announced that Francis had accepted the personal request of Lucas Van Looy, the bishop emeritus of Ghent, not to be created a cardinal.[221][222] The orders to which the appointees will belong are unconfirmed; the remaining 20 cardinals-designate are listed here in order of announcement.[6]
Former cardinals[edit]
As of 28 July 2018,[update] there are three living former cardinals, listed here in chronological order of when they ceased to be a cardinal:
- Joseph Ratzinger, created a cardinal on 27 June 1977 and elected Pope Benedict XVI on 19 April 2005[223]
- Jorge Mario Bergoglio SJ, created a cardinal on 21 February 2001 and elected Pope Francis on 13 March 2013[224]
- Theodore Edgar McCarrick, created a cardinal on 21 February 2001 and resigned from the College of Cardinals following allegations of sexual misconduct on 28 July 2018[225][226]
Demographics of the College of Cardinals[edit]
This table indicates the number of current cardinals created by each pope and belonging to each order of the College. By default, it is sorted by order of pontificate.
Currently, 116 of 208 cardinals (55.8 per cent) are eligible to participate in a papal conclave. The number of votes required to be elected pope with a two-thirds supermajority, if all 116 cardinal electors were to participate, would be 78.[3][227]
Pope | Order | Total | Percentage of total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardinal bishops | Cardinal priests | Cardinal deacons | |||||||||
No. | Name | All | Electors | All | Electors | All | Electors | All | Electors | All | Electors |
264 | John Paul II 16 October 1978 – 2 April 2005 |
5 | 1 | 46 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 52 | 11 | 25.0% | 9.5% |
265 | Benedict XVI 19 April 2005 – 28 February 2013 |
4 | 3 | 59 | 34 | 1 | 1 | 64 | 38 | 30.8% | 32.8% |
266 | Francis 13 March 2013 – present |
3 | 2 | 68 | 53 | 21 | 12 | 92 | 67 | 44.2% | 57.8% |
Total | 12 | 6 | 173 | 97 | 23 | 13 | 208 | 116 | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
Percentage of total | 5.8% | 5.2% | 83.2% | 83.6% | 11.1% | 11.2% | 100.0% | 100.0% |
Cardinals by particular church sui iuris[edit]
While most cardinals belong to the Latin Church, which encompasses the vast majority of Catholics, a small number of cardinals belong to one of the twenty-three autonomous (sui iuris) Eastern Catholic Churches. Currently, there are six Eastern Catholic cardinals, including four cardinal electors, belonging to six particular churches sui iuris:
- Béchara Boutros Raï (Maronite Church)
- Louis Raphaël I Sako (Chaldean Catholic Church), cardinal elector
- George Alencherry (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church), cardinal elector
- Lucian Mureșan (Romanian Greek Catholic Church)
- Baselios Cleemis Thottunkal (Syro-Malankara Catholic Church), cardinal elector
- Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel (Ethiopian Catholic Church), cardinal elector
Particular church sui iuris | All cardinals | Cardinal electors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | ||
Latin Church (Western) |
202 | 97.1% | 112 | 96.6% | |
Eastern Churches | Chaldean Catholic Church | 1 | 0.5% | 1 | 0.9% |
Ethiopian Catholic Church | 1 | 0.5% | 1 | 0.9% | |
Maronite Church | 1 | 0.5% | 0 | 0.0% | |
Romanian Greek Catholic Church | 1 | 0.5% | 0 | 0.0% | |
Syro-Malabar Catholic Church | 1 | 0.5% | 1 | 0.9% | |
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church | 1 | 0.5% | 1 | 0.9% | |
Total | 6 | 2.9% | 4 | 3.4% | |
Total | 208 | 100.0% | 116 | 100.0% |
Cardinals by institute of consecrated life or society of apostolic life[edit]
Currently, there are 46 cardinals (22.1 per cent), including 26 cardinal electors (22.4 per cent), belonging to 25 institutes of consecrated life or societies of apostolic life. Common names, if different, are given in brackets in this table.
Cardinals by continent[edit]
For the purposes of this article, countries are grouped into continents generally according to the regions of the United Nations geoscheme; for the Americas region, North America comprises the Northern America, the Central America and the Caribbean subregions, while South America comprises the remaining subregion of the same name.
Continent | All cardinals | Cardinal electors | Percentage of global Catholic population (2020)[228] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | ||
Africa | 25 | 12.0% | 15 | 12.9% | 19% |
North America | 34 | 16.3% | 22 | 19.0% | 20% |
South America | 21 | 10.1% | 12 | 10.3% | 28% |
Asia | 25 | 12.0% | 15 | 12.9% | 11% |
Europe | 98 | 47.1% | 49 | 42.2% | 21% |
Oceania | 5 | 2.4% | 3 | 2.6% | 1% |
Total | 208 | 100.0% | 116 | 100.0% | 100% |
Cardinals by country[edit]
Currently, there are 86 countries that have cardinals, 65 of which have cardinal electors. The countries with the greatest percentages of all cardinals are Italy (21.2 per cent), the United States (7.2 per cent), and Spain (5.3 per cent). Among the cardinal electors, the countries with the greatest percentages are Italy (16.4 per cent), the United States (7.8 per cent), and Spain (4.3 per cent).
See also[edit]
- Cardinals created by John Paul II
- Cardinals created by Benedict XVI
- Cardinals created by Francis
- Cardinal electors for the 2013 papal conclave
- Council of Cardinal Advisers
- List of creations of cardinals
- Suburbicarian diocese
- Titular church (List of titular churches)
Notes[edit]
- ^ The dean of the College of Cardinals holds the title of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia ex officio, in addition to his original one when first appointed a cardinal bishop.[1]
- ^ a b c Among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal bishop, the senior cardinal priest, the senior cardinal deacon and the junior cardinal deacon have specific roles in a papal conclave, such as presiding over the conclave itself (the senior cardinal bishop) or announcing the election of the pope (the senior cardinal deacon).[3]
- ^ Created a cardinal in pectore; revealed on 21 February 2001
- ^ a b c Special administrative region of China
- ^ Territory as archbishop also in the United Kingdom
- ^ Exact date of birth unknown
- ^ a b Granted dispensation not to receive episcopal consecration
- ^ Resigned the rights and privileges of a cardinal on 24 September 2020
- ^ Created a cardinal priest; appointed a cardinal bishop on 1 October 2002
- ^ Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 19 May 2018 and co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 28 June 2018
- ^ Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 29 January 1996 and appointed a cardinal bishop on 25 April 2005
- ^ Created a cardinal priest; appointed a cardinal bishop on 10 May 2008
- ^ Created a cardinal deacon; appointed a cardinal bishop on 24 February 2009
- ^ a b Created a cardinal priest; co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 28 June 2018
- ^ Created a cardinal deacon; co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 28 June 2018
- ^ Created a cardinal deacon; appointed a cardinal bishop on 1 May 2020
- ^ Created a cardinal priest; co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 1 May 2020
- ^ a b Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 29 January 1996
- ^ Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 1 March 2008
- ^ a b Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 21 February 2011
- ^ Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 20 May 2006
- ^ Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 12 June 2014
- ^ Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 20 June 2016
- ^ a b c d e Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 19 May 2018
- ^ a b c d e f g h Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 3 May 2021
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 4 March 2022
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Media related to Cardinals at Wikimedia Commons
- Holy See Press Office, The College of Cardinals
- GCatholic.org, College of Cardinals