List of roller coaster rankings
Roller coasters are amusement rides developed for amusement parks and modern theme parks. During the 16th and 17th centuries, rides consisting of wooden sleds that took riders down large slides made from ice were popular in Russia. The first roller coasters, where the train was attached to a wooden track, first appeared in France in the early 1800s.[1] Although wooden roller coasters are still being produced, steel roller coasters are more common and can be found on every continent except Antarctica.[2]
Ranked by height, speed, length, inversions, and steepness, roller coasters are also rated through public opinion polls. Amusement parks often compete to build the tallest, fastest, and longest rides to attract thrill seekers and boost overall park attendance.[3] However, many records do not usually last long. When Magnum XL-200 opened in 1989, it began a new era of roller coasters and increased competition among parks to set new world records. The Magnum XL–200 was the first complete-circuit roller coaster built over 200 feet (61 m).[4][5] Other notable roller coasters include Formula Rossa which reaches a top speed of 149 miles per hour (240 km/h),[6] Kingda Ka which stands at 456 feet (139 m) tall,[7] Steel Dragon 2000 which measures 8,133 feet (2,479 m) in length,[8] and Takabisha which has a beyond-vertical drop angle of 121°.[9]
Key
Key | Meaning |
---|---|
1 | Record holder |
** | Under construction |
* | Standing but not operating (SBNO) |
Height rankings
Tallest steel roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Height | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kingda Ka | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | 456 ft (139 m) | Intamin | May 2005 – present |
2 | Top Thrill Dragster | Cedar Point | United States | 420 ft (130 m) | Intamin | May 2003 – May 2005 |
3 | Superman: Escape from Krypton[nb 1] | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | 415 ft (126 m) | Intamin | March 1997 – May 2003 |
4 | Tower of Terror II[nb 1] | Dreamworld | Australia | 377 ft (115 m) | Intamin | January 1997 – March 1997 |
5 | Steel Dragon 2000 | Nagashima Spa Land | Japan | 318 ft (97 m) | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | — |
6 | Millennium Force | Cedar Point | United States | 310 ft (94 m) | Intamin | — |
7 | Leviathan | Canada's Wonderland | Canada | 306 ft (93 m) | Bolliger & Mabillard | — |
8 | Intimidator 305 | Kings Dominion | United States | 305 ft (93 m) | Intamin | — |
* | Thunder Dolphin | Tokyo Dome City Attractions | Japan | 262 ft (80 m) | Intamin | |
9 | Fujiyama | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | 259 ft (79 m) | TOGO | July 1996 – January 1997 |
10 | Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya | PortAventura | Spain | 249 ft (76 m) | Bolliger & Mabillard | — |
Eejanaika | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | 249 ft (76 m) | S&S Arrow | — |
Source:[10]
Longest steel roller coaster drops
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Drop length | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kingda Ka | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | 418 ft (127 m) | Intamin | May 2005 – present |
2 | Top Thrill Dragster | Cedar Point | United States | 400 ft (120 m) | Intamin | May 2003 – May 2005 |
3 | Superman: Escape from Krypton[nb 1] | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | 328 ft (100 m) | Intamin | March 1997 – May 2003 |
Tower of Terror II[nb 1] | Dreamworld | Australia | 328 ft (100 m) | Intamin | January 1997 – May 2003 | |
4 | Steel Dragon 2000 | Nagashima Spa Land | Japan | 307 ft (94 m) | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | — |
5 | Intimidator 305 | Kings Dominion | United States | 300 ft (91 m) | Intamin | — |
Millennium Force | Cedar Point | United States | 300 ft (91 m) | Intamin | — | |
6 | Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya | PortAventura | Spain | 256 ft (78 m) | Bolliger & Mabillard | — |
7 | Goliath | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | 255 ft (78 m) | Giovanola | — |
Titan | Six Flags Over Texas | United States | 255 ft (78 m) | Giovanola | — | |
8 | Fujiyama | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | 230 ft (70 m) | TOGO | July 1996 – January 1997 |
9 | Phantom's Revenge | Kennywood | United States | 228 ft (69 m) | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | May 1991 – July 1996 |
10 | Desperado | Buffalo Bill's | United States | 225 ft (69 m) | Arrow Dynamics | — |
Source:[11]
Tallest wooden roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Height | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Colossos | Heide Park | Germany | 197 ft (60 m) | Intamin | June 2009 – present |
2 | T Express | Everland | South Korea | 184 ft (56 m) | Intamin | — |
3 | El Toro | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | 181 ft (55 m) | Intamin | — |
4 | The Voyage | Holiday World & Splashin' Safari | United States | 163 ft (50 m) | The Gravity Group | — |
5 | Mean Streak | Cedar Point | United States | 161 ft (49 m) | Dinn Corporation | May 1991 – March 1992 |
6 | Wood Coasters | Knight Valley | China | 147 ft (45 m) | Great Coasters International | — |
7 | White Cyclone | Nagashima Spa Land | Japan | 139 ft (42 m) | Intamin | — |
8 | Hades 360 | Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park | United States | 136 ft (41 m) | The Gravity Group | — |
9 | Wodan Timbur Coaster | Europa-Park | Germany | 131.3 ft (40.0 m) | Great Coasters International | — |
10 | Le Monstre | La Ronde | Canada | 130.9 ft (39.9 m) | William Cobb & Associates | July 1985 – May 1991 |
Source:[14]
Longest wooden roller coaster drops
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Drop length | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | El Toro | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | 176 ft (54 m) | Intamin | June 2009 – present |
2 | Outlaw Run | Silver Dollar City | United States | 162 ft (49 m) | Rocky Mountain Construction | — |
3 | Colossos | Heide Park | Germany | 159 ft (48 m) | Intamin | — |
4 | Mean Streak | Cedar Point | United States | 155 ft (47 m) | Dinn Corporation | May 1991 – May 2000 |
5 | The Voyage | Holiday World & Splashin' Safari | United States | 154 ft (47 m) | The Gravity Group | — |
6 | T Express | Everland | South Korea | 151 ft (46 m) | Intamin | — |
7 | The Boss | Six Flags St. Louis | United States | 150 ft (46 m) | Custom Coasters International | — |
8 | American Eagle | Six Flags Great America | United States | 147 ft (45 m) | Intamin | May 1981 – May 1991 |
9 | The Beast | Kings Island | United States | 141 ft (43 m) | Charles Dinn / Al Collins | April 1979 – May 1981 |
10 | Hades 360 | Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park | United States | 140 ft (43 m) | The Gravity Group | — |
Source:[15]
Speed rankings
Fastest steel roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Speed | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Formula Rossa | Ferrari World | United Arab Emirates | 420 mph (680 km/h) | Intamin | November 2010 – present |
2 | Kingda Ka | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | 128 mph (206 km/h) | Intamin | May 2005 – November 2010 |
3 | Top Thrill Dragster | Cedar Point | United States | 120 mph (190 km/h) | Intamin | May 2003 – May 2005 |
4 | Dodonpa | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | 107 mph (172 km/h) | S&S Worldwide | December 2001 – May 2003 |
5 | Superman: Escape from Krypton[nb 1] | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | 100 mph (160 km/h) | Intamin | March 1997 – December 2001 |
Tower of Terror II[nb 1] | Dreamworld | Australia | 100 mph (160 km/h) | Intamin | January 1997 – December 2001 | |
** | ring°racer | Nürburgring | Germany | 99.4 mph (160.0 km/h) | S&S Worldwide | |
6 | Steel Dragon 2000 | Nagashima Spa Land | Japan | 95 mph (153 km/h) | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | — |
7 | Millennium Force | Cedar Point | United States | 93 mph (150 km/h) | Intamin | — |
8 | Leviathan | Canada's Wonderland | Canada | 92 mph (148 km/h) | Bolliger & Mabillard | — |
9 | Intimidator 305 | Kings Dominion | United States | 90 mph (140 km/h) | Intamin | — |
10 | Goliath | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | 85 mph (137 km/h) | Giovanola | — |
Phantom's Revenge | Kennywood | United States | 85 mph (137 km/h) | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | May 1991 – January 1997 | |
Titan | Six Flags Over Texas | United States | 85 mph (137 km/h) | Giovanola | — |
Source:[16]
Fastest wooden roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Speed | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | El Toro | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | 70 mph (110 km/h) | Intamin | June 2009 – present |
2 | Colossos | Heide Park | Germany | 68 mph (109 km/h) | Intamin | — |
Outlaw Run | Silver Dollar City | United States | 68 mph (109 km/h) | Rocky Mountain Construction | — | |
3 | The Voyage | Holiday World & Splashin' Safari | United States | 67.4 mph (108.5 km/h) | The Gravity Group | — |
4 | The Boss | Six Flags St. Louis | United States | 66.3 mph (106.7 km/h) | Custom Coasters International | April 2000 – May 2000 |
5 | American Eagle | Six Flags Great America | United States | 66 mph (106 km/h) | Intamin | May 1981 – April 2000 |
6 | Mean Streak | Cedar Point | United States | 65 mph (105 km/h) | Dinn Corporation | — |
7 | The Beast | Kings Island | United States | 64.8 mph (104.3 km/h) | Charles Dinn / Al Collins | April 1979 – May 1981 |
8 | T Express | Everland | South Korea | 64.6 mph (104.0 km/h) | Intamin | — |
9 | Montezum | Hopi Hari | Brazil | 64 mph (103 km/h) | Roller Coaster Corporation of America | — |
10 | White Cyclone | Nagashima Spa Land | Japan | 63.4 mph (102.0 km/h) | Intamin | — |
Source:[17]
Length rankings
Longest steel roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Length | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Steel Dragon 2000 | Nagashima Spa Land | Japan | 8,133 ft (2,479 m) | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | August 2000 – present |
2 | The Ultimate | Lightwater Valley | England | 7,442 ft (2,268 m) | Big Country Motioning | July 1991 – August 2000 |
3 | Fujiyama | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | 6,709 ft (2,045 m) | TOGO | — |
4 | Millennium Force | Cedar Point | United States | 6,595 ft (2,010 m) | Intamin | — |
5 | Formula Rossa | Ferrari World | United Arab Emirates | 6,562 ft (2,000 m) | Intamin | — |
6 | California Screamin' | Disney California Adventure | United States | 6,072 ft (1,851 m) | Intamin | — |
7 | Desperado | Buffalo Bill's | United States | 5,843 ft (1,781 m) | Arrow Dynamics | — |
8 | Gao | Mitsui Greenland | Japan | 5,692 ft (1,735 m) | Meisho Amusement Machines | — |
9 | Mamba | Worlds of Fun | United States | 5,600 ft (1,700 m) | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | — |
Steel Force | Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom | United States | 5,600 ft (1,700 m) | D. H. Morgan Manufacturing | — | |
10 | Superman el Último Escape | Six Flags México | Mexico | 5,577 ft (1,700 m) | Chance Morgan | — |
Source:[18]
Longest wooden roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Length | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | The Beast | Kings Island | United States | 7,359 ft (2,243 m) | Charles Dinn / Al Collins | April 1979 – present |
2 | The Voyage | Holiday World & Splashin' Safari | United States | 6,442 ft (1,964 m) | The Gravity Group | — |
3 | White Cyclone | Nagashima Spa Land | Japan | 5,577 ft (1,700 m) | Intamin | — |
4 | Mean Streak | Cedar Point | United States | 5,427 ft (1,654 m) | Dinn Corporation | — |
5 | T Express | Everland | South Korea | 5,383.8 ft (1,641.0 m) | Intamin | — |
6 | Shivering Timbers | Michigan's Adventure | United States | 5,383 ft (1,641 m) | Custom Coasters International | — |
7 | Jupiter | Kijima Amusement Park | Japan | 5,249 ft (1,600 m) | Intamin | — |
8 | The Boss | Six Flags St. Louis | United States | 5,051 ft (1,540 m) | Custom Coasters International | — |
9 | Wood Coasters | Knight Valley | China | 4,817 ft (1,468 m) | Great Coasters International | — |
10 | Hades 360 | Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park | United States | 4,726 ft (1,440 m) | The Gravity Group | — |
Source:[19]
Steepness rankings
Steepest steel roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Maximum vertical angle | Manufacturer | Record held | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Takabisha | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | 121° | Gerstlauer | July 16, 2011 – present | [9] |
2 | Green Lantern Coaster | Warner Bros. Movie World | Australia | 120.5° | S&S Worldwide | — | [20] |
3 | Timber Drop | Fraispertuis City | France | 113° | S&S Worldwide | July 2, 2011 – July 15, 2011 | [21] |
4 | Mumbo Jumbo | Flamingoland | England | 112° | S&S Worldwide | July 4, 2009 – July 1, 2011 | [22] |
5 | Steel Hawg | Indiana Beach | United States | 111° | S&S Worldwide | July 5, 2008 – July 3, 2009 | [23] |
6 | Saw – The Ride | Thorpe Park | England | 100° | Gerstlauer | — | [24] |
7 | Fahrenheit | Hersheypark | United States | 97° | Intamin | May 24, 2008 – July 4, 2008 | [25] |
Falcon | Duinrell | Netherlands | 97° | Gerstlauer | — | [26] | |
Fluch von Novgorod | Hansa Park | Germany | 97° | Gerstlauer | — | [27] | |
Huracan | Belantis | Germany | 97° | Gerstlauer | — | [28] | |
Rage | Adventure Island | England | 97° | Gerstlauer | February 10, 2007 – July 4, 2008 | [29] | |
Speed: No Limits | Oakwood Theme Park | Wales | 97° | Gerstlauer | April 13, 2006 – July 4, 2008 | [30] | |
SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge | Nickelodeon Universe | United States | 97° | Gerstlauer | March 15, 2008 – July 4, 2008 | [31] | |
Typhoon | Bobbejaanland | Belgium | 97° | Gerstlauer | April 10, 2004 – July 4, 2008 | [32] | |
Untamed | Canobie Lake Park | United States | 97° | Gerstlauer | — | [33] | |
Vild-Svinet | BonBon-Land | Denmark | 97° | Gerstlauer | May 16, 2003 – July 4, 2008 | [34] | |
8 | Dare Devil Dive | Six Flags Over Georgia | United States | 95° | Gerstlauer | — | [35] |
Maverick | Cedar Point | United States | 95° | Intamin | — | [36] | |
Mystery Mine | Dollywood | United States | 95° | Gerstlauer | — | [37] |
Steepest wooden roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Maximum vertical angle | Manufacturer | Record held | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Outlaw Run | Silver Dollar City | United States | 81° | Rocky Mountain Construction | March 2013 – present | [38] |
2 | T Express | Everland | South Korea | 77° | Intamin | March 2008 – March 2013 | [39] |
3 | El Toro | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | 76° | Intamin | June 2006 – March 2008 | [40] |
4 | Balder | Liseberg | Sweden | 70° | Intamin | April 2003 – June 2006 | [41] |
5 | The Voyage | Holiday World & Splashin' Safari | United States | 66° | The Gravity Group | — | [42] |
6 | Hades 360 | Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park | United States | 65° | The Gravity Group | — | [43] |
Inversion rankings
Tallest roller coaster inversions
'Tallest roller coaster inversion' is taken to mean the maximum height above the ground that the coaster is inverted, and contains all types of roller coaster inversions including vertical loops.
Tallest vertical loops
This listing contains only those roller coasters which feature vertical loops and not other types of roller coaster inversions. 'Tallest vertical loop' is taken to mean the total height of the loop from entry point to exit point of the loop.
Most inversions
This listing contains all types of roller coaster inversions.
Steel roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Inversions | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
** | The Smiler | Alton Towers | England | 14 | Gerstlauer | |
** | Journey to the Stars | Jinling Happy World | China | 11 | Hebei Zhongye Metallurgical Equipment Manufacturing Co. | |
1 | 10 Inversion Roller Coaster | Chime-Long Paradise | China | 10 | Intamin | February 2006 – present |
Colossus | Thorpe Park | England | 10 | Intamin | March 2002 – present | |
** | 10 Inversion Roller Coaster | Locajoy Holiday | China | 10 | Intamin | |
** | Unknown | Cinecittà World | Italy | 10 | Intamin | |
** | Unknown | Hopi Hari | Brazil | 10 | Intamin | |
2 | Avalancha | Xetulul | Guatemala | 8 | Intamin | — |
Dragon Khan | PortAventura | Spain | 8 | Bolliger & Mabillard | May 1995 – March 2002 | |
Flight of the Phoenix | Harborland | China | 8 | Intamin | — | |
3 | Bizarro | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | 7 | Bolliger & Mabillard | — |
Goudurix | Parc Astérix | France | 7 | Vekoma | April 1989 – May 1995 | |
Hydra the Revenge | Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom | United States | 7 | Bolliger & Mabillard | — | |
The Incredible Hulk | Islands of Adventure | United States | 7 | Bolliger & Mabillard | — | |
Kraken | SeaWorld Orlando | United States | 7 | Bolliger & Mabillard | — | |
Kumba | Busch Gardens Tampa Bay | United States | 7 | Bolliger & Mabillard | April 1993 – May 1995 | |
Medusa | Six Flags Discovery Kingdom | United States | 7 | Bolliger & Mabillard | — | |
Montu | Busch Gardens Tampa Bay | United States | 7 | Bolliger & Mabillard | — | |
Scream! | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | 7 | Bolliger & Mabillard | — | |
Superman: La Atracción de Acero | Parque Warner Madrid | Spain | 7 | Bolliger & Mabillard | — | |
Takabisha | Fuji-Q Highland | Japan | 7 | Gerstlauer | — | |
Viper | Six Flags Magic Mountain | United States | 7 | Arrow Dynamics | April 1990 – May 1995 |
Wooden roller coasters
Rank | Name | Park | Country | Inversions | Manufacturer | Record held |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Outlaw Run | Silver Dollar City | United States | 3 | Rocky Mountain Construction | March 2013 – present |
** | Hades 360 | Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park | United States | 1 | The Gravity Group |
Source:[72]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h A shuttle roller coaster, not complete-circuit
- ^ Record was held by The Rattler from March 1992 – May 2000. Its height was 179 feet (55 m).[12]
- ^ a b c Record was held by Son of Beast from May 2000 – June 2009. Its height was 218 feet (66 m), its drop distance was 214 feet (65 m) and its speed was 78 miles per hour (126 km/h).[13] Cite error: The named reference "SOB" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Record was held when the ride opened as Chang at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom.
- ^ Record was held by Son of Beast from 2000 to 2006.[13]
References
- ^ Harris, Tom. "How Roller Coasters Work". Discovery Communications. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Census Report". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
- ^ Martín, Hugo (March 13, 2012). "Thrill ride designers compete to push the limits". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
- ^ "It's opening weekend for Cedar Point". Associated Press. May 15, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
- ^ "Magnum XL–200 20th anniversary ceremomy". PointBuzz. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Formula Rossa (Ferrari World Abu Dhabi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Kingda Ka (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Dragon 2000 (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Takabisha (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Record Holders – Height". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Record Holders – Drop". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Iron Rattler (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Marden, Duane. "Son of Beast (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Height". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Drop". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Record Holders – Steel – Speed". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Speed". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Record Holders – Steel – Length". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Length". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Green Lantern Coaster (Warner Bros. Movie World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Timber Drop (Fraispertuis City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Mumbo Jumbo (Flamingo Land Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Hawg (Indiana Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Saw – The Ride (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Fahrenheit (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Falcon (Duinrell)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Fluch von Novgorod (Hansa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Huracan (Belantis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Rage (Adventure Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Speed: No Limits (Oakwood Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge (Nickelodeon Universe)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Typhoon (Bobbejaanland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Untamed (Canobie Lake Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Vild-Svinet (BonBon-Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Dare Devil Dive (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Maverick (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Mystery Mine (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Outlaw Run (Silver Dollar City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "T Express (Everland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "El Toro (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Balder (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "The Voyage (Holiday World & Splashin' Safari)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Hades 360 (Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g MacDonald, Brady (August 30, 2012). "Six Flags Magic Mountain adding Full Throttle coaster in 2013". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Volcano, The Blast Coaster (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f "Maurer Sohne SkyLoop". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. June 4, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ^ "Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Announces New Thrill Coaster in 2012 — Superman Ultimate Flight" (Press release). Six Flags Discovery Kingdom. September 1, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Griffon (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "SheiKra (Busch Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ a b Walzer, Philip (October 24, 2007). "Kings Dominion plans a floorless coaster of its own". The Virginian-Pilot. Landmark Media Enterprises. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Storm Runner (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Medusa (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Scream! (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "The Swarm (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Alpengeist (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Jubilee Odyssey (Fantasy Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Riddler's Revenge (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Green Lantern (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Time Machine (Freestyle Music Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Kraken (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Mantis (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Dragon Khan (PortAventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Bizarro (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Kumba (Busch Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Tennessee Tornado (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Wild Eagle (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Record Holders – Most Inversions". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
- ^ Davies, Harry. "The Smiler Inversion Record". Towers Times. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Most Inversions". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 11, 2012.