Jump to content

ITV Central

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 86.168.205.226 (talk) at 14:32, 24 November 2013 (Undid revision 582974904 by 86.168.205.226 (talk)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the British regional broadcaster. For the Australian commercial station formerly known as Central GTS/BKN, see GTS/BKN.
"Central Independent Television" redirects here. For Central Television of the Gosteleradio of the USSR, see Soviet Central Television. For the television in the People's Republic of China, see China Central Television.

Template:Infobox ITV franchisee

ITV Central, previously known as Central Independent Television, Carlton Central and commonly shortened to Central, is the Independent Television contractor for the Midlands,[1] created following the restructuring of ATV and commencing broadcast on 1 January 1982. The station is owned and operated by ITV plc, under the licensee of ITV Broadcasting Limited.

History

During the 1970s, the previous Midlands licence holder ATV had often been criticised for its lack of regional output and character. Although ATV had purpose-built a modern colour production complex in the centre of Birmingham, many of its major productions were recorded at its main studios at Elstree in Hertfordshire, a legacy of when the company also served London at the weekends prior to 1968. Equally, its corporate headquarters were based in central London.

ATV attempted to address its problem in 1980 as part of its franchise re-application; with plans for a second major facility in the area (to be based in Nottingham) and as part of the Independent Broadcasting Authority plan for the contract to be a dual region, providing separate news coverage for both the East and the West Midlands. The company name would also be changed from ATV Network Limited to ATV Midlands Limited, thus reinforcing the greater regional focus. The IBA accepted ATV's assertion that ATV Midlands Ltd planned to take a more local identity, and awarded the contract to ATV Midlands Ltd on the basis that further changes were to be implemented, including that the parent company Associated Communications Corporation would divest 49% of its shareholding in ATV Midlands Ltd in an attempt to introduce local shareholders and that ATV Midlands Ltd's registered office should be within the region. To demonstrate this change of share structure, the IBA insisted that ATV change its company name, to show that it was a substantially new company due to the requirements of a dual region.[2][3]

Reputedly, around the time of the franchise changing hands, a local businessman registered dozens of company names (some of which included the words "Central" and "Television"), in the hope of being offered substantial financial compensation to relinquish the rights to one of these, if chosen by the new company. Central got around this by simply inserting "Independent" into their name on registering it (something the businessman had not thought of).[4]

Launch

The station opened transmission at 9:25am on Friday 1 January 1982 with an authority announcement by duty announcer Su Evans, followed by an extended 5-minute promo entitled Welcome to Central, previewing the company's network and regional programming and the schedule for the first day of transmission.

Central initially ran a sole pan-regional service from Birmingham, as a result of an industrial dispute which prevented its East Midlands service from Nottingham commencing before September 1983. The split allowed Central to serve the West Midlands with its own service from Birmingham.[5] There were few differences between the East and West sub-regions, but each had its own news service, advertisements, and during the early years of operation, continuity. This would lead to the BBC launching its own sub-regional service for the East Midlands during the 1980s, which became a region in its own right in January 1991, with the launch of East Midlands Today.

Operations

By March 1984, the reorganization of the company was complete, allowing pre-tax profits to double from £3.5 million to £6.5 million in its first two financial years.[6] Shortly afterwards, Zenith Productions was established as a subsidiary of Central Television, which produced programming for the UK and the USA - most famously including the company's television adaptations of the Inspector Morse novels.[7] Central's interests in on-screen fiction saw the company buy the Korda Film Library in 1986.[8][9]

In January 1987, Central acquired the British animation company Filmfair for £1.5million,[10] which went onto produce several of the station's networked children's series before being sold onto the Storm Group (Caspian) in 1991.[11][12] On the same day, Central brought a stake in in Starstream, who co-founded and operated The Children's Channel - the 22% stake was sold in November 1991 to United Artists Cable International. A few months later, Central became the first ITV station to broadcast its own overnight service, including short news bulletins, imported output and the long running Jobfinder service - launched in 1986 in partnership with the Manpower Services Commission - which went onto run for 17 years and won a Royal Television Society award. Central was also awarded the Queen's Award to Industry for Export twice, for selling its range of programming to over 80 countries around the world, in April 1987[13] and April 1989[14][15]

Under its growing business portfolio, Central created CTE (Central Television Enterprises) in December 1987 and opened international bureaux in Hamburg, New York City and Sydney for sales, sponsorship and newsgathering operations. CTE, the company's key international distributor of programming, would later represent output sales for HTV, Meridian and Carlton,[16] who took over Central in 1994.

In 1989, the company founded Zodiac Entertainment - an American entertainment firm specializing in the production and distribution of animated cartoons. Central invested $35 million in the company before deciding to discontinue its production business in 1994, leaving Zodiac to become a distributor. Also in 1989,[17][18] Central established Television Sales and Marketing Services Ltd (TSMS), a joint venture with Anglia Television providing airtime sales and program sponsorships, in part to recover production costs.[19] In March 1994, Anglia acquired Central's stake in the company to take full control with Central moving over to Carlton's sales department.[20]

In March 1990, Central formed a partnership with The Observer newspaper to create Central Observer, making environmental themed films for British Satellite Broadcasting and terrestrial channels, with funding from the charity Television Trust for the Environment.[21]

Central was unopposed in retaining its franchise in 1993, which allowed the company to only bid a tiny sum of £2000 a year[22][23] - though the company stressed the need to cut more jobs to become more cost efficient,[24] as the company had agreed to pay 11% of their annual advertising revenue on top of their winning bid. The station's workforce was reduced to 1500 by 1990 and then to 900 by the start of 1992 - less than half of the payroll Central had employed in 1987. Central also profited from the auction after Meridian, a consortium in which Central held a 20% stake, won the franchise to serve the South and South East of England.[25][26] By April 1993, with the added increase of 8.8% in advertising revenues to £250 million and its income from programme sales rising to £83.4 million, Central became the most successful ITV company after the start of the new franchises.[27]

Ownership and Takeover

Although the IBA required 49% of the new station to be owned locally by companies and individuals,[28] the take-up was no where near as expected, leaving companies outside the region to buy shares including DC Thomson (15%), Ladbrokes (10%), Pergamon (9%) and British Rail (2%).

Shortly after the station began broadcasting, Australian entrepreneur Robert Holmes à Court - via his Bell Group - started the process of acquiring ACC, but was halted by the IBA, since the law prohibited foreign companies from controlling British television companies.[29] By March, a rival bid from Gerald Ronson's Heron Corporation also entered the race to takeover ACC.[30][31] In April 1982, ACC was taken-over by Robert Holmes à Court,[32] with the IBA approving the deal in June on condition that ACC's 51 percent stake in Central be put in trust, thus divesting ACC of all voting power until it had reduced its shares in the broadcaster.[33]

By January 1983, 167 staff had brought shares in the station for a £1 each as part of an innovative shareholding scheme to help offload shares to local people in the Central region.[34] In May 1983, ACC finally sold off its stake in Central - Sears Holdings purchased 20%[35] while Ladbrokes and DC Thomson also increased their stakes to 20% each, and Pergamon took its ownership to 12.5%, with 27.5% being held by single stakeholders.[36]

In March 1987, Carlton Communications acquired 20 per cent of Central from Ladbrokes for £30million[37] which finally gave Carlton its first stake in a terrestrial broadcasting company, after a bid to buy Thames Television was blocked by the IBA two years beforehand.[38] In January 1994[39] Central was bought in its entirety by Carlton for £750 million[40][41] The new owners later restructured the company further by combining Central's operations into one and moving its Birmingham studios to a smaller complex elsewhere in the city centre. Network programmes were now classed as Carlton UK Productions and around 140 jobs were lost from the downgraded Birmingham operation.[42][43]

On 6 September 1999, the station was rebranded on-air as Carlton Central, though the registered company name remained Central Independent Television Limited. The new identity, produced by Lambie-Nairn was also used on Central's sister stations in the London and Carlton Westcountry regions. Only the "Carlton" name was used on air, however Central's regional news programmes retained the "Central" brand. With the merger of Carlton and Granada on 2 February 2004, the brand became ITV1 Central. It is currently owned by ITV plc and on 29 December 2006, the registered company name was changed from Central Independent Television Ltd to ITV Central Ltd.

Incidents

On 5 April 2005, it was revealed ITV Central could be fined by regulator Ofcom for broadcasting a pre-recorded late Central News bulletin for the East Midlands. The regulator later permitted ITV to pre-record some regional news bulletins shortly before transmission.[44]

On 15 July 2008, the station was fined £25,000 for contempt of court.[45][46]

Studios

Main articles: Gas Street Studios and Carlton Studios, Nottingham

Initially, Central inherited ATV's Broad Street studios, ATV Centre, which was renamed Central House when the contractor changed its name - they were retained as Central's headquarters, West Midlands studios and transmission facilities until 1996. Upon winning the franchise, Central decided to construct new studios for its East sub-region, based in Lenton Lane, Nottingham - the new complex was to be called 'East Midlands Television centre'.[47] Up until the studios were opened, Central's East Midlands operations were based on an industrial estate at Giltbrook, near Eastwood on the outskirts of Nottingham. The Nottingham studios were to be staffed by employees originally based at Elstree, which led to many problems due to the relocation, including industrial action, which resulted in a long delay for the promised separate news service for the East Midlands until September 1983.[48]

The Nottingham studio complex finally opened in January 1984, followed by an official opening by the Duke of Edinburgh on 2 March 1984 [49] Five years later, Central opened a computerized news centre in Abingdon for the launch of its third sub-region, serving the South Midlands.[50] Central News South was broadcast from the Abingdon studios, supplemented by news bureaux in Aylesbury, Gloucester and Swindon.

The ITV Central headquarters in Birmingham Gas Street.

The Broad Street studios in Birmingham - which were rented - came under Central's ownership in November 1991, by which time, its network and large scale programming capability had been transferred to Nottingham, scaling down the Birmingham operation to providing Central News West, regional programming and presentation operations, including those for CITV.[51] In 1994, Central's new owners Carlton acquired land on nearby Gas Street to begin work on building a new, smaller digital studio complex. The new centre was completed in 1997, when Central West's regional news department moved from its Broad Street base. A tribute to the Broad Street studios was broadcast on Central News West.[52] Having been one of the first fully computerised news programmes, Central News South was again a pioneer of new technology when, in the Spring of 2001, state-of-the-art Quantel digital video servers and edit suites were installed, along with a complete re-fit of camera and VTR equipment, placing Central South at the forefront of digital news-gathering in regional news.

In February 2004, ITV plc announced plans to close and sell the Lenton Lane production centre in Notingham with over 350 jobs being axed in the process[53] Following the closure of the studios, a new news-gathering centre was established in the city, but production and transmission of Central News East moved to the Birmingham studio in Spring 2005. The former studio complex is now part of The University of Nottingham and is known as 'King's Meadow Campus'.[54] It still maintains one Studio (Studio 7), and this is rented out to television and film Companies, generating income for the University. In October 2004, ITV plc closed Central's presentation/transmission department and moved transmission to the Northern Transmission Centre in Leeds. Although there was heavy opposition, the role of presentation and transmission at Birmingham had been significantly reduced after network presentation was centralised to LNN in London in 2002 and so there was an inevitability that this function would be moved out. CITV (Children's ITV), which had been presented by Central since 1983, was also re-homed to Granada's studios in Manchester, with all content pre-recorded and with out-of vision presentation.

In September 2007, Central House on Broad Street was covered in scaffolding, ready for demolition, which commenced the following month. The facade, exhibition hall and studio block still remain as of November 2009.

A documentary about the Broad Street studios was later released on DVD in October 2011. Entitled 'From ATVLand In Colour' (referring to the nickname used on Tiswas, and the building being purpose-built by ATV for colour broadcasting), the documentary featured presenters, actors, announcers and behind-the-scenes staff talking about their time working in the studios, and the programmes that were made there by Central, and predecessor ATV.[55] The five-part documentary, produced by ATVLAND Productions, was followed up in November 2012 by From Headlines to Tight Lines, a DVD on the history of the regional news magazine programme ATV Today.

ITV have since also sold the Gas Street office building to Cube Real Estate, a commercial property developer, which has refurbished the interior of the building. While Central maintains office space and a single ground floor studio, the other studio and floors are available to rent as office space. The property is marketed as '22 Gas Street'.

Sub-regions

Central currently operates two sub-regions with shared involvement in a third:

  • Central West
  • Central East - broadcast from Birmingham with a newsgathering centre based in Nottingham.
  • Meridian South - produced from Meridian's studios in Whiteley, Hampshire with a Thames Valley newsgathering base in Abingdon.

Initially, as a result of a long-running industrial dispute, Central broadcast a single pan-regional news service from Birmingham. The East Midlands service of news, local advertisements and presentation was launched in September 1983, leaving the Birmingham-based service to adopt its focus on the rest of the region. In January 1989, Central launched a third sub-region for the South Midlands (the Oxford and Ridge Hill transmitters previously served by Central West), carrying its own news service and local advertisements.

The Central South region was disbanded in December 2006 after 17 years in operation - with the eastern half of the area merging with Meridian's North region to form a ITV Thames Valley region.[56] At the same time, ITV West's broadcast footprint was expanded to cover North Gloucestershire from the West's Bristol studios, while Herefordshire re-joined Central News West from Birmingham.

Further changes in February 2009 saw the end of wholly separate programmes for Central's East and West sub-regions. The pan-regional service currently includes a short six-minute opt out within the 6pm programme and separate late night bulletins for the two areas. In the former Central South area, ITV's Thames Valley operations were fully merged with those in Meridian's South sub-region.[57][58]

On 23 July 2013, proposals for a more localised Channel 3 news service were approved by OFCOM - ITV News Central will extend the East and West opt-out services from 6 minutes to 20 minutes during the half hour 6pm programme, in addition to separate lunchtime and weekend bulletins for the two sub-regions.[59] In the former Thames Valley region, plans were approved for a ten-minute opt out within the 6pm edition of ITV News Meridian for the south of England.

Identity

'The first Central logo, used from 1982 - 1983.[60]

Globe: 1982-85

Upon launch, Central's on screen presentation featured a sphere (which resembled a moon or a total eclipse) which would burst open with light, before reforming, accompanied by a light jingle, but was dropped and revised during 1982, so the moon ident would just appear of darkness with the colour spectrum appearing to its left hand side.[61] This ident was dropped locally in 1985, but remained on the front and end of networked programmes until 1988.

Cake: 1985-98

On 5 August 1985, a new presentation package was launched, which saw the moon redesigned into a three-dimensional shape. It was initially used solely for regional continuity purposes, but by 1986, it become an ident in its own right. The new logo was a circle in shape, but with a curved line running down the left hand side and five horizontal lines dividing the sphere up into twelve segments. The left six segments were coloured red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple and the whole symbol was computer animated. The symbol, nicknamed The Cake, would have a variety of form ups, mainly involved with bringing the segments together or applying the colour to the symbol. The soundtrack was the same composition, but played in a variety of different ways.[62] On 25 April 1987[citation needed], a new promotional package was introduced with a new slogan Let's Get Together.

Central also adopted the ITV 1989 generic look as another ident to use alongside the Cake. The generic ident was used in its raw form, with altered music, and as part of another ident giving greater emphasis to the cake but was dropped a year later.[62] Between 1985 and 1997, well over 10,000 different sequences were made by Central's Presentation team in Birmingham, including break bumpers, idents, "next" animations and trail designs, which give the channel a wider range of presentation than any other British television station. The last batch of Cake idents to be created was introduced on 6 January 1997, in which the cake became more abstract with both more advanced computer graphics used and more live action models & sequences (including a physical neon sign version).[62]

Central: 1998-99

The cake' lasted 12 years before being replaced on 20 April 1998, by adapting a version of the idents used by Carlton who had been using since 1996. This featured the name Central in the font Gill Sans in centre screen against a bright and colourful background. The idents featured a 2D animation of either the letters interacting in some way, a letter being replaced with another object, or the word being part of a larger scene, such as a cross word of place names in the region. The look was to be discontinued in September 5, 1999.[62]

Carlton: 1999-2002

Central adopted the Carlton 'Star' branding on 6 September 1999, shortly before much of the network adopted the second generic look under the theme of 'Hearts'. The Carlton idents featured an opening film featuring a heart at the end, before a star shaped light came from the heart, engulfing the screen, and showing the endboard, which featured a background of spinning stars in different colours with the brand name centre screen above an ITV logo. The ident itself technically was praised, however the presentational package received complaints and criticisms due to the fact that the Central brand was replaced by the Carlton brand. These idents only featured the Carlton name on screen but the announcements that featured with idents used the name "Carlton for the Central Region" and separate continuity was retained.[63]

ITV Central

ITV Central logo used from 2006 to 2013.

On 11 August 2001 the ITV1 brand was formed, which replaced the 'ITV' on the Carlton idents. As the ITV1 idents began to be used on their own more and more, and Carlton and Granada owned all the franchises in England and Wales, Carlton and Granada decided to axe regional branding, and replace it with a full-time ITV1 identity. Before regional programmes, the logo 'ITV1 Carlton' was used, until late 2003, when they were known as 'ITV1 for Central England'. The regional idents were gradually phased out, and by 2006, on most days, the only regional branding was for the regional news. In November 2006, the Central name was retired, when regional idents were axed. It would then be known as just ITV1 at all times.

The Carlton brand continued to be seen on production captions until February 2004, when the caption A Carlton Production or A Carlton Production for Central England being used. This was replaced, following the merger of Granada plc and Carlton Communications to form ITV plc, with an ITV regional logo featuring the word Central below the ITV logo. Today, the majority of productions have been moved away from the Midlands region, and any productions are accredited to ITV Studios.[63] On 14 January 2013, the station's on-air identity reverted to ITV, along with all other ITV plc-owned franchises.

Programmes

Taking over from ATV as one of the 'Big Five' of ITV companies, Central performed strongly on networked output, carrying on several ATV shows, most notably the soap-opera Crossroads and game shows including Bullseye and Family Fortunes. Original programming included comedy series such as Auf Wiedersehen, Pet (more recently revived by the BBC) and the multi award-winning Spitting Image,[64][65] drama series Boon and game shows such as The Price is Right and Blockbusters.

Perhaps the station's most successful drama title was its adaptations of the Inspector Morse novels, produced by its subsidiary Zenith Productions. Central also produced the critically acclaimed film Walter - starring Ian McKellen - for Channel 4's first night of transmission. Less successful was one of Central's first networked contributions - the Tiswas spin-off O.T.T., which drew high viewing figures but also heavy criticism for its racy adult content. It was axed after one series and replaced by a low-budget sequel entitled Saturday Stayback. The company also attracted ire with the 1987 sitcom Hardwicke House (starring Roy Kinnear) about an anarchic comprehensive school. The first two episodes received so much public condemnation that the remainder were never transmitted.

Central also formed numerous international partnerships to produce major drama and documentary series - including Legacy of Civilization with Maryland Public Television, Nuclear Age with WGBH-TV (another key PBS affiliate) and NHK[66] and Eden's Lost (1989) with ABC.

In the field of news and current affairs, Central had enhanced and bettered on ATV's reputation as a regional news provider by becoming the first British television station to offer three distinct services for different parts of the transmission area. It was also a major contributor to current affairs locally and nationally - from its documentary output such as Viewpoint, 30 Minutes and England Their England to more populist series, including The Cook Report and the long-running debate show Central Weekend, which ran for 15 years in the Midlands on Friday nights. The programme was also the first on British television to examine seriously the AIDS virus, leading to a drama series on the topic, called Intimate Contact.[15] Central also first reported on the Ethopian famine in July 1984 with the documentary Seeds of Despair.[67] In the same year, the company completed production on one of its more controversial programmes Question of Leadership, a four-part series directed by Ken Loach about trade unions' responses to government actions. The IBA was concerned it breached balance guidelines, while the unions criticised it as defamatory. Even after several re-edits, the series was never transmitted, which was described as political censorship.[68][69][70]

Central also played a major role in the ITV network's infrastructure - not only producing children's and schools programming, but also providing scheduling and presentation services with its dedicated Children's ITV and ITV Schools' strands - the latter moving to Channel 4 in 1987.

With the creation of a dedicated ITV Sport network unit, Central also played a significant part in networked sports output under the leadership of Gary Newbon. The station produced nearly all of ITV's football coverage for over a decade - including the FA Cup, UEFA Champions' League, the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA European Championship and Premier League highlights, as well as extensive live regional coverage of Football League matches involving Midlands clubs in The Central Match. The station also played its part in coverage of key European athletics meetings and world championship boxing with The Big Fight Live as a long standing Saturday night fixture. In 2004, the department was moved to London and merged with the London News Network's operations to form ITV Sport Productions.

Children's

Drama

Comedy/Entertainment

Documentaries & Features

Gameshows

References

  1. ^ "Central ITV". Channel 3 Broadcast Licenses. Ofcom. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  2. ^ Rogers, Jeremy. "ATV (Associated Television) History". Independent TeleWeb. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  3. ^ Southern and Westward TV lose franchises and others to be restructured.By Kenneth Gosling. The Times, Monday, 29 December 1980; pg. 1
  4. ^ Rogers, Jeremy. "Central Television History". Independent TeleWeb. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  5. ^ Robertson, Jason. "ATV History". sub-TV. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  6. ^ Earnings jump at HTV and Central.By Andrew Cornelius. The Times, Friday, 23 March 1984; pg. 23
  7. ^ Zenith and the art of film-making, Peter Fiddick The Guardian; 5 October 1984;
  8. ^ Central.Advert. The Times, Monday, 3 November 1986; pg. 33
  9. ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Korda+classics+for+Central.-a0182117521
  10. ^ NEWS IN BRIEFThe Guardian (1959-2003); 6 January 1987;
  11. ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%2FC+O+R+R+E+C+T+I+O+N+--+CINAR+Films+Inc.%2F(Correction+Notice)-a018898126
  12. ^ http://playbackonline.ca/1996/12/02/18489-19961202/
  13. ^ Central. The Times, Tuesday, 21 April 1987; pg. 30
  14. ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/philip-jones-television-executive-who-sold-inspector-morse-to-the-world-1739868.html
  15. ^ a b MELANIPHY, MIKE. "Central". Television and Radio 1988: The IBA's Yearbook. Retrieved 2013. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  16. ^ http://variety.com/1993/more/news/carlton-taps-cte-int-l-distrib-103198/
  17. ^ Central Independent Television plc. The Times, Thursday, 23 March 1989; pg. 37;
  18. ^ http://www.wildscreen.org.uk/about-trustees
  19. ^ http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/central-independent-television-history/
  20. ^ Too much reward without risk. The Times, Friday, 4 March 1994; pg. 25
  21. ^ Observer to pioneer green broadcasting. The Observer; 4 March 1990; P3
  22. ^ The darling bids of MayBell, EmilyThe Observer (1901- 2003); 19 May 1991;
  23. ^ 40 bidders emerge at deadline in contest for new ITV contracts.Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times Thursday, 16 May 1991; pg. 2
  24. ^ Big two face toughest TV franchise fightThe Guardian (1959-2003); 16 May 1991;
  25. ^ 'The deadline of 15 May was looming. All bids, sealed in an envelope, ...The Observer (1901- 2003); 20 October 1991;
  26. ^ Head of Central intelligence: Leslie HillLindsay, VincentThe Observer (1901- 2003); 20 October 1991;
  27. ^ Central already coining it before franchise coup: OutlookLaurance, BenThe Guardian (1959-2003); 1 April 1993;
  28. ^ Southern and Westward TV lose franchises and others to be restructured.By Kenneth Gosling. The Times, Monday, 29 December 1980; pg. 1
  29. ^ Grade is ousted in £37 m ACC takeoverBrown, MaggieThe Guardian (1959-2003); 15 January 1982;
  30. ^ New ACC bid by Holmes a'Court.By Philip Robinson. The Times Thursday, 11 March 1982; pg. 15
  31. ^ Stampede to buy TV empire. Brown, Maggie. The Guardian P25; 22 January 1982;
  32. ^ ACC shareholders set to accept £60m offer.By Philip Robinson. The Times (London, England), Thursday, 15 April 1982; pg. 13
  33. ^ IBA gives ACC go-aheadThe Guardian (1959-2003); 2 June 1982;
  34. ^ TV staff willing to buy bigger stake in companyBarker, DennisThe Guardian (1959-2003); 5 January 1983;
  35. ^ Sears buys stake in Central TV.By Jonathan Clare. The Times, Saturday, 7 May 1983; pg. 11
  36. ^ Central Independent Television Plc. The Times (London, England), Saturday, 28 May 1983; pg. 13;
  37. ^ Ladbroke sale fuels takeover speculation.Cliff Feltham. The Times, Monday, 16 March 1987; pg. 19
  38. ^ Carlton buys Central stake from LadbrokeStoddart, RobinThe Guardian (1959-2003); 16 March 1987;
  39. ^ Dawtry, Adam, "Carlton's Central Takeover Done Deal," Variety, 10 January 1994, p56
  40. ^ Too much reward without risk. The Times (London, England), Friday, 4 March 1994; pg. 25;
  41. ^ TV bid will spark more takeovers.Martin Waller Deputy City Editor. The Times Tuesday, 30 November 1993; pg. 23
  42. ^ Axing of 180 jobs fuels fears for regional TV, Andrew Culf Media Correspondent The Guardian (1959-2003); 7 September 1994;
  43. ^ Shake-up at Carlton to cost 180 jobs. Alexandra Frean, Media Correspondent. The Times , Wednesday, 7 September 1994; pg. 24
  44. ^ ITV faces live news fine Jason Deans, The Guardian, 5 April 2005
  45. ^ Attorney General v ITV Central Ltd 5RB, 15 July 2008
  46. ^ A £25,000 contempt of court fine for ITV Central Press Gazette, 16 July 2008
  47. ^ http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/studioone/inside_lenton_l
  48. ^ Buxton, Roddy. "A trip to Giltbrook". Studio One. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  49. ^ Court Circular. The Times, Saturday,3 March 1984; pg10
  50. ^ http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4105574.TV_s_Wesley_says_fond_farewell/
  51. ^ http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/insidetv/history/the_rise_and_fa
  52. ^ Buxton, Roddy. "A trip to Broad Street". Studio One. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  53. ^ http://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/feb/26/broadcasting.ITV1 ITV axes up to 400 jobs as Nottingham studio closesMediaGuardian, Thursday 26 February 2004 12.33 GMT
  54. ^ "King's Meadow Campus". University of Nottingham. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  55. ^ "The Press Release". ATVLAND.production. Retrieved 20 April 2012.[dead link]
  56. ^ Holmwood, Leigh (20 September 2006). "Launch of ITV region delayed". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  57. ^ http://www.ukfree.tv/fullstory.php?storyid=1107052130
  58. ^ http://www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/news/4133572.ITV_under_fire_over_new_regional_show/
  59. ^ OFCOM sets out licence terms for ITV, STV, UTV and Channel 5, OFCOM, 23 July 2013
  60. ^ "Central: Idents". TV Live. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  61. ^ "Central Ident 1982". YouTube. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  62. ^ a b c d "Central Index". TVARK. TVARK. Retrieved 25 July 2011. Pages contain video images of all the idents.
  63. ^ a b Barnes, Steve. "Carlton Midlands Index". TVARK. TVARK. Retrieved 25 July 2011.Contains videos of the idents.
  64. ^ BBC picks up eight awards.Peter Davalle. The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 30 April 1986; pg. 3
  65. ^ British TV scoops Emmys. The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 26 November 1986; pg. 11
  66. ^ Coopman, Jeremy, "Corporate Report: Central TV at 10," Variety, 6 April 1992, pp. 149-54. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/central-independent-television-history/
  67. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/117491
  68. ^ Central kills off Loach union programme. Linton, Martin. The Guardian P2; 1 August 1984
  69. ^ It's the South Blank Show by Richard Brooks, The Observer P28; 26 September 1993;
  70. ^ Defamatory' TV films on unions scrapped. By David Hewson Arts Correspondent. The Times, Wednesday, 1 August 1984; pg. 3;
  71. ^ TVARK | Central Television | Programmes
  72. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/8734
  73. ^ http://www.britishtelevisiondrama.org.uk/?p=1627
  74. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098923/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_1
  75. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/428955
  76. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/655
  77. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/15080
  78. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18624
  79. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/130891
  80. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/22678
  81. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/7185
  82. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18812
  83. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088633/
  84. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18811
  85. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/19258
  86. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/26464
  87. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/23011
  88. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/5284
  89. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/590187
  90. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/114866
  91. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/7260
  92. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/3275
  93. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/16420
  94. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/20473
  95. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18772
  96. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18726
  97. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/32935
  98. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/1199
  99. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18728
  100. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/23752
  101. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/30045
  102. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/25798
  103. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18824
  104. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0379144/
  105. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/646826
  106. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18808
  107. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/21970
  108. ^ http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/1992/9210/9210FIL1.cfm
  109. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/15208
  110. ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/15800
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITV_Central&oldid=583095461"