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Eyepatch

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"Eye pad" and "Eyepad" redirect here. For the product by Apple Inc., see iPad.
A child wearing an adhesive eyepatch to correct amblyopia

An eyepatch or eye pad is a small patch that is worn in front of one eye. It may be a cloth patch attached around the head by an elastic band or by a string, an adhesive bandage, or a plastic device which is clipped to a pair of glasses. It is often worn by people to cover a lost or injured eye, but it also has a therapeutic use in children for the treatment of amblyopia. (See orthoptics and vision therapy.) Eyepatches used to block light while sleeping are referred to as a sleep mask. Eyepatches associated with pirates are a stereotype [1] originating from fiction.

History

In the years before advanced medicine and surgery, eyepatches were common for people who had lost an eye. They were particularly prevalent among members of dangerous occupations, such as soldiers and sailors who could lose an eye in battle, as well as blacksmiths who used them to cover one eye for protection from sparks while working. [2]. While stereotypically associated with pirates, there is no evidence to suggest the historicity of eye patch wearing pirates before several popular novels of the 19th century (see below).

Eyecare treatment

Amblyopia

Eye patching is used in the orthoptic management[3] of children at risk of lazy eye (amblyopia), especially strabismic or anisometropic[4] amblyopia. These conditions can cause visual suppression of areas of the dissimilar images[5] by the brain such as to avoid diplopia, resulting in a loss of visual acuity in the suppressed eye and in extreme cases in blindness in an otherwise functional eye. Patching the good eye forces the amblyopic eye to function, thereby causing vision in that eye to be retained.[3][4]

It has been pointed out that eye patching does not provide the conditions that are necessary in order to develop or improve binocular vision. Recently, efforts have been made to propose alternative treatments of amblyopia that do allow to improve binocular sight, for example using binasal occlusion or partially frosted spectacles[5] in place of any eye patch, using alternating occlusion goggles or using methods of perceptual learning based on video games or virtual reality games for enhancing binocular vision.

Extraocular muscle palsy

To initially relieve double vision (diplopia) caused by an extra-ocular muscle palsy, an eye care professional may recommend using an eyepatch. This can help to relieve the dizziness, vertigo and nausea that are associated with this form of double vision.[6][7][8]

Use of Eyepatch for Dark Adaptation

Aircraft Pilots

Aircraft pilots used to use an eye patch, or close one eye to preserve night vision when there was disparity in the light intensity within or outside their aircraft, such as when flying at night over brightly lit cities, so that one eye could look out, and the other would be adjusted for the dim lighting of the cockpit to read unlit instruments and maps.[9] The FAA still recommends, "a pilot should close one eye when using a light to preserve some degree of night vision".[10] Some military pilots have worn a lead-lined or gold-lined eyepatch, to protect against blindness in both eyes, in the event of a nuclear blast or laser weapon attack.[11][12][13]

Eyepatches are not currently used by military personnel; modern technology has provided an array of other means to preserve and enhance night vision, including red-light and low-level white lights, and night vision devices.[14][15][16]

Pirate Eye Patches: The Mythbusters Pirate Episode

Stereotypical depiction of a pirate with eyepatch

It has been speculated that sailors who often went above and below deck might have used an eyepatch to keep one eye adjusted to the darkness below decks.[17] According to this episode of Mythbusters, the strong sunlight while above deck on an oceangoing vessel could require minutes of adaptation to the dim lighting below deck. With virtually no light sources below deck, sailors would have to rely heavily upon their eyes to adjust. In the critical moments of modifying the rigging, navigating, and especially during battle, those minutes were too precious. A simple switch of the patch from one eye to the other might have saved time when going between decks.

This speculation was made without attribution or evidence that pirates wore eye patches with any more frequency than other sailors, or even the general public of the time. [18] This speculation is also contrary to numerous contemporaneous descriptions and portraits of known pirates. [19] This speculation assumes several premises for which evidence to the contrary exists. [20] No evidence has been presented to link eye patch wearing pirates with eye patches to the well known physiological process of dark adaptation.[21]

In Episode 71, the ability to navigate an obstacle course using a dark adapted eye was tested by the hosts, and the conclusion was that this hypothesis was found to be “plausible” (as opposed to the other two options “busted” or “true”).[22]

“Pirates wore eyepatches to preserve night vision in one eye. PLAUSIBLE This myth works under the assumption that the eye covered with the eyepatch is already accustomed to low light conditions, while the other eye must take time to accustom. The Mythbusters were sent into a dark room with light-accustomed eyes and were told to complete certain objectives. Their movements were hampered by the darkness and it took them five minutes to finish. When they went into a rearranged but equally dark room with an eye that was covered for thirty minutes, the Mythbusters were able to complete the test in a fraction of the time. As a control test, the Mythbusters then went back into the same exact room with light-accustomed eyes and ran into the same difficulty as the first test. The myth was deemed plausible because there is no recorded historical precedent for this myth.” [23]

The historical evidence associating pirates with eye patches begins with fictional accounts of pirates, most notably in Treasure Island. [24] by Robert Louis Stevenson. [25]

Many of the speculations for associating pirates wearing eye patches for dark adaptation are unsupported, including: 1) The potential advantage of a dark adapted eye over stereoscopic vision; 2) The potential advantage of a dark adapted eye over depth perception; 3) The potential advantage of a dark adapted eye over bilateral peripheral vision; 4) The alleged relative darkness of lower decks with the existence of passive ambient lighting below decks through hatches, gun ports and deck prisms; 5) The alleged reasons to go from bright daylight to the darkness below decks quickly; 6) The lack of any other references to this strategy in the manuals and regulations of national navies.

Sea Sickness & “Eye Patches”

It has been suggested that eye patches can help with sea sickness, however this refers to covering both eyes with a sleep mask or similar device. It is generally accepted that keeping both eyes open and focusing on the distant horizon is more effective, since sea sickness. [26] results from the sensory inputs of the eyes and the vestibular senses.

Notable eyepatch-wearers

See also

Many anime and manga characters are depicted wearing eyepatches, such as Badou Nails from Dogs: Bullets & Carnage, and Rikka Takanashi from Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai!, and Mei Misaki from Another and Ciel Phantomhive from "Black Butler" .

Some movies feature characters wearing eyepatches, such as Elle Driver from Kill Bill, and Snake Plissken from Escape from New York and Escape from L.A..

Characters in the Metal Gear video games wear eyepatches, including Big Boss and Solidus Snake. Solid Snake's device dubbed the "Solid Eye" is worn like an eyepatch.

The Governor, one of the main antagonists from the Walking Dead television series uses an eyepatch.

References

  1. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype
  2. ^ {reference needed]
  3. ^ a b Georgievski Z, Koklanis K, Leone J. Orthoptists' management of amblyopia - a case based survey. Strabismus, 2007, 15(3): 197-203. [Pubmed Link]
  4. ^ a b Georgievski Z, Koklanis K, Leone J. Fixation behaviour in the treatment of amblyopia using atropine. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2008; 36 (Suppl 2): A764–A765. [Link]
  5. ^ a b Final Activity and Management Report Summary - SVS (Strabismus and visual suppression), CORDIS
  6. ^ O'Sullivan, S.B & Schmitz, T.J. (2007). Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, PA: Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-1247-1.
  7. ^ Kernich, C.A. (2006). Diplopia. The Neurologist, 12(4): 229-230
  8. ^ Edlow, Jonathan; Selim, Magdy (2010). Neurology Emergencies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538858-9.
  9. ^ Roy Brocklebank (2005). WORLD WAR III – The 1960s Version. Journal of Navigation, 58, pp 341-347 doi:10.1017/S0373463305003413
  10. ^ "Medical Facts for Pilots". Aeronautical Information Manual. FAA. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  11. ^ Nuclear flash eye protection, Steen Hartov
  12. ^ Les Frazier
  13. ^ Laser Weapons
  14. ^ Luria, S. M. (26 AprIl 1985). "IMMEDIATE VISIBILITY AFTER RED AND WHITE ADAPTATION" (PDF). Naval Submarine Research Laboratory. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2011-06-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "A Guide to the U. S. Naval Air Station at Vero Beach" (PDF). Indian River County Main Library,. July 1999. Retrieved 2011-06-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  16. ^ "We Own The Night". Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD). Retrieved 2011-06-01.
  17. ^ Mythbusters, episode 71 Mythbusters
  18. ^ [citation needed]
  19. ^ [citations needed]
  20. ^ [citations needed]
  21. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_adaptation by the human eye.
  22. ^ Mythbusters, episode 71 Mythbusters
  23. ^ Mythbusters, episode 71 Mythbusters
  24. ^ {{cite web | url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island
  25. ^ {{cite web | url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson
  26. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_sickness
  27. ^ [1]Sightseeing Madrid - The Princess of Eboli
  28. ^ The Herald - Glasgow (UK) Nov 4, 2002
  29. ^ St. Louis Post Dispatch
  30. ^ Los Angeles Times
  31. ^ Indianapolis Star
  32. ^ Bruce Peterson BioLee Majors Online
  33. ^ a b c d Our favorite eyepatch heroes Maxim magazine
  34. ^ Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966-1968 by Major Daniel P. Bolger
  35. ^ Lord Mowbray and StourtonThe Telegraph
  36. ^ Is Horrible 'Valkyrie' Tom Cruise's Nazi Apologia?Fox News
  37. ^ Dale Chihuly opens Rhode Island school gallery MSNBC
  38. ^ NASA Oral History TranscriptNASA
  39. ^ Sohachi Yamaoka, Date Masamune.
  40. ^ a b c d e Great Moments in Eye PatchesThe New York Times
  41. ^ Bangor Daily News, May 26, 1995
  42. ^ "Preminuo Dušan Prelević", novosti.rs
  43. ^ New York Day by Day Miami Herald
  44. ^ Colombia 1993 Lions Club International Amblyopia Prevention Campaign Digital Disability
  45. ^ UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY OF WHITE BIRD'S FLIGHT Boston Globe Mar 8, 1987
  46. ^ a b Scorsese's film `Journey' whirls through magnificent obsession The San Diego Union
  47. ^ Dreams come true again The Herald - Glasgow (UK) Jan 31, 2000
  48. ^ Fluxus Reader by Ken Friedman publisher Academy Editions ISBN 978-0-471-97858-9
  49. ^ Jazz singer George Melly dies ABC News
  50. ^ Ziss, Robert F. (2001). "Author-artist Jack Coggins". Historical Review of Berks County. 66 (2): 76–82. ISSN 0018-2524. OCLC 1589887. Retrieved July 13, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  51. ^ Jan Syrový
  52. ^ Vojenské osobnosti předválečné armády - Armádní generál Jan Syrový
  53. ^ José Millán and Terreros Base documental d'Història de Catalunya Contemporary. Biografies.(1800–1931) Biografies. (1800–1931)
  54. ^ Luis Vaz de Camões Catholic Encyclopedia
  55. ^ The Milwaukee Journal - Jun 27, 1983
  56. ^ Parkinson, Roger. The Fox of the North: The Life of Kutuzov, General of War and Peace. (London: Peter Davies, 1976), 11-17.
  57. ^ Momus (April 1998). "Story Of An Eye". Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  58. ^ A LIFE OF PRAYER FOR EWTN STAR STROKES BRING MOTHER ANGELICA FULL CIRCLE Saint Paul Pioneer Press - May 3, 2003
  59. ^ http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/13/newspaper-apologizes-mocking-congressional-hopeful-iraq-war-injury/
  60. ^ Nicolas-Jacques Conté This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  61. ^ [2]
  62. ^ The Scourge of the Pirate Coast QatarVisitor
  63. ^ TV: Focus on Directors; Raoul Walsh Is Rewarding Subject in Channel 13's 'Men Who Made Movies' The New York Times
  64. ^ Ray Sawyer The Spokesman-Review , Dec 22, 1978
  65. ^ Richard W. Rahn, Cato Institute. Accessed December 4, 2008.
  66. ^ Kansas '70s superstars lead lineup of Celebration bands By DAVID BURKE The Herald & Review August 4, 1999
  67. ^ Interview with Ron Hamilton (Patch the Pirate) The Baptist Voice
  68. ^ Sheila Gish Renowned British actress of stage and screen by Carole woods Herald Scotland March 14, 2005
  69. ^ Weir, Henry VIII, p. 262.
  70. ^ The Con Movie
  71. ^ Without Bad Luck, He'd Have No Luck at All by John Branch The New York Times March 24, 2006
  72. ^ POST, WILEY HARDEMAN Texas State Historical Association
  73. ^ 魏略曰：時夏侯淵與惇俱為將軍，軍中號惇為盲夏侯。惇惡之，照鏡恚怒，輒撲鏡於地。
  74. ^ Sound of Bounce on Free Throw Anime News Network
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