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2014 Gaza War

Coordinates: 30°40′N 34°50′E / 30.667°N 34.833°E / 30.667; 34.833
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2014 Israel–Gaza conflict
Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

(left) Iron Dome shooting down a rocket from Gaza
(right) A bombed Palestinian home
Date8 July 2014 (2014-07-08) – present
(10 years, 1 month, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
State of Palestine Palestine (Gaza Strip)
Israel Israel
30°40′N 34°50′E / 30.667°N 34.833°E / 30.667; 34.833
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Israel Israel

State of Palestine Palestine

Commanders and leaders
Benjamin Netanyahu
Prime Minister
Moshe Ya'alon
Defense Minister
Benny Gantz
Chief of General Staff
Amir Eshel
Air Force Commander
Ram Rothberg
Naval Commander
Sami Turgeman
Southern Commander
Micky Edelstein
Gaza Division
Yoram Cohen
Chief of Shin Bet
Ghassan Alian (WIA)
Golani Brigade commander		 Khaled Mashal
Leader of Hamas
Ismail Haniyeh
Deputy chief of Hamas
Mohammed Deif
Head of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
Ramadan Shalah
Leader of PIJ
Units involved
Israel Defense Forces
Shin Bet		 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Abu Ali Mustapha Brigades
Al-Quds Brigades
Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades
Strength

Southern Command

Up to 74,000 reservists[2][3]		 ~ 10.000 rockets[4]
Casualties and losses

43 soldiers, 6 civilians and 1 Thai worker killed;[5] 185 soldiers[6] and 32 civilians wounded[7]

Hamas:
90 soldiers killed[8][9] and 1 captured[10]

Gaza Health Ministry: 1,070 killed[11] and 6,233 wounded[5]

PCHR: 1,014 killed (832 civilians)[12]

UN OCHA: 999 killed (760 civilians, 151 militants, 88 unknown)[5]

ITIC: 775 killed (267 civilians, 229 militants, 279 unknown)[13]

IDF: 330 militants killed[14][15] and 98 captured (suspected militant)[16]

An escalation of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict began in June 2014 following a series of events, including the collapse of American-sponsored peace talks, the attempts by rival Palestinian factions to form a coalition government, the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers, the subsequent kidnapping and murder of a Palestinian teenager, and increased rocket attacks on Israel by Hamas' militants.[17] On 8 July 2014 the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched Operation Protective Edge in the Gaza Strip.[18]

Following the kidnapping and murders of three Israeli teenagers in mid-June 2014, the IDF initiated Operation Brother's Keeper in search of them.[19] As part of the operation, in the following 11 days Israel's military killed five to ten[20] Palestinians[21][22] and arrested between 350 and 600 Palestinians,[20][23][24][25] including nearly all of Hamas' West Bank leaders.[26][27][28]

On the night of 6 July, an Israeli strike killed seven Hamas militants.[29] In response, Hamas' militants increased rocket attacks on Israel.[30] By 7 July, Hamas militants had fired 100 rockets from Gaza at Israeli territory and the Israeli Air Force had bombed several sites in Gaza.[31][32][33] Early on 8 July Israeli Air Force bombed 50 targets in the Gaza Strip.[34] Israel's military thwarted a militant infiltration from the sea.[35] That same day, Hamas declared that "all Israelis" had become "legitimate targets"[36][37] and insisted that Israel end all attacks on Gaza, release those re-arrested during the crackdown in the West Bank, lift the blockade on Gaza and return to the cease-fire conditions of 2012 as conditions for a ceasefire.[38]

On 13 July the Israeli military reported that more than 1,300 Israeli attacks had taken place, while more than 800 rockets were fired from Gaza into Israel.[39]

On 14 July, Egypt announced a cease-fire initiative. The Israeli government declared acceptance for the proposal, and temporarily stopped hostilities in the morning of 15 July. However, all Palestinian factions announced they had not been consulted on the reported Egyptian initiative and were informed of the supposed proposal via the media, including Palestinian President Abbas.[40] Hamas rejected it in "its current form", as did other Palestinian factions.[40][41] On 16 July, Hamas and Islamic Jihad offered Israel a 10-year truce, with ten conditions.[42]

On 21 July US Secretary of State John Kerry visited Egypt and on 22 July UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon visited Israel and pressed the warring parties to agree to a ceasefire.[43] On July 23, Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal announced that the group was ready to accept a "humanitarian" truce and laid out terms for a full ceasefire with Israel.[44] The Palestinian Authority backed Hamas's ceasefire demands.[45]

The Israeli name for the military action is Operation Protective Edge, and is the deadliest military operation to have taken place in Gaza since the Gaza War of 2008–09.[46] According to the Gaza Health Ministry, at least 1,070 Palestinians were killed[11] and 6,233 were injured.[5] Among the dead were 182 children, 92 women, and 45 elderly.[47] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) estimated that, as of 27 July, 760 of those killed were civilians, of whom 343 were women or children.[5] OCHA's spokesman said "There is literally no safe place for civilians" in Gaza.[48] 43 IDF soldiers have been killed, as well as 2 Israeli civilians and a Thai worker.[5] The Israel Defense Forces has accused Hamas of using civilians as "human shields";[14] an allegation, based on the fact that Hamas weapons have been found in at least two UN schools [49], but which has been denied by Hamas.[50]

According to OCHA, as of 26 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip, over 200,000 Palestinians have been displaced and 165,548 are taking shelter in 92 UNRWA schools. 1.2 million people have no access or very limited access to water or sanitation, 120 schools and 18 health facilities have been damaged, 3,333 housing units have been destroyed or severely damaged rendering them uninhabitable, 3,380 housing units have been damaged but are still inhabitable and 80% of people only receive 4 hours of electricity per day.[51][52]

Human rights groups have argued that both Palestinian rocket attacks and Israeli targeted destruction of homes of Hamas and other militia members violate international humanitarian law and might constitute war crimes.[53][54][55]

Name of Israel's operation

The IDF’s official English translation of the name of the military campaign is "Operation Protective Edge", but a literal translation of the operation's name (Template:Lang-he-n, Mivtza' Tzuk Eitan) is "Operation Firm Cliff", and the IDF's official Arabic translation is "Operation Resolute Cliff".[56] More loosely translated, the name is "Operation Solid Rock" or "Operation Mighty Cliff".[57][58] According to the Turkish Anadolu Agency, an Israeli military spokesman for Arab Media, Avichay Adraee, explained that the change of the operation's name in English was done to "give a more ‘defensive’ connotation".[59]

Background

Main articles: Gaza–Israel conflict and Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Further information: Palestinian government of 2014; Operation Brother's Keeper; Mohammed Abu Khdeir; and List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2014
Range of rockets launched from Gaza Strip. Israel Defense Forces' weaponry can reach everywhere in Gaza.
Street in Ramallah after IDF raid during Operation Brother's Keeper June 2014
Factory bursts in flames after rocket attack in Sderot, Israel, 28 June 2014

Following the Israeli threats regarding Fatah-Hamas reconciliation efforts during April 2014[60][61] the pattern of relative calm since late 2012 changed abruptly. On May 15 two unarmed Palestinian teenagers were killed, one certainly by live ammunition,[62] by the IDF during the Nakba day commemorations, and video evidence revealed that they had posed no threat at the time.[63] On May 22, the UN released a report of a sharp recent increase in Palestinian casualties,[64] and the same pattern continued through June.[65] Soon after abduction of three Israeli teenagers took place on 12 June.

This last incident, it is also argued, formed the essential background for the conflict.[66] Prime Minister Netanyahu immediately blamed Hamas, of which the two kidnappers were known members.[67][68] No evidence of Hamas involvement was forthcoming.[69] Hamas leaders denied any involvement,[25] and its political chief, Khaled Meshal could neither confirm nor deny the kidnapping, though he did congratulate the abductors.[70] Further, the alleged murderers belong to the Qawasameh clan which is notorious for acting against Hamas's policies and any attempts to reach an entente with Israel.[71] Israel launched Operation Brother's Keeper, a large-scale crackdown of what it called Hamas's terrorist infrastructure and personnel in the West Bank, ostensibly aimed at securing the release of the kidnapped teenagers. 10 Palestinians died in numerous raids, and several hundred senior figures and Hamas representatives were arrested,.[72][73][74] among them many of those recently freed under the terms of the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange. On 30 June, search teams found the bodies of the three missing teenagers near Hebron.[75][76] Israeli authorities appear to have known almost from the outset that the three had been shot almost immediately after the kidnapping,[66][77][78][79] and according to BBC reporter Jon Donnison, Micky Rosenfeld told him anonymously that Israel police work on the assumption that the abductors were a lone cell operating independently of the Hamas leadership, although this claim has not been verified.[80]

Violations of the truce

Both sides have claimed that the other side violated the ceasefire agreement from November 2012.

In the first three months after the IDF Operation Pillar of Defense, according to Ben White, two mortar shells struck Israeli territory, while 4 Gazans were shot dead and 91 wounded by Israeli forces, which fired inside Gazan territory on 63 occasions, made 13 incursions into the Strip, and attacked the Gazan fishing fleet 30 times.[81] According to the Middle East Monitor, in the year following the truce, Israel violated the cease-fire nearly 120 times.[82]

Israel argues that this attack on the Gaza Strip is also in reaction to hundreds of rockets and mortar shell launched by Gaza residents (not necessarily Hamas members) from Gaza Strip into Israel during a period of 19 months in 2012-2014.

Operation timeline

Main article: Timeline of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict
House in Beersheba, Israel, after a direct hit by a rocket during the fourth day of the operation, 11 July 2014
  • From 8 to 16 July, the IDF bombarded targets in the Gaza Strip with artillery and airstrikes. Meanwhile, Hamas continued to fire rockets and mortar shells into Israel, many of which were intercepted by Israel's Iron Dome air defense system. By 16 July, the death toll within Gaza had surpassed 200 people.[83]
  • A five-hour humanitarian ceasefire, proposed by the UN, took place on 17 July.
  • On the same day, after the ceasefire, IDF began a ground offensive on the Gaza Strip. Initially, the focus of the ground operation was on destroying tunnels near the edge of the enclave. These tunnels were used by militants to transport people and materials.
  • On 20 July, the Israeli military entered Shuja'iyya, a neighborhood of Gaza City. This was followed by heavy fighting in the neighborhood.
  • On 24 July, over 10,000 Palestinians in the West Bank protested against the operation, resulting in at least 2 Palestinian deaths.[84]
  • On 25 July, an Israeli airstrike killed Salah Abu Hassanein, the leader of Islamic Jihad’s military wing.[85]
  • On July 26, another humanitarian ceasefire took place for twelve hours,[86] followed by a unilateral extension by Israel for another twenty-four hours.[87]
  • On 26 July, the Palestinian death toll in the Gaza Strip topped 1,000.[88]

Impact

Impact on residents

As of 20 July 2014 hospitals in Gaza were ill-equipped and facing severe shortage of various categories of medicine, medical supplies, and fuel.[89] Egypt temporarily reopened the Rafah crossing with Gaza to allow medical supplies to enter, and injured Palestinians to receive treatment in Egypt.[90] Additionally, due to the operation prices of food, including fish and produce, rose dramatically.[91] A 21 July news report stated that over 83,000 Palestinians had taken shelter in U.N. facilities.[92]

A young Palestinian man who was wounded in an Israeli air strike, 8 July 2014

At the onset of the operation, the Israeli government canceled all programs within 40 km (24 miles) of Gaza, and requested all people stay at home or near shelter. All summer camps were closed and universities canceled their final exams.[93] Additionally, all gatherings of 300 or more people were banned.[94] Due to the trajectory of rocket fire from Gaza, many flights in and out of Ben-Gurion Airport were delayed or rerouted.[95] Hamas said: "This is a great victory for us."[96]

According to the United Nations' Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), as of 26 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip, over 200,000 Palestinians have been displaced and 165,548 are taking shelter in 92 UNRWA schools, 1.2 million people have no access or very limited access to water or sanitation, 120 schools and 18 health facilities have been damaged, 3,333 housing units have been destroyed or severely damaged rendering them uninhabitable, 3,380 housing units have been damaged but are still inhabitable and 80% of people only receive 4 hours of electricity per day.[51] OCHA estimated that at least 125,000 children from families who have "experienced death, injury or loss of home over the past thirteen days" require psychosocial support. With many families in safe havens facing "[i]ntense overcrowding", access to basic services such as access to water has become a struggle, with some individuals having "as little as three liters per capita per day".[51][52][97]

Casualties and losses

Further information: List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in Operation Protective Edge and List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2014
File:Massacre in Shuja'iyya 20.07.2014.mp4 snapshot 04.32.jpg
Shuja'iyya Incident (2014), 20 July 2014

Number of Palestinians killed in Gaza, per various sources:

Source Total Killed Civilians Killed Combatants Killed Unidentified Killed Last Updated
Gaza Health Ministry 1,070 - - - 27 July[11]
Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 1,014 832 182 - 27 July[12]
United Nations 999 760 151 88 27 July[5]
Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Center 775 267 229 279 23 July[13]
Israel Defense Forces - - 330 - 25 July[14][15]

According to Gaza's Health Ministry, thus far 1,070 Palestinians have been killed.[11] According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 76% of those killed were civilians.[5] 6,233 have been wounded as of 27 July 2014 according to Gazan medical officials.[5] According to data provided by the Palestinian Health Ministry, 79.7 percent of the Palestinians killed in Gaza are male, with the majority between sixteen and thirty-five.[98]

Over 215,000 people have been displaced who have taken refugee in UNRWA schools. 130 schools and 22 medical facilities were damaged.[5] In addition, over 3,000 homes have been partially destroyed by the air strikes.[99]

According to the Israeli Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Center, as of 20 July 2014, 130 "terrorist operatives", 138 civilians, and 134 unidentified Palestinians have been killed in Gaza.[100] While the Israel-Gaza fighting has gone on, solidarity protests in the West Bank have sporadically occurred as well with violence throughout them, a total of 11 Palestinians dying over the 22–26 July period.[101]

Many of those killed have been civilians, prompting concern from many humanitarian organisations. Nine people were killed while watching the World Cup in a cafe,[102] and 8 members of a family which Israel says were inadvertently killed.[103] In response, Israel stated that many civilian casualties were the result of Hamas using the Gazan population as 'human shields' at alleged rocket launch targets,[104] an allegation denied by Hamas.[50] The assertions are disputed by the Middle East and North Africa Director at Human Rights Watch, who said "in most of the sites we investigated so far (in this conflict) we found no valid military targets".[105]

Israel has condemned Hamas for the group's encouragement of Palestinians to remain in their homes despite warnings in advance of airstrikes, with Hamas arguing that people would be equally or more unsafe in the rest of Gaza.[92] Many Gazans, when asked, have told journalists that they remain in their houses simply because they have nowhere else to go.[106] OCHA's spokesman has said, "There is literally no safe place for civilians" in Gaza.[48] As evidence of Israel's allegations that Hamas is using human shields, they have pointed to the storage of weapons in schools, videos and photographs showing civilians on rooftops of buildings, and a video of Hamas spokesperson Sami Abu Zuhri saying "The fact that people are willing to sacrifice themselves against Israeli warplanes in order to protect their homes, I believe this strategy is proving itself".[105][107][108][109][110][111][112] Additionally, BBC’s Middle East editor, Jeremy Bowen, wrote "I saw no evidence during my week in Gaza of Israel’s accusation that Hamas uses Palestinians as human shields".[113]

Rocket attacks from Gaza have caused damage to Israeli civilian infrastructure, including factories, gas stations, and homes.[114] There has been one Israeli civilian death, occurring at the Erez border crossing with Gaza: a Chabad rabbi who was delivering food and drinks on the frontline[115] and was hit by mortar fire.[116] According to Magen David Adom there have been injuries to 123 people: 1 seriously, 21 moderately to lightly and 101 from shock.[117] An elderly woman in Wadi Nisnas collapsed and died of heart failure during an air-raid siren.[118] The second Israeli civilian killed was a 32 year old Bedouin Ouda Lafi al-Waj, who was hit by a rocket in the Negev Desert.[119] The IDF has stated as of 21 July that over 2,000 rockets have been fired at Israel since the start of the operation.[92]

Hamas' leader Khaled Mashaal defended the firing of rockets into Israel, and said that "our victims are civilians and theirs are soldiers".[120]

Financial impact

Israel's Minister of Finance estimated that the operation would cost NIS 8.5 billion (approximately 2.5 billion USD), which is similar to Operation Cast Lead in 2009 and higher than Operation Pillar of Defense in 2012. The forecast included military and non-military costs, including military expenditure and property damage. The calculation indicates that if the operation lasts 20 days, the loss in GDP will be 0.4%.[121]

A number of tunnels leading into both Israel and Egypt have been destroyed throughout the operation. There are claims that that these tunnels were bringing in an estimated $700 million into Gaza's economy through goods or services. The Palestinians claim these tunnels have been critical to supporting the residents either through the employment it provides, or the goods that are not available in Gaza.[122]

Reactions of the Commercial Aviation Community

Further information: 2014 Ben Gurion Airport flight bans

The United States State Department on the 21st of July advised U.S. citizens to "consider the deferral of non-essential travel to Israel" in consideration of the firing of rockets into different parts of Israel including cities.[123][124] On the 22th of July, after a rocket landed about a mile from Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) told U.S. airlines that they are prohibited from flying to or from the airport for up to 24 hours.[125] The FAA cited "the potentially hazardous situation created by the armed conflict in Israel and Gaza."[126] The European Aviation Safety Agency stated that it "strongly recommends" that airlines do not fly into or out of the Tel Aviv airport. On the 23rd of July the FAA extended its prohibition another 24 hours.[127]

Shortly after the FAA announcement, Israeli Transportation Minister Yisrael Katz stated that Ben Gurion Airport was safe for take-offs and landings, and that there was no security concern for passenger planes.[128] Israel previously stated that the Iron Dome has successfully intercepted "about 90% of rockets headed toward populated or strategic areas".[128] Israel's Civil Aviation Authority wrote a document which said that Israel is taking efforts to avoid commercial airline cancellations of flights going into Ben Gurion Airport. It submitted the document to Transportation Minister Katz, indicating that the airport was safe for landings and departures.[129]

In response to the cancellations, Israel offered to open up Ovda airport (in the south, near Eilat) to international flights, due to its distance from Gaza.[130][131] There was crowding and chaos at the airport after it opened; 5,000 people were expected to pass through the airport on 24 July.

El Al followed these announcements by stating under no circumstances are they canceling any flights.[128]

Over the period 23–24 of July, both the FAA[132] and the EASA[133] lifted the ban on the flights to Israel.

Reactions

Main article: Reactions to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict
Pro Israel demonstration in Helsinki, Finland.
Pro-Palestinian demonstration in Paris, France

Protests in Israel and West Bank

On July 21, the main commercial street in Nazareth was shuttered, as residents and businesses joined a general strike and staged protests against the two-week-old Israeli offensive in Gaza. There have been other scattered protests elsewhere in Israel. Nearly 700 people were arrested after those protests, rights groups say, including 224 from East Jerusalem. Most were subsequently released, but some face charges.[134]

A poll by Gisha, an Israeli group that monitors Palestinian freedom of movement, showed more than a quarter of the 1.8 million people living in Gaza have relatives in the West Bank.[135]

On Thursday 24 July, more than 15,000 Palestinians marched from Ramallah towards Jerusalem and clashed with the Israeli army until the early hours of Friday, in the largest such demonstration in close to a decade. Israeli security closed Qalandia checkpoint earlier on Thursday to prevent protestors from crossing. Some Palestinians marched towards the checkpoint and hurled stones, shot live ammunition and threw Molotov cocktails at the IDF. The IDF used riot dispersal means that included tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition. At least one protester from Qalandiya refugee camp was killed and 265 people were injured, with five of them in critical condition.[136][137][138]

After clashes on Thursday, July 24, Palestinian factions in the West Bank declared Friday a "Day of Rage" [137][139] On Friday, clashes began during a demonstration which was held after the midday prayer at a local mosque. Hashem Abu Maria, 45, was shot in the chest. Abu Maria works at the Defense for Children International organization. Two more Palestinians were killed by IDF troops in subsequent clashes.[136] In a separate incident near another protest against the conflict in Gaza, a settler shot dead Khaled Azmi Odeh, 18, and wounded three others near Nablus. In the subsequent escalation the Border police shot and killed another Palestinian, Tayeb Shehadeh.[136]

A number of legal issues concerning the conflict have arisen during the course of the fighting. Various groups contend whether or not Hamas and Israel have conducted the conflict in accordance to the international law of warfare.

Israel

Israel's supporters point to the IDF's use of warnings to civilians prior to targeting militants in highly populated areas as complying with international law.[55][140][141][142] Human rights organizations including Amnesty International,[143][144] B'Tselem[53] and Human Rights Watch[54][105] cite civilian deaths and the demolition of civilian homes as collective punishment and unlawful actions that could amount to war crimes under international law.[145] Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, criticized Israel's military operation stating that there was "a strong possibility that international law has been violated, in a manner that could amount to war crimes".[138]

Hamas

Human rights organizations also point to the Hamas's rocket attacks on Israeli cities as violations of international law and war crimes.[54][142][146][147] Hamas's 'indiscriminate attacks' have also been criticized by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay.[138]

UN

The United Nations has criticised the military actions of both Israel and Hamas and raised concerns that international law was being violated,[138] however, in one instance of the conflict doubts have been raised concerning the legality of actions taken by the UNRWA, a UN agency active in Gaza. Following the discovery of Hamas rockets in two vacant UNRWA schools, UN officials stated that the rockets were transferred to "local authorities... under the unity government in Ramallah." Israel contends that the rockets were returned to Hamas. Israel Democracy Institute Vice President, Mordechai Kremnitzer, accused the UNRWA of war crimes for returning the rockets, while Hebrew University Professor Robbie Sabel stated that the UNRWA "had no legal obligation to hand the rockets over to Israel" and had little other choice in the matter.[148]

UN involvement

Main article: Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations

The United Nations has an established presence in Gaza and has intervened or otherwise been involved in the conflict on multiple occasions.

UNRWA school incident

Some 117,000 Palestinians are taking shelter in more than 170 schools across the Gaza Strip.[149] The UN agency UNRWA has a number of institutions and schools in the Gaza region, and as of 24 July, 23 had been closed, 77 damaged in the fighting and three Palestinian UNRWA employees killed, two at home and a third while walking home from his work place.[150] Hamas took advantage of the closures to employ some of these vacant UNRWA buildings as weapon storage sites.[150] UNRWA officials, on discovering that two [151][152] such vacated schools had been employed for storing rockets, condemned Hamas's actions.[153] UN Secretary Ban Ki Moon ordered an investigation after Israel alleged that UNRWA transferred the arsenals to Hamas.[154] Some Israeli academics debated whether this action by UNRWA was a war crime[155]. UNRWA denied the claim, stating that the armouries had been transferred to local police authorities under the Ramallah national unity government's authority, in accordance with "longstanding UN practice in UN humanitarian operations worldwide".[150][156][157]

Bombing of UNRWA school/shelter

A number of UNRWA run schools being used as temporary shelters have been damaged or destroyed during the conflict. In at least one instance the source of the bombing is disputed.

July 24 Beit Hanoun shelter bombing

On July 24, a UN-run school in Beit Hanoun used to shelter civilians was bombed; 13[158]–16[159] civilians were reported dead and 150 injured. Multiple news outlets reported Israel as responsible for the attack,[160][161][162] while the Israeli military said it has not determined who was responsible for shelling the shelter, stating that it is possible that Hamas rockets were the cause of the bombing.[163][164][165] However, a senior Israel military officer has admitted that the school shelling may have been caused by Israeli forces.[166] The Israeli military said the area surrounding the school in Beit Hanoun had turned into a battlefield, and it had asked that the facility be evacuated even before the school was hit. The military said that a four-hour window was given for evacuations. UNRWA disputed that, saying that Israeli military never responded to the agency's urgent requests for a cease-fire.[167][168]

Media coverage

Main article: Media coverage of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict

See also

References

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