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Metrojet Flight 9268

Coordinates: 30°09′02″N 34°10′41″E / 30.1506°N 34.178°E / 30.1506; 34.178
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Kogalymavia Flight 9268
The aircraft, EI-ETJ in August 2014
Accident
Date31 October 2015 (2015-10-31)
SummaryCrashed, under investigation[1]
SiteNear Housna, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt
30°09′02″N 34°10′41″E / 30.1506°N 34.178°E / 30.1506; 34.178[2]
Aircraft typeAirbus A321-231
OperatorKogalymavia (Metrojet)
RegistrationEI-ETJ[3] (Republic of Ireland)
Flight originSharm el-Sheikh International Airport, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
DestinationPulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Passengers217[4]
Crew7
Fatalities224 (all)[5][6]
Survivors0

Kogalymavia Flight 9268 (7K9268/KGL9268)[a] was an international chartered passenger flight,[10] operated by Russian airline Kogalymavia (branded as Metrojet), which crashed in northern Sinai on 31 October 2015 at 04:13 UTC (06:13 EST)[11] following departure from Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport, Egypt, en route to Pulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia.[3][12][13]

The aircraft, an Airbus A321-231, was carrying 217 passengers and seven crew members.[7][14] Of those aboard, mostly tourists, there were 219 Russian, four Ukrainian, and one Belarusian.[7]

With its death toll of 224 people,[7] the crash of Flight 9268 is the deadliest both in the history of Russian aviation[b][15] and within Egyptian territory.[c][16] It is also the deadliest air crash involving an aircraft from the Airbus A320 family,[d] and the deadliest plane crash of 2015.[e][17]

Shortly after the crash, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant's (ISIL) Sinai Branch claimed responsibility for the incident, which occurred in the vicinity of the Sinai insurgency.[18][19]

Aircraft

previous livery
previous livery
The aircraft in previous service: first with Middle East Airlines (left) and then during its operation with Onur Air

The aircraft was an 18-year-old Airbus A321-231, serial number 663.[20] It was delivered to Middle East Airlines in May 1997 with the registration as F-OHMP. It later served for Onur Air and Saudi Arabian Airlines as TC-OAE, until October 2011. In April 2012 Kolavia acquired the plane with registration EI-ETJ and transferred it to Kogalymavia in May.[21] The aircraft was powered by two IAE V2533 engines and configured to carry 220 passengers in an economy configuration plus crew seats.[22] At the time of the crash, it was owned by Dublin-based AerCap and leased to Kolavia.[23] The aircraft had accumulated 56,000 flight hours on nearly 21,000 flights.[20]

On 16 November 2001, while operating for Middle East Airlines as F-OHMP, the aircraft suffered a tailstrike landing in Cairo. It was repaired and went back into service with the airline in 2002.[24]

Crash

The route of the aircraft. The black dot indicates the starting point of the flight; the red dot indicates the last position at which the aircraft was tracked.
Last data received by Flightradar24.com[25]
Flight data received by FlightRadar24.com receivers since 04:12:00 UTC

Flight 9268 left Sharm el-Sheikh airport at 03:50 UTC (05:50 EST)[11] for Pulkovo Airport in Saint Petersburg, Russia, with 217 passengers and seven crew members on board. The aircraft failed to make contact with Cyprus Air Traffic Control 23 minutes later.[26] Russia's Federal Air Transport Agency confirmed the flight had disappeared from radar tracking. There was initial confusion about whether the plane had come down.[27]

An Islamic State group in Egypt said that it brought down the plane."The soldiers of the caliphate succeeded in bringing down a Russian plane in Sinai," said the statement.Wassim Nasr, FRANCE 24’s expert on jihadi movements, said that the IS group has never claimed an attack they didn’t commit. [28] Russian media outlets said that the pilot reported technical problems and requested a landing at the nearest airport before the plane went missing, but Egyptian authorities disputed that claim.[29][30] Other sources suggested there were no such requests or distress signals.[31] The Egyptian Civilian Aviation Ministry issued a statement that indicated the flight was at an altitude of 31,000 ft (9,400 m) when it disappeared from radar screens after a steep descent of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) in one minute. Flightradar24 shows the aircraft climbing to 33,500 ft (10,200 m) at 404 kn (748 km/h; 465 mph) before suddenly descending to 28,375 ft (8,649 m) at 62 kn (115 km/h; 71 mph) approximately 50 km (31 mi) north east of Nekhel, after which its position was no longer tracked.[32] All 224 passengers and crew died.[30]

Reuters quoted an unnamed security officer as saying that the aircraft had been completely destroyed.[33] Wreckage was scattered over a wide area (some 20 square kilometres (8 sq mi)), with the forward section found about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the tail, indicating that the aircraft had broken up during flight.[34] Aerial images of the wreckage broadcast on RT indicated that the wings were intact until impact.[35] The debris pattern, combined with an initial interpretation of the aircraft's abrupt changes in altitude and airspeed, reinforced the presumption that the aircraft's tail separated during flight and fell separately.[35]

Response

Shortly after the aircraft's disappearance, Eurocontrol issued a notice to all operators along the route that because of technical problems all flights would be tactically re-routed. The notice was redacted shortly thereafter.[3]

Unnamed Egyptian authorities indicated that the first parts of the wreckage had been located.[3] Fifty ambulances were sent to the crash site[33] near Housna, 300 kilometres (190 mi) from Sharm el-Sheikh.[36] Unnamed Egyptian officials reported that the aircraft "split in two" and most bodies were found strapped to their seats. Initial reports indicated that voices of trapped passengers could be heard in a section of the crashed aircraft.[37] At least 100 bodies were initially found, including at least five children.[5]

Passengers and crew

People on board by nationality
Citizenship Passengers Crew Total
 Russia 212 7 219
 Ukraine 4 0 4
 Belarus 1 0 1
217 7 224

Flight 9268 was carrying a total of 224 people, consisting of 217 passengers (including 25 children) and seven crew members.[7] Most of the passengers were Russian, according to the Russian embassy,[41] and a majority were female.[42] There were also four Ukrainians and one Belarusian on board.[43] Most of the passengers were tourists returning from Red Sea resorts.[44] The Association of Tour Operators of Russia released the passenger manifest of all those thought to have been on the flight.[45] The majority of the passengers were from Northwest Russia, including Saint Petersburg and the surrounding Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov oblasts.[7]

According to Kogalymavia, the flight's captain, Valery Yurievich Nemov, had over 12,000 hours of flight time, including 3,800 hours on this aircraft type.[3] The first officer was Sergei Trukachev.[46]

Among the passengers were Russian model Yelena Domashnyaya. Yelena was having a vacation in Sharm-el-Sheikh with her colleague Kseniya Ogorodova.[47]

Investigation

Ayman al-Muqaddam, the head of the central air traffic accident authority in Egypt, was appointed to investigate the cause of the crash. In a statement, he indicated that the pilot had made contact with the civil aviation authorities and asked to land at the nearest airport. He suggested the aircraft may have been attempting an emergency landing at El Arish International Airport in northern Sinai.[41] It crashed 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of the coastal city.[48] Egyptian Civil Aviation Minister Hossam Kamel said that air traffic control recordings did not show any distress calls. President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi said that a probe of the crash would take months.[49]

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations sent three of its aircraft to the crash site. The Investigative Committee also started a legal case against Kogalymavia under legislation regulating "violation of rules of flights and preparations."[50] Kogalymavia's employees were also questioned, along with those of the Brisco tour agency that had chartered the flight. Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry promised to work closely with Russian officials and investigators to find the cause of the accident. The aircraft had successfully undergone technical checks before taking-off. Investigators would also view the security camera footage.[51] Soon after the crash, Russia's regional transport prosecutors determined that the quality of fuel on the aircraft met required standards.[52]

The aviation accident investigation agencies BEA (France), BFU (Germany), and AAIU (Ireland) will also participate in the investigation as representatives for the state of the aircraft's design, manufacture, and registration respectively.[53][54] The BEA will send two investigators, accompanied by six representatives from Airbus, to Egypt on 1 November.[53] According to the BEA, they will join two investigators from the BFU and four investigators from the Interstate Aviation Committee, their Russian counterpart, representing the state of the aircraft's operator.[53]

Both the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder were recovered from the crash site on 1 November. Russian Transport Minister Maksim Sokolov and a team of specialist investigators arrived in Cairo to assist the Egyptian investigators in determining the cause of the crash. The flight data recorders were reported to be in good condition.[55] However, on 4 November, Egypt's Civil Aviation Ministry Investigators reported that the second black box, which contains the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), was partially damaged and much work was required to extract data from it.[56]

As of 1 November, Egyptian search and rescue team had found 163 bodies. As the search area widened, the Egyptian team found the body of a child about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the wreckage, indicating that the plane broke up in mid-flight. Russian investigator Viktor Sorochenko confirmed that the plane broke up in mid-flight.

Missile hypothesis

According to an official quoted by Reuters, Flight 9268's tail section separated from the main body of the plane and was burning, which could indicate an explosion.[57] On 2 November, Metrojet spokesman Alexander Smirnov ruled out technical fault and pilot error as the cause of the crash and blamed an "external force".[58] He insisted that the aircraft was 100% airworthy and that its crew was "very experienced". He also showed the certificates the airline had received in 2014. He later added that the tailstrike incident in Cairo had been fully repaired, and the plane's engines had been inspected on 26 October, five days before the crash.[59][60] ISIL's Wilayah Sinai claimed the incident was in revenge for Russian air strikes against militants in Syria, where IS controls territories, along with contiguous Iraqi territories. Wilayah Sinai was said not to have access to surface-to-air missiles capable of hitting an aircraft at high altitude since MANPADS can rarely reach even half the cruising altitude of an airliner, but analysts could not exclude the possibility of a bomb on board the flight.[61]

Egyptian Army spokesman Mohamed Samir rebutted the claims and pointed out that the investigation was ongoing.[62] Similarly, Russian Transport Minister Maksim Sokolov summarily dismissed the claims as "fabrications" due to a lack of evidence from Egyptian civil aviation and security officials and air traffic data.[63] James Clapper, United States Director of National Intelligence, said on 2 November that there was no evidence yet of terrorist involvement but that he would not rule it out.[64] On the same day, a source on the committee analysing the flight recorders said he believed that the plane was not struck from the outside and that the pilot did not make a distress signal before it disappeared from radar. He based his comments on the preliminary investigation of both flight recorders.[64]

Tailstrike and maintenance hypotheses

Although airline officials have announced that they have ruled out mechanical failure, investigators have still not made such a determination.[57] Natalya Trukhacheva, the ex-wife of co-pilot Sergei Trukachev, said in an interview with NTV that her ex-husband had complained to their daughter about the aircraft's technical state as leaving "much to be desired."[46][65]

The aircraft involved in the crash had suffered a tailstrike while landing in Cairo fourteen years earlier.[24][57][66] Some have drawn comparisons to Japan Airlines Flight 123, which crashed into a remote mountain in 1985, seven years after the plane had suffered a tailstrike while on landing.[57] Like Flight 9268, Flight 123 also suffered catastrophic damage in mid-air while climbing to its cruising altitude. The crash of Flight 123 was attributed to an incorrect repair of the aircraft's tail section following the tailstrike, which left the rear pressure bulkhead of the plane vulnerable to metal fatigue and ultimately resulted in explosive decompression.[57] Reports on the wreckage of Flight 9268 have suggested that a "clear break" occurred near the plane's rear pressure bulkhead, possibly indicating failure of the bulkhead.[66]

Possibility of explosive device

According to a senior US defence official speaking on 2 November, a US infrared satellite detected a heat flash at the time and place of the disaster, and the US intelligence community believed that it could have been an explosion on the plane, by either a fuel tank or a bomb. The plane had reportedly "disintegrated at a very high altitude." The satellite image also ruled out a missile attack. US Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper said that there was not yet any "direct evidence of terrorist involvement".[67] Some UK news outlets reported that an "ISIL bomb" was the "'most likely' explanation for the crash".[68]

On 4 November the UK government said that in the light of further British intelligence, the crash "may well have been caused by an explosive device".[69] British aviation experts travelled to Egypt to assess airport security; the UK government Cobra emergency committee, chaired by the Prime Minister, considered their findings.

Paul Adams, BBC world affairs correspondent, said that Prime Minister David Cameron's spokesperson left little doubt that the British government believed the plane was brought down by a bomb. Adams said that suspending flights both to and from a foreign country and insisting on your own technical experts assessing security demonstrated a lack of confidence in that country's own security measures.[69]

On 5 November, US President Barrack Obama made a statement that the US Government was "taking the incident seriously" knowing that there was a possibility that a bomb was on board the flight.[70] At the same time, flights began to be stopped from and to Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt. This caused around 20,000 British tourists to be stranded.[71] However, holidaymakers stranded by the cancellation of flights will benefit from EU rules designed to protect passengers from delays and cancellations. Under a regulation known as EU261, airlines are obliged to pick up the bill for hotel accommodation when a flight is grounded. While airlines remain legally responsible to pay the extra hotel bills run up by stranded passengers they will no longer be expected to pay compensation, because of the exceptional circumstances – in this case terrorism – which led to flights being cancelled. The UK Government made a statement that the action to stop flights to and from Sharm el-Sheikh was a plan to 'ensure the safety of British nationals in Egypt' and to avoid a repeat of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie in 1988 . The United Kingdom also reported that the security measures in Sharm el-Sheikh airport were 'unprofessional' as it was reported that security personnel accepted bribes. They also claimed that a baggage handler may have smuggled a bag carrying a bomb onto the aircraft. This statement by the UK infuriated Egypt's government, who claimed that it would damage Egypt's image and was premature.[72] If it was confirmed that a bomb was smuggled on board the flight, Egypt's tourism industry will be badly hurt just as the country was recovering from series of unrest and turmoil over the region. Rescue flights were planned to pick up around 4,000 Britons stranded in Sharm el-Sheikh on 6 November, but they were warned that they would not be allowed to take luggage in the hold.[73] If flight 9268 was brought down by a bomb and evidence emerges that ISIS attacked the aircraft, that would instantly propel ISIS to the top of the jihadi ladder, with one of the deadliest attacks since the Al-Qaeda September 11 attacks of 2001. Security experts and investigators have said the plane is unlikely to have been struck from the outside and Sinai militants are not believed to have any missiles capable of striking a jet at 30,000 feet.[74]

Aftermath

Russia

On 1 November 2015, the Government of Russia grounded all the A321s flown by Kogalymavia. Russian news agency Interfax said the Russian transport regulator, Rostransnadzor, had told Kogalymavia to stop flying its A321 aircraft until the causes of the crash were known.[75] The Russian government also withdrew certification of a completing American built airpkane, the Boeing 737.

Maria Zakharova, a spokeswoman for the Russian Foreign Ministry, said that the Russian Embassy was following the events.[41] President Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences to the families of the victims and ordered an official investigation.[5] Putin also declared 1 November a national day of mourning in Russia.[76]

Egypt

Egyptian Prime Minister Sherif Ismail cancelled his meetings upon hearing news of the crash.[27] He was on his way to the crash site along with other ministers on a private jet, according to the Tourism Ministry.[33]

Ireland

The Republic of Ireland, as the state of aircraft registry, made an offer of assistance which was accepted by the Egyptian accident investigation authorities that the Air Accident Investigation Unit (AAIU) of the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport would send a team consisting of an Operations/Pilot Inspector, an Engineering Inspector and a regulatory/operations adviser from the Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) to assist in the investigation. The team flew out on Irish military aircraft on 2 November.[77]

On 4 November, the IAA issued an order to Irish airline operators not to operate to/from Sharm el‐Sheikh Airport, Egypt or in the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula airspace until further notice.[78]

Israel

Israel, which borders the Sinai peninsula, offered its assistance to Russia and Egypt with surveillance and search efforts.[5]

United Kingdom

The British government said that all flights due to leave the holiday resort for Britain were delayed as a "precautionary measure" to allow experts to assess security, saying that after "new information came to light" it was thought that the aircraft "may well have been brought down by an explosive device". Flights to and from the Republic of Ireland were also suspended.[69] It was later confirmed that the United Kingdom had suspended all flights to Sharm-el-Sheikh due to an increase in the possibility that the flight was bought down by a bomb.[79]

Thomson Airways cancelled all flights to the city until at least 14 November. Repatriation flights back to the UK were to be organised by the tour operator in liaison with the UK government. Passengers would be permitted to travel home with only hand luggage, with hold luggage to be returned following a more stringent screening process.[80]

Following a significant development in British intelligence, on 4 November, The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office changed their travel advice to advise all but essential travel by air to Sharm-el-Sheikh. As a result all flights to and from the resort were cancelled on 4 and 5 November.[81]

The decision on 4 November by the UK and Ireland authorities to ground flights to and from Sharm el Sheikh came within minutes of each other.[82] Patrick McLoughlin – UK Secretary of State for Transport – told Parliament that Ireland had investigators from the Air Accident Investigation Unit on the ground in Egypt reporting back to the Irish government, and the British and Irish governments have close security cooperation, indicating how the British Government may have been able to gather firm intelligence about a possible bomb exploding on the aircraft and took the decision in unison with Ireland to order scheduled flights not to fly.[83] There was soon a decision to allow flights again to UK and Ireland from 6 November to enable people to travel home, but without checked-in luggage.

Airbus

Airbus posted a note on Twitter that announced it was "aware of the media reports" and that it would issue more "information as soon as available."[33] They also released a statement on their website confirming the aircraft's MSN and engine configuration.[84]

International

Emirates, Lufthansa and Air France–KLM announced they would avoid overflying the Sinai peninsula until the cause of the accident has been determined. The United States' Federal Aviation Administration had previously told carriers under its jurisdiction to operate above FL260 while flying over Sinai. Germany's Luftfahrt-Bundesamt had told its airlines the same thing.[3] Air Arabia, Flydubai and British Airways also stopped their flights over the Sinai Peninsula in response to the crash. The latter stated that they planned to continue flights over Sinai, although the intended alternative route was not announced. EasyJet stated that they would not halt their flights to and from Sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada, but would actively review them; passengers who opted not to fly the route would be re-booked on another flight or given a flight voucher.[85] However following UK government intelligence, Easyjet decided to cancel all flights.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 7K is the IATA designator[8] and KGL is the ICAO airline designator.[9]
  2. ^ The previous deadliest Russian/Soviet air disaster was the crash of Aeroflot Flight 7425 in the Uzbek SSR (Uzbekistan) in 1985, in which 191 passengers and 9 crew died.
  3. ^ The previous deadliest air disaster in Egyptian airspace was the crash of Flash Airlines Flight 604 shortly after takeoff from Sharm el-Sheikh in 2004. All 148 aboard were killed.
  4. ^ The previous deadliest air disaster involving the Airbus A320 family was the crash of TAM Airlines Flight 3054 in São Paulo, Brazil in 2007, which killed 199 people.
  5. ^ The previous deadliest 2015 air disaster was the murder-suicide of Germanwings Flight 9525 that crashed in the French Alps, which killed all 150 aboard.

References

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