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Yonkoma

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Traditional Yonkoma layout

Yonkoma manga (4コマ漫画, "four cell manga", or 4-koma for short) is a Japanese comic strip format[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] in which panels of equal size appear ordered from top to bottom. They also sometimes run right-to-left horizontally or use a hybrid 2×2 style, depending on the layout requirements of the publication in which they appear. The format is generally used for gag comic strips.

Though the word yonkoma comes from the Japanese, the style also exists outside Japan[11] in other Asian countries as well as in the English-speaking market (particularly in mid-20th century United States strips, where Peanuts popularized the format;[12] most strips there, including the last several years of Peanuts, have since moved to a three-panel format).

Origin

Rakuten Kitazawa (who wrote under the name Yasuji Kitazawa) produced the first yonkoma in 1902. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] Entitled "Jiji Manga", it was thought to have been influenced by the works of Frank Arthur Nankivell and of Frederick Burr Opper. Jiji Manga appeared in the Sunday edition.[which?]

Structure

Traditionally, Yonkoma follow a structure known as Kishōtenketsu. This word is a compound formed from the following Japanese Kanji characters:

  • Ki (起):The first panel forms the basis of the story; it sets the scene.
  • Shō (承): The second panel develops upon the foundation of the story laid down in the first panel.
  • Ten (転): The third panel is the climax, in which an unforeseen development occurs.
  • Ketsu (結): The fourth panel is the conclusion, in which the effects of the third panel are seen.[22]

Uses

These comic strips appear in almost all types of publications in Japan, including manga magazines, graphic novels, the comics section of newspapers, game magazines, cooking magazines, and so forth. The plot often ends within the four panels; although some serial development may pass on to future installments, creating a more continuous story. Some Yonkoma also tackle serious topics, though most do so with humor. Some manga occasionally use yonkoma, usually at the end of a chapter or bound volume, as a non-canon joke to complement the story.

See also

  • Kishōtenketsu – A writing technique specific to 4-panel comics
  • Jo-ha-kyū – A type of three-act structure found in many traditional Japanese narrative forms

References

  1. ^ The Dragon and the Dazzle: Models, Strategies, and Identities of Japanese
  2. ^ The Narratology of Comic Art
  3. ^ FAMILY - “Yonkoma” (4-Cell) Cartoon
  4. ^ smackjeeves yonkoma
  5. ^ NOW PLAYING: HOW TO CREATE A YON-KOMA MANGA
  6. ^ Chibi Miku san
  7. ^ Manga : Create Your Own 4-Frame Comic Strip
  8. ^ Professional comic artist offering free workshop:Cartooning workshop
  9. ^ Let’s Talk Comic Strips(And Yonkoma)
  10. ^ Gag (disambiguation) Humor
  11. ^ "APRENDA A DESENHAR YONKOMAS COM A ERICEIRA "
  12. ^ Walker, Brian (2002). The comics: since 1945. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
  13. ^ [Carolin Fischer,'Mangaka,Unknown date of publication, "http://www.mangaka.co.uk/?page=yonkoma", 2009-10-29]
  14. ^ Yonkoma
  15. ^ 12. ARE YON-KOMA MANGA COMIC STRIPS?
  16. ^ Yonkoma (4-pane Comics)
  17. ^ Yonkoma Origin
  18. ^ 浚言浚語: Day 352: 四格漫畫
  19. ^ 我們來聊聊日本動漫的發展史
  20. ^ 百年“卡通”簡史：歐美的創舉與日本的驕傲
  21. ^ Yonkoma introduction
  22. ^ Carolin Fischer,'Mangaka,Unknown date of publication, "http://www.mangaka.co.uk/?page=yonkoma", 2009-10-29
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