Naftalan oil: Difference between revisions
added Category:Naftalan, Azerbaijan using HotCat |
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The first mention of Naftalan oil is found in the works of [[Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani]] poet and thinker [[Nizami Ganjavi]] (1141-1201).{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
The first mention of Naftalan oil is found in the works of [[Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani]] poet and thinker [[Nizami Ganjavi]] (1141-1201).{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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After the oil boom at the turn of the 20th century, the Baku naftalan started to be extracted in higher volumes, and exported to Germany.{{ |
After the oil boom at the turn of the 20th century, the Baku naftalan started to be extracted in higher volumes, and exported to Germany.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} After the borders were closed following the [[1917 Russian Revolution]], it fell into oblivion in the west. It still attracted some attention in the Soviet Union, when the [[Azerbaijan Medical University]] opened a small health resort in 1933.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} In the 1930s, academician T. G. Pašaev started to try to isolate naphthalan from industrial paraffin and naphthene oils and proposed the term, though more current research indicates that the term "earth mineral oil” is more appropriate for what he described in his paper published in Moscow in 1959.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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During the 20th century, a large number of academic papers were published by Soviet researchers about the topic.{{sfn|Vržogić|Ostrogović|Alajbeg|2003|p=180}} Nevertheless, in Europe the results from the Naphthalan Health Resort in Azerbaijan were largely unusable because the application of native oil was not considered acceptable.{{sfn|Vržogić|Ostrogović|Alajbeg|2003|p=181}} |
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In the 1970s, the [[School of Medicine, University of Zagreb]] conducted its own research to compare the kinds of oil found near Baku and near [[Križ, Zagreb County|Križ]], [[Croatia]]. After two years, in 1978, they concluded that the oil they analyzed was not carcinogenic, after testing at [[INA (company)|INA]] labs and at the [[Ruđer Bošković Institute]], and conducting a trial with 770 patients.{{sfn|Vržogić|Ostrogović|Alajbeg|2003|p=180}} In 1989 the Naftalan Special Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation was founded in [[Ivanić Grad]].{{sfn|Vržogić|Ostrogović|Alajbeg|2003|p=180}} Their use of naphtalan oil is restricted to a refined distillate, devoid of tar, aromatic content and other undesired substances, in an effort to minimize the rate of contraindications and side effects.{{sfn|Vržogić|Ostrogović|Alajbeg|2003|p=181}} This hospital later conducted a 10-year follow-up and observation of 10,000 their patients and respective associated data, and observed a number of therapeutic effects.{{sfn|Vržogić|Ostrogović|Alajbeg|2003|p=182}} |
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==Health effects== |
==Health effects== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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* {{cite journal | url = https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=131453&lang=en | journal = Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | year = 2003 | publisher = Department of Dermatology and Venereology, [[University Hospital Centre Zagreb]] | access-date = 19 June 2021 | first1 = Pero | last1 = Vržogić | first2 = Želimir | last2 = Ostrogović | first3 = Anđa | last3 = Alajbeg | title = Naphthalan – A natural medicinal product}} |
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[[Category:Petroleum]] |
[[Category:Petroleum]] |
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Revision as of 01:10, 21 June 2021
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Naftalan or Naphtalan is a type of crude oil. It is named after Naftalan, Azerbaijan, where it is found. It is known for its high naphthalene content and use in alternative medicine.
While Naftalan crude oil is too heavy for normal export uses (unlike Azerbaijan's plentiful Caspian Sea oil), it contains about 50 percent naphthenic hydrocarbons.[1]
In Azerbaijan, people using the oil generally sit in a bath and are covered in oil up to their necks. There are numerous petroleum spas in the city of Naftalan itself.[2]
History
The first mention of Naftalan oil is found in the works of Azerbaijani poet and thinker Nizami Ganjavi (1141-1201).[citation needed]
After the oil boom at the turn of the 20th century, the Baku naftalan started to be extracted in higher volumes, and exported to Germany.[citation needed] After the borders were closed following the 1917 Russian Revolution, it fell into oblivion in the west. It still attracted some attention in the Soviet Union, when the Azerbaijan Medical University opened a small health resort in 1933.[citation needed] In the 1930s, academician T. G. Pašaev started to try to isolate naphthalan from industrial paraffin and naphthene oils and proposed the term, though more current research indicates that the term "earth mineral oil” is more appropriate for what he described in his paper published in Moscow in 1959.[citation needed]
Health effects
Exposure to large amounts of naphthalene may damage or destroy red blood cells, most commonly in people with the inherited condition known as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency,[3] which over 400 million people suffer from. Humans, in particular children, have developed the condition known as hemolytic anemia, after ingesting mothballs or deodorant blocks containing naphthalene. Symptoms include fatigue, lack of appetite, restlessness, and pale skin. Exposure to large amounts of naphthalene may cause confusion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in the urine, and jaundice (yellow coloration of the skin due to dysfunction of the liver).[4]
The US National Toxicology Program (NTP) held an experiment where male and female rats and mice were exposed to naphthalene vapors on weekdays for two years.[5] Both male and female rats exhibited evidence of carcinogenesis with increased incidences of adenoma and neuroblastoma of the nose. Female mice exhibited some evidence of carcinogenesis based on increased incidences of alveolar and bronchiolar adenomas of the lung, while male mice exhibited no evidence of carcinogenesis.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)[6] classifies naphthalene as possibly carcinogenic to humans and animals (Group 2B). The IARC also points out that acute exposure causes cataracts in humans, rats, rabbits, and mice; and that hemolytic anemia (described above) can occur in children and infants after oral or inhalation exposure or after maternal exposure during pregnancy. Under California's Proposition 65, naphthalene is listed as "known to the State to cause cancer".[7] A probable mechanism for the carcinogenic effects of mothballs and some types of air fresheners containing naphthalene has been identified.[8][9]
US government agencies have set occupational exposure limits to naphthalene exposure. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit at 10 ppm (50 mg/m3) over an eight-hour time-weighted average. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit at 10 ppm (50 mg/m3) over an eight-hour time-weighted average, as well as a short-term exposure limit at 15 ppm (75 mg/m3).[10] Naphthalene's minimum odor threshold is 0.084 ppm for humans.[11]
Mothballs and other products containing naphthalene have been banned within the EU since 2008.[12][13]
In China, the use of naphthalene in mothballs is forbidden.[14] Danger to human health and the common use of natural camphor are cited as reasons for the ban.
References
- ^ Andrew E. Kramer, Bathing in Black Gold for Health and Profit in Azerbaijan, The New York Times, December 4, 2006.
- ^ Andrew E. Kramer, Naftalan: The Azerbaijan resort where guests bathe in crude oil, CNN, June 28, 20018.
- ^ Santucci K, Shah B (Jan 2000). "Association of naphthalene with acute hemolytic anemia". Acad Emerg Med. 7 (1): 42–7. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01889.x. PMID 10894241.
- ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Naphthalene poisoning
- ^ "NTP Technical Reports 410 and 500". NTP Technical Reports 410 and 500, available from NTP: Long-Term Abstracts & Reports. Archived from the original on October 24, 2004. Retrieved March 6, 2005.
- ^ IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. ISBN 9789283212829. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Proposition 65 Archived 2019-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
- ^ "Scientists May Have Solved Mystery Of Carcinogenic Mothballs", Physorg.com, June 20, 2006.
- ^ "Mothballs, air fresheners and cancer". Environmental Health Association of Nova Scotia. Environmental Health Association of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- ^ [1]
- ^ Alderson, Andrew (15 Nov 2008). "Holy straight bananas – now the Eurocrats are banning moth balls". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
- ^ Gray, Kerrina (17 November 2013). "Council warned against use of poisonous moth balls". Your Local Guardian. Newsquest (London) Ltd. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
- ^ 国务院经贸办、卫生部关于停止生产和销售萘丸提倡使用樟脑制品的通知（国经贸调（1993）64号）