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*[[Bundling (tradition)]]: a courtship tradition in some Christian communities that was opposed by the religious right and has largely died out. The two young people were each in a sack tied up at the neck, and put in a bed together for the night.
*[[Bundling (tradition)|Bundling]]: a courtship tradition in some Christian communities that was opposed by the religious right and has largely died out. The two young people were each in a sack tied up at the neck, and put in a bed together for the night.


*[[Erotic massage]]: rubbing of the body to create pleasure and relaxation. This can be done between two or more people of any gender and sexual orientation. It can involve the use of oils (heated or otherwise) or just the individual's hands. It is also known as ''sensual massage.''<ref> http://www.livestrong.com/article/69306-sensual-massage/ </ref> <ref> Phillips, N. A. (2000). Female sexual dysfunction: evaluation and treatment. American Family Physician, 62(1), 127-148. </ref>
*[[Erotic massage]]: rubbing of the body to create pleasure and relaxation. This can be done between two or more people of any gender and sexual orientation. It can involve the use of oils (heated or otherwise) or just the individual's hands. It is also known as ''sensual massage.''<ref> http://www.livestrong.com/article/69306-sensual-massage/ </ref> <ref> Phillips, N. A. (2000). Female sexual dysfunction: evaluation and treatment. American Family Physician, 62(1), 127-148. </ref>

Revision as of 09:52, 19 September 2013

This article is about non-penetrative sex among humans. For non-penetrative sex among other animals, see Animal sexual behaviour § Genital-genital rubbing.

Drawing by Franz von Bayros showing an act of fingering

Non-penetrative sex or outercourse is sexual activity that usually does not include sexual penetration. It generally excludes the penetrative aspects of vaginal, anal or oral sexual activity, but includes various forms of sexual and non-sexual activity, such as frottage, mutual masturbation, kissing or cuddling.[1][2][3] Some definitions of the activity, particularly when termed outercourse, include penetrative aspects (such as penetration that may result from forms of oral or anal sexual activity), especially oral sex.[4][5][6] The non-penetrative aspects in particular are considered a form of safer sex and birth control because it is less likely that bodily fluids will be exchanged during the activities.[7][8][9]

In addition to enjoying the activity in its own right, people engage in non-penetrative sex for a variety of reasons. For heterosexual couples, non-penetrative sex may be used as an alternative to penile-vaginal penetration because of a preference for non-penetrative sex, to preserve virginity, or as a means to prevent pregnancy.[10][11] For gay male couples, it may be used as a preference, as an alternative to anal penetration, or as a means to preserve virginity (with penile-anal penetration defined as virginity loss).[10][12] Additionally, lesbian couples may use it as a preference or to preserve virginity.[10][13] Some couples engage in non-penetrative sex as a form of foreplay.[2]

Types

Definitions

Some non-penetrative sex acts can have penetrative components. As such, though non-penetrative sex (or outercourse) is usually defined as excluding sexual penetration,[1][2][3] it sometimes, for example, includes oral sex.[4][6][5] In this context, the word penetration or penetrative may also be restricted to penile-vaginal penetration and therefore the definition of outercourse additionally includes penetrative anal sex, with the term outercourse used to contrast sexual intercourse as vaginal sex.[6][14][15] Oral sex may also be considered outercourse solely because it is not vaginal or anal intercourse.[16][17] Definitions restricting the terms (non-penetrative sex and outercourse) to penile penetration,[2][18] or to non-penetrative sexual acts that do not involve exchanges of potentially infectious bodily fluids also exist.[4][7]

The term heavy petting covers a broad range of foreplay activities, typically involving some genital stimulation, but not the direct act of penetrative sexual intercourse.[19]

Specific practices

Frottage

Frottage is the general term for the act of rubbing any part of the body, including the buttocks, the breasts, abdomen, thighs, feet, hands, legs, and sexual organs against the sexual organ of another person; this is done whether naked or clothed and is more commonly known as dry humping or dry sex).[20] When frottage includes genital-genital rubbing, it is sometimes called genito-genital or GG rubbing.[20]

Couples may engage in frottage as a form of foreplay or simply as a method to achieve sexual gratification without the penetrative aspects of vaginal, anal or oral sexual intercourse, which may be a way of preserving virginity,[10][11] or as a form of safe sex.[7] Often, young people will engage in frottage as an earlier stage of physical intimacy before more explicit contact is desired.

Other terms associated with frottage are:

  • Princeton rub, Ivy League rub, and so on are slang terms referring to male-male frot or intercrural sex or both, presumably surviving from the days when these colleges only admitted men.[21] W. H. Auden was proud of having been the first person to use the terms Princeton rub and Princeton first-year in print.[22]
  • The term frottage derives from the French verb frotter (i.e., to rub). Three terms derive from frotter. These include frottage, the sexual act involving rubbing; frot, the sexual act that refers exclusively to male-male genital rubbing without penetration (but may also be called frottage);[21][23] and frotteurism, a paraphilia involving obsession with frottage or performing frottage non-consensually (e.g., pressing one's genitals against a stranger on a crowded subway); this was once called "frottage," but the usage is no longer acceptable.[24]

Mutual masturbation

Johann Nepomuk Geiger, watercolor, 1840.

Mutual masturbation (also called manual intercourse[25]) usually involves the manual stimulation of genitals by two or more people who stimulate themselves or one another.[26][27] This may be done in situations where the participants do not feel ready, physically able, socially at liberty, or willing to engage in any penetrative sex act, or a particular penetrative sex act, but still wish to engage in a mutual sexual activity. It is also done as part of a full repertoire of sexual activity, where it may be used as foreplay.[27] For some, it is the primary sexual activity of choice. Types of mutual masturbation include the handjob, the manual sexual stimulation of the penis by a person on a male,[28] and fingering, the manual sexual stimulation of the vagina, vulva, or clitoris in particular, by one person on a female. Stimulation of the genitals while using the feet may also be included, and so may manual stimulation of the anus.[29]

Like frottage in general, mutual masturbation may be used as an alternative to penile-vaginal penetration, to preserve virginity or to prevent pregnancy.[10][11] It might result in one or more of the partners achieving orgasm. If no bodily fluids are exchanged (as is common), mutual masturbation is a form of safe sex, and greatly reduces the risk of transmission of sexual diseases.[7][8][9]

In partnered manual genital stroking to reach orgasm or expanded orgasm, both people focus on creating and experiencing an orgasm in one person. Typically, one person lies down pant-less, while his or her partner sits alongside. The partner who is sitting uses his or her hands and fingers (typically with a lubricant) to slowly stroke the clitoris or penis and genitals of the partner. Expanded orgasm as a mutual masturbation technique is said to create orgasm experiences more intense and extensive than what can be described as, or included in the definition of, a regular orgasm.[30] It includes a range of sensations that include orgasms that are full-bodied, and orgasms that last from a few minutes to many hours.[31] The term was coined in 1995 by Patricia Taylor. However, this technique is not without risk of contracting STIs, in particular HIV. A person using his or her finger, with a small wound, to stimulate a woman's genitals could be infected with HIV found in her vagina's fluids; likewise regarding a man's semen containing HIV which could infect a partner who has a small exposed wound on his or her skin.

Exclusively non-penetrative

Mammary intercourse, a form of non-penetrative sex between a man and a woman

Non-penetrative sex may sometimes be divided into acts that are exclusively non-penetrative and those that are not. Exclusively non-penetrative sexual acts include:

  • Axillary intercourse: (slang: "bagpiping", in reference to the underarm manner in which bagpipes are played; directing traffic, or pit-wank, a variant of the term tit-wank, are also terms for axillary intercourse). It is a sexual variant where the penis is inserted in the other person's armpit.[32][33][34]
  • Bundling: a courtship tradition in some Christian communities that was opposed by the religious right and has largely died out. The two young people were each in a sack tied up at the neck, and put in a bed together for the night.
  • Erotic massage: rubbing of the body to create pleasure and relaxation. This can be done between two or more people of any gender and sexual orientation. It can involve the use of oils (heated or otherwise) or just the individual's hands. It is also known as sensual massage.[35] [36]
  • Footjob: sexually stimulating one individual's penis with another individual's feet. In some cases it can be part of a foot fetish. One individual places their feet around the penis and caresses it until orgasm is achieved. Variations where the clitoris is stimulated by feet also occur.[37]
  • Handjob: the manual sexual stimulation of the penis by a person on a male, often used as a form of mutual masturbation
  • Intercrural sex: when the penis is stimulated by placing it between another individual's thighs. Lubrication maybe be used to allow the penis to move more freely between the thighs.[21][38][39]
  • Intergluteal sex: stimulation of the penis using the buttocks, often used as a form of mutual masturbation. It differs from anal sex because no penetration of the anus occurs. The penis is stimulated by moving between the buttocks.[40]
  • Kissing: the touching of one person's lips against another person's. It can include kissing on the cheek, light kissing (closed mouth kissing) or deep kissing (french kissing) where the mouth is opened. Kissing may also be done on other parts of the body and is considered to be part of foreplay.[41]
  • Mammary intercourse: the stimulation of the penis by placing the penis between the breasts and moving the penis up and down to create pleasure.[42]
  • Stimulation of nipples: when one partner caresses (either manually or orally) the nipples of their partner. Any individual can participate in this act and it can be done in pairs or groups.[43]
  • Tribadism: a form of lesbian sex where females rub genitalia against each other (either rubbing genitalia together or rubbing one's genitalia against other parts of another individuals body).[44][45]

Non-exclusively non-penetrative

  • Fingering: stimulation of the vagina, vulva, clitoris in particular, or anus, with the fingers. It is often used as a form of mutual masturbation.
  • Oral sex: stimulation of the genitals using the mouth (lips, tongue and throat). It is known as fellatio when the act is performed on a penis, and cunnilingus when performed on female genitalia.[46] A specific type of oral sex, anilingus is the stimulation of the anus using the mouth (lips and tongue).[47]

Hook-up culture

In many developed countries, there is a trend where young individuals (typically late teens and early twenties) engage in casual sex, also known as a hookup. This phenomenon has been termed hookup culture. The term hookup, in this context, loosely means participating in some type of sexual activity (whether it is non-penetrative or penetrative) with another individual or group of individuals outside of a romantic relationship.[49] Hooking up may be in the form of a one-night stand, where the sex acts are contained within a single situation or the individuals may "hook-up" on a more consistent basis (sometimes known as being "friends with benefits"). In addition, hooking up can mean different things to different people. Some individuals believe a hook-up is "anything but intercourse," which would include only many non-penetrative sex acts.[50] These arrangements typically focus on the physical pleasure gained from a sex act instead of an emotional attachment. These situations can be risky, especially if sexual history is not obtained before the acts take place. Contraceptives may not be utilized if the individuals were not planning on engaging in a sex act. Being prepared for a hook-up can help decrease risk. Obtaining consent, using contraceptives and ensuring all individuals present understand this is a "hook-up" with no other expectations can maximize benefits while minimizing risk.[51] For individuals who do not have time for a committed, romantic relationship, a hook-up can be a positive experience, so long as they take precautions to minimize risk. The benefits of sex acts are various, and if an individual is concerned about sexual infections or pregnancy, non-penetrative sex acts (which carry a much smaller risk than penetrative sex) are an excellent option and offer a wide variety of things to choose from.[52]

In addition, a hookup can be an opportunity for individuals who may be questioning their sexual orientation to try being with another individual in a casual setting, without having to be in a more serious relationship, so that they can determine if they enjoy the sexual part of this orientation. Since women's sexuality has been categorized as being more fluid than men's,[53] this could be an opportunity for a woman to try a sexual experience with the same sex or someone of a different gender identity; men may also use a hookup to sexually experiment.[50]

Health risks

There is a sociocultural viewpoint that because non-penetrative sex usually does not involve a direct exchange of semen or vaginal fluids, and because at no point (in exclusively non-penetrative sex acts) does anything penetrate the vulva, vagina or anus, these acts are risk free. Although the risks associated with non-penetrative sex acts are significantly less than those associated with penetrative sex,[7][8][9] there are still risks that can occur.[54][55] There is a slight risk for pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections with certain non-penetrative sex acts.[56]

Pregnancy can still occur with anal sex or other forms of sexual activity where the penis is near the vagina (such as intercrural sex or other genital-genital rubbing) where sperm can be deposited near the entrance of the vagina and can travel along the vagina's lubricating fluids; the risk of pregnancy can also occur without the penis being near the vagina because sperm may be transported to the vaginal opening by the vagina coming in contact with fingers or other non-genital body parts that have come in contact with semen.[57][58][59]

Like non-exclusive non-penetrative sex acts, STI transmission varies for exclusively non-penetrative sexual activities; some common STIs transmitted through exclusively non-penetrative sex acts, and how they are contracted, are the following:[60]

  • Herpes can be spread through kissing or anytime an infected mouth or genitals comes into contact with another individual's mouth or genitals (when it occurs on the genitals, it is known as genital herpes)
  • Genital warts is similar to herpes, but caused by a different virus. It is also spread by skin-to-skin contact with the genitals
  • Chancroid is spread through skin-to-skin contact when an infected individual has sores present and these sores come into contact with another individual (generally in the genital area)
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is spread through coming into contact with various body secretions (saliva, genital excretions, blood etc.)
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) is spread through skin-to-skin contact
  • Molluscum contagiosum is spread through close contact with an infected person (sharing personal items or close skin-to-skin contact)
  • Crab louse (also known as pubic lice or crabs) can be spread through close contact with an infected individual
  • Scabies is spread through close contact with an infected individual
  • Syphilis can be spread through kissing, but is much more likely to be spread through oral sex, anal sex or vaginal intercourse
  • Trichomoniasis (Trich) can be spread through sharing sex toys, during mutual masturbation or any time genital fluid are passed from one person to another

In terms of non-exclusive non-penetrative sex acts, the risks somewhat increase because there is penetration (either of the vagina, anus or mouth) and there is the potential for bodily fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, saliva) to be exchanged. In addition to the aforementioned STIs, the following can be transmitted through non-exclusive non-penetrative sex acts:[61]

  • Chlamydia is generally spread through vaginal or anal intercourse; in rare cases, it may be spread through oral sex
  • Gonorrhoea is generally spread through vaginal or anal intercourse, though it may also be spread through oral sex
  • Hepatitis B can be spread through oral sex

Many individuals are concerned about the risk of HIV/AIDS.[9] Generally, a person must either have unprotected sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal), use an infected syringe or have the virus passed from mother to child to be infected.[9] A person cannot be infected from casual contact, such as hugging; however, there is a minor risk that if HIV-infected blood, or genital secretions (semen or vaginal secretions), enter an open wound, the person is at risk.[9]

The only way for complete protection from pregnancy or STI risk is to completely abstain from all sexual activities. However, there are several ways to decrease the risk, should a person decide to be sexually active.

Some barrier methods include:

  • Condoms, which can provide STI protection
  • Dental dams, which offer STI protection during oral sex
  • Latex gloves, which can be used during mutual masturbation or fingering to prevent the risk of STI transmission

If a person is concerned about the minor risk of pregnancy from non-penetrative sex, there are also several hormonal contraceptive birth control methods that can be used. Dual protection (using both a barrier device and hormonal method) can be significantly effective at preventing both pregnancy and STI transmission.[62]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c d See page 272 and page 300 for two different definitions of outercourse. Rosenthal, Martha (2012). Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society, 1st ed. Cengage Learning. pp. 576 pages. ISBN 0618755713. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  3. ^ a b New Dimensions In Women's Health. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2009. p. 91. ISBN 0763765929. Retrieved August 31, 2013. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  4. ^ a b c Odyssey of the Heart: Close Relationships in the 21st Century. Psychology Press. 2001. p. 70. ISBN 1410604055. Retrieved August 30, 2013. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  5. ^ a b Ann O'Leary (2002). Beyond Condoms: Alternative Approaches to HIV Prevention. Springer. p. 155. ISBN 0306467313. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Robert Crooks, Karla Baur (2010). Our Sexuality. Cengage Learning. pp. 286–289. ISBN 0495812943. Retrieved August 30, 2012. Noncoital forms of sexual intimacy, which have been called outercourse, can be a viable form of birth control. Outercourse includes all avenues of sexual intimacy other than penile–vaginal intercourse, including kissing, touching, mutual masturbation, and oral and anal sex.
  7. ^ a b c d e Jerry D. Durham, Felissa R. Lashley (2000). The Person With HIV/AIDS: Nursing Perspectives, 3rd Edition. Springer Publishing Company. p. 103. ISBN 8122300049,. Retrieved January 29, 2012. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. ^ a b c "Sexual Risk Factors". aids.gov. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Dianne Hales (2008). An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011. Cengage Learning. pp. 269–271. ISBN 0495391921. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d e See here and pages 47-49 for views on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore sexual intercourse or other sexual activity; source discusses how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in penile-vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity lost: an intimate portrait of first sexual experiences. NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 0-8147-1652-0,. Retrieved October 9, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  11. ^ a b c Bryan Strong, Christine DeVault, Theodore F. Cohen (2010). The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. p. 186. ISBN 0-534-62425-1,. Retrieved October 8, 2011. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. ...But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' ... Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual activity (e.g. oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation). ... Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins'. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Joseph Gross, Michael (2003). Like a Virgin. The Advocate/Here Publishing. pp. 44–45. 0001-8996. Retrieved 2011-03-12. {{cite book}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ Karen Bouris (1995). What Parents and Teenage Girls Should Know about "Losing Your Virginity". Conari Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 0-943233-93-3,. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  14. ^ Health Counseling: A Microskills Approach for Counselors, Educators, and School Nurses. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2011. pp. 170–171. ISBN 0763781568. Retrieved September 1, 2013. [N]onpenetrative sexual pleasure. This group of methods, sometimes called outercourse, provides options for the satisfaction of sexual desire and orgasm that do not involve the penis penetrating the vagina. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  15. ^ Medical Surgical Nursing: An Integrated Approach, 3rd ed. Cengage Learning. 2011. p. 1161. ISBN 1133707149. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Some people consider outercourse to mean sex play without vaginal intercourse, while others consider this to mean sex play with no penetration at all (vaginal, oral, or anal). {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  16. ^ Positive Prevention: Reducing HIV Transmission among People Living with HIV/AIDS. Springer. 2005. p. 167. ISBN 0306487004. Retrieved September 1, 2013. The proportion reporting having ever engaged in 'outercourse', defined as sexual contact with neither vaginal nor anal penetration... {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  17. ^ Our Bodies, Ourselves: Menopause. Simon & Schuster. 2008. p. 143. ISBN 1439103437. Retrieved September 1, 2013. For some women, outercourse, defined as lovemaking without vaginal or anal penetration... {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  18. ^ "non-penetrative (ˌnɒnˈpɛnɪtrətɪv)". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved September 1, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ "Heavy petting". Oxford University Press. 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
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  21. ^ a b c Piepenburg, Erik (February 2006). "What's Rub Got to Do With it?". Out. Retrieved July 4, 2011. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (1981). W. H. Auden, a biography, Volume 1981, Part 1. Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 48. ISBN 0395308534.
  23. ^ Joe Perez (2006). Rising Up. Lulu.com. p. 248. ISBN 1411691733. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
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  30. ^ Alan Brauer & Donna Brauer (1991). The ESO Ecstasy Program: Better, Safer Sexual Intimacy and Extended Orgasmic Response. Warner Books. pp. 24–25. Masters in Johnson ... described female orgasm as "a brief episode of physical release" characterized by either "a series of rapidly recurrent orgasmic experiences between which no recordable plateau-phase intervals can be demonstrated or by a single, long-continued orgasmic episode... status orgasmus is may last from 20 to more than 60 seconds"
  31. ^ Patricia Taylor, PhD thesis (2000), In her PhD research study, the average time spent in an EO session was 54 minutes.
  32. ^ Morton, Mark Steven (2003). The Lover's Tongue: A Merry Romp Through the Language of Love and Sex. Insomniac Press. p. 186. ISBN 1894663519. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  33. ^ axillary intercourse - Dictionary of sexual terms
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Further reading

External links

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