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==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[NSAID hypersensitivity reactions]]
*[[Salicylate sensitivity]]
*[[Salicylate sensitivity]]


Revision as of 18:02, 17 May 2016

Salicylate poisoning
SpecialtyEmergency medicine Edit this on Wikidata

Aspirin poisoning or salicylism is acute or chronic poisoning with aspirin or other salicylates. A single overdose may cause acute poisoning. Continuous usage of an elevated dosage over long periods of time may cause chronic poisoning.

Acute overdose has a mortality rate of 2%.[citation needed] Chronic overdose is more commonly lethal with a mortality rate as high as 25%.[1] Chronic overdose may be especially severe in children.[2] No antidotes currently exist for aspirin poisoning.[1]

Signs and symptoms may range from mild nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy, tinnitus, and dizziness to severe such as seizure or cerebral edema depending on the dose consumed.

Toxicity is managed with a number of potential treatments including: activated charcoal, intravenous dextrose and normal saline, sodium bicarbonate, and dialysis.[3]

Signs and symptoms

Main symptoms of aspirin overdose.[4]

Aspirin overdose has potentially serious consequences, sometimes leading to significant morbidity and death. Patients with mild intoxication frequently have nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy, ringing in the ears, and dizziness. More significant signs and symptoms occur in more severe poisonings and include high body temperature, fast breathing rate, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, low blood potassium, low blood glucose, hallucinations, confusion, seizure, cerebral edema, and coma. The most common cause of death following an aspirin overdose is cardiopulmonary arrest usually due to pulmonary edema.[5]

Severity

Severity Mild (150 mg/kg) Moderate (150–300 mg/kg) Severe (300–500 mg/kg)
Toxicity No toxicity expected Mild to moderate toxicity expected Life-threatening toxicity expected
Symptoms Nausea, vomiting, dizziness Nausea, vomiting, ringing in the ears, headache, confusion, hyperventilation, tachycardia, fever Delirium, hallucinations, seizures, coma, respiratory arrest

Pathophysiology

Acute aspirin or salicylates overdose or poisoning can cause initial respiratory alkalosis though metabolic acidosis ensues thereafter. The acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte abnormalities observed in salicylate toxicity can be grouped into three broad phases:

  • Phase I: Characterized by hyperventilation resulting from direct respiratory center stimulation, leading to respiratory alkalosis and compensatory alkaluria. Potassium and sodium bicarbonate are excreted in the urine. This phase may last as long as 12 hours.[6]
  • Phase II: Characterized by paradoxic aciduria in the presence of continued respiratory alkalosis occurs when sufficient potassium has been lost from the kidneys. This phase may begin within hours and may last 12–24 hours.[6]
  • Phase III: Characterized by dehydration, hypokalemia, and progressive metabolic acidosis. This phase may begin 4–6 hours after ingestion in a young infant or 24 hours or more after ingestion in an adolescent or adult.[6]

Diagnosis

The acutely toxic dose of aspirin is generally considered greater than 150 mg per kg of body mass.[7] Moderate toxicity occurs at doses up to 300 mg/kg, severe toxicity occurs between 300 to 500 mg/kg, and a potentially lethal dose is greater than 500 mg/kg.[8] Chronic toxicity may occur following doses of 100 mg/kg per day for two or more days.[8]

Monitoring of biochemical parameters such as electrolytes and solutes, liver and kidney function, urinalysis, and complete blood count is undertaken along with frequent checking of salicylate and blood sugar levels. Arterial blood gas assessments will typically find respiratory alkalosis early in the course of the overdose due to hyperstimulation of the respiratory center, and may be the only finding in a mild overdose. An anion-gap metabolic acidosis occurs later in the course of the overdose especially if it is a moderate to severe overdose, due to the increase in protons (acidic contents) in the blood.

The diagnosis of poisoning usually involves measurement of plasma salicylate, the active metabolite of aspirin, by automated spectrophotometric methods. Plasma salicylate levels generally range from 30–100 mg/L (3–10 mg/dL) after usual therapeutic doses, 50–300 mg/L in patients taking high doses and 700–1400 mg/L following acute overdose.[9] Patients may undergo repeated testing until their peak plasma salicylate level can be estimated.[10] Optimally, plasma levels should be assessed four hours after ingestion and then every two hours after that to allow calculation of the maximum level, which can then be used as a guide to the degree of toxicity expected.[11] Patients may also be treated according to their individual symptoms.

Treatment

Initial treatment of an acute overdose involves resuscitation followed by gastric decontamination by administering activated charcoal, which adsorbs the aspirin in the gastrointestinal tract. Stomach pumping is no longer routinely used in the treatment of poisonings but is sometimes considered if the patient has ingested a potentially lethal amount less than one hour before presentation.[12] Inducing vomiting with syrup of ipecac is not recommended.[7] Repeated doses of charcoal have been proposed to be beneficial in cases of aspirin overdosing,[13] although one study found that they might not be of significant value.[14] Regardless, most clinical toxicologists will administer additional charcoal if serum salicylate levels are increasing.

Intravenous fluids

Intravenous fluids containing dextrose such as D5W are recommended to keep a urinary output between 2 and 3 ml/kg/h.[15]

Alkalinization of the urine

Sodium bicarbonate is given in a significant aspirin overdose (salicylate level greater than 35 mg/dl 6 hours after ingestion) regardless of the serum pH, as it enhances elimination of aspirin in the urine. It is given until a urine pH between 7.5 and 8.0 is achieved.[16]

Dialysis

Hemodialysis can be used to enhance the removal of salicylate from the blood. Hemodialysis is usually used in those who are severely poisoned. Example of severe poisoning include people with high salicylate blood levels: 7.25 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) in acute ingestions or 40 mg/dL in chronic ingestions,[16] significant neurotoxicity (agitation, coma, convulsions), kidney failure, pulmonary edema, or cardiovascular instability.[10] Hemodialysis also has the advantage of restoring electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities while removing salicylate.[2]

Epidemiology

During the latter part of the 20th century, the number of poisonings from salicylates declined, mainly because of the increased popularity of other over-the-counter analgesics such as paracetamol (acetaminophen). Fifty-two deaths involving single-ingredient aspirin were reported in the United States in 2000; however, in all but three of these cases, the reason for the ingestion of lethal doses was intentional—predominantly suicidal.[17]

See Also

References

  1. ^ a b "McNeil Initiatives and Recommendations". FDA.
  2. ^ a b Gaudreault, P; Temple, AR; Lovejoy Fh, FH (October 1982). "The relative severity of acute versus chronic salicylate poisoning in children: a clinical comparison". Pediatrics. 70 (4): 566–9. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 7122154.
  3. ^ Marx, John (2006). Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2242. ISBN 978-0-323-02845-5.
  4. ^ MedlinePlus > Aspirin Last Reviewed - 02/01/2009.
  5. ^ Thisted, B; Krantz, T; Strøom, J; Sørensen, MB (May 1987). "Acute salicylate self-poisoning in 177 consecutive patients treated in ICU". Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 31 (4): 312–6. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02574.x. ISSN 0001-5172. PMID 3591255.
  6. ^ a b c Salicylate Toxicity at eMedicine
  7. ^ a b Chyka PA, Erdman AR, Christianson G, Wax PM, Booze LL, Manoguerra AS, Caravati EM, Nelson LS, Olson KR, Cobaugh DJ, Scharman EJ, Woolf AD, Troutman WG (2007). "Salicylate poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management". Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 45 (2): 95–131. doi:10.1080/15563650600907140. PMID 17364628.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Temple, AR (February 1981). "Acute and chronic effects of aspirin toxicity and their treatment". Archives of Internal Medicine. 141 (3 Spec No): 364–9. doi:10.1001/archinte.141.3.364. ISSN 0003-9926. PMID 7469627.
  9. ^ R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 9th edition, Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, CA, 2011, pp. 20-23.
  10. ^ a b Dargan, PI; Wallace, CI; Jones, AL (May 2002). "An evidenced based flowchart to guide the management of acute salicylate (aspirin) overdose". Emergency medicine journal : EMJ. 19 (3): 206–9. doi:10.1136/emj.19.3.206. ISSN 1472-0205. PMC 1725844. PMID 11971828.
  11. ^ Meredith TJ, Vale JA. (1986). "Non-narcotic analgesics. Problems of overdosage". Drugs. 32 (Suppl 4): 117–205. doi:10.2165/00003495-198600324-00013. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 3552583.
  12. ^ Vale JA, Kulig K (2004). "Position paper: gastric lavage". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 42 (7): 933–43. doi:10.1081/CLT-200045006. PMID 15641639.
  13. ^ Hillman, RJ; Prescott, LF (Nov 1985). "Treatment of salicylate poisoning with repeated oral charcoal". British medical journal (Clinical research ed.). 291 (6507): 1472. doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6507.1472. ISSN 0267-0623. PMC 1418067. PMID 3933714.
  14. ^ Kirshenbaum LA, Mathews SC, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. (Jun 1990). "Does multiple-dose charcoal therapy enhance salicylate excretion?". Archives of Internal Medicine. 150 (6): 1281–3. doi:10.1001/archinte.150.6.1281. ISSN 0003-9926. PMID 2191636.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Marx, John (2006). Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2341. ISBN 978-0-323-02845-5.
  16. ^ a b Marx, John (2006). Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2342. ISBN 978-0-323-02845-5.
  17. ^ Litovitz, TL; Klein-Schwartz, W; White, S; Cobaugh, DJ; Youniss, J; Omslaer, JC; Drab, A; Benson, BE (Sep 2001). "2000 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System". The American journal of emergency medicine. 19 (5): 337–95. doi:10.1053/ajem.2001.25272. ISSN 0735-6757. PMID 11555795.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aspirin.
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