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2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes

Coordinates: 37°10′26″N 37°01′55″E / 37.174°N 37.032°E / 37.174; 37.032
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2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
A strong ground motion map of the 7.8 Mww earthquake
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes is located in Turkey
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
UTC time2023-02-06 01:17:35
ISC event625613033
USGS-ANSSComCat
 ComCat
Local date6 February 2023 (2023-02-06)
Local time04:17 TRT (UTC+3)
 13:24 TRT (UTC+3)
Duration75 seconds
Magnitude7.8 Mww
 7.5 Mww
Depth17.9 km (11 mi)
10.0 km (6 mi)
Epicenter37°10′26″N 37°01′55″E / 37.174°N 37.032°E / 37.174; 37.032
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedTurkey, Syria
Max. intensityMMI IX (Violent)
AftershocksNumerous
13 with a Mw5.0 or greater
Largest: Mw6.7 at 01:28 (UTC), 6 February 2023
Casualties
  • More than 1,500 dead with more than 9,700 injured in Turkey
  • Over 800 dead with over 2,000 injured in Syria
  • Total: More than 2,400 dead with more than 11,700 injured

On 6 February 2023, two powerful earthquakes struck southern and central Turkey. The first occurred west of the city of Gaziantep at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC), causing widespread damage in Turkey and Syria. With a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) and a magnitude of Mww 7.8, the first earthquake is tied with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake as the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake to hit Turkey in modern times; the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake may have been more powerful.[1][2] It is also the most devastating earthquake to strike the country since the 1999 Izmit earthquake.[3] The earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 6.7 Mw. The second earthquake occurred 9 hours later in the city of Kahramanmaraş at 13:24 TRT (10:24 UTC), also having a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX and a magnitude of Mww 7.5. As a result of the earthquakes, more than 2,400 people were killed and more than 10,500 were injured.[4]

Tectonic setting

Geology

Map of the Anatolian Plate, featuring the East Anatolian Fault.

The preliminary location of the earthquakes places it within the vicinity of a triple-junction between the Anatolian, Arabian, and African plates. The mechanism and location of the earthquakes are consistent with the earthquake having occurred on either the East Anatolian Fault zone or the Dead Sea Transform Fault Zone. The East Anatolian Fault accommodates the westward extrusion of Turkey into the Aegean Sea, while the Dead Sea Transform accommodates the northward motion of the Arabia peninsula relative to the Africa and Eurasia plates.[5]

The East Anatolian Fault is a 700 km (430 mi)-long sinistral transform fault which forms the boundary between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. The fault display slip rates that decrease from the east at 10 mm (0.39 in) per year to the west where it is 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) per year. The fault produced large earthquakes in 1789 (Mw  7.2), 1795 (Mw  7.0), 1872 (Mw  7.2), 1874 (Mw  7.1), 1875 (Mw  6.7), 1893 (Mw  7.1) and 2020 (Mw  6.8). These earthquakes ruptured individual segments of the fault. The seismically active Palu and Pütürge segments in the east display a recurrence interval of about 150 years for M 6.8–7.0 earthquakes. The Pazarcık and Amanos segments in the west have recurrence intervals of 237–772 years and 414–917 years, respectively for M 7.0–7.4 earthquakes.[6]

Seismicity

The region where the 6 February earthquakes occurred is relatively quiet seismologically. Only three earthquakes of magnitude 6 or larger have occurred within 250 km (160 mi) of the 6 February earthquakes since 1970. The largest of these, a magnitude 6.7, occurred northeast of the first 6 February earthquake on 24 January 2020. All of these earthquakes occurred along or in the vicinity of the East Anatolia fault. Despite the relative seismic quiescence of the epicentral area of the 6 February quakes, southern Turkey and northern Syria have experienced significant and damaging earthquakes in the past. Aleppo, in Syria, was devastated several times historically by large earthquakes, though the precise locations and magnitudes of these earthquakes can only be estimated. Aleppo was struck by an estimated magnitude 7.1 earthquake in 1138 and an estimated magnitude 7.0 earthquake in 1822. Fatality estimates of the 1822 earthquake were 20,000–60,000.[5]

Earthquakes

Seismogram of the Mww 7.8 earthquake

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) measured the first earthquake at moment magnitude 7.8 (Mww), striking at 01:17 UTC. It had an epicenter west of Gaziantep in Gaziantep Province, which is near the border with Syria. The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to shallow strike-slip faulting.[5] Rupture occurred on either a northwest–southeast striking, northeast dipping or northwest–southeast striking, northwest dipping fault.[7] The USGS estimated a rupture dimension of ~190 km (120 mi) long and ~25 km (16 mi) wide.[5] A professor of geophysics at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia said the earthquake may have ruptured over 300 km (190 mi) of fault. It is the strongest ever recorded in Turkey, equaling the 1939 Erzincan earthquake.[8]

A second earthquake measuring Mww  7.5 struck at 10:24 UTC with an epicenter 4 km (2.5 mi) south–southeast of Ekinözü in Kahramanmaraş Province. It ruptured along an east–west striking, north dipping or north–south striking, east dipping strike-slip fault.[9] The USGS said the earthquake may have ruptured a separate fault with dimensions of ~120 km (75 mi) long and ~18 km (11 mi) wide.[10]

Aftershocks

The first earthquake had an aftershock measuring Mww  6.7 which occurred about 11 minutes after the mainshock.[11] There were 25 aftershocks Mw 4.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor, according to the USGS. More than 12 hours later, the USGS had reported at least 43 aftershocks of 4.3 or greater magnitude, while the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) recorded at least 120 aftershocks.[12]

Aftershocks of Mw  4.0 or greater
Date Time (UTC) M MMI Depth Ref.
6 February 01:26 5.6 VII 17.0 km (10.6 mi) [13]
6 February 01:28 6.7 VIII 14.5 km (9.0 mi) [11]
6 February 01:36 5.6 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [14]
6 February 01:58 5.1 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [15]
6 February 02:01 4.8 N/A 10.4 km (6.5 mi) [16]
6 February 02:03 5.5 VIII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [17]
6 February 02:17 4.8 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [18]
6 February 02:23 5.2 IV 11.4 km (7.1 mi) [19]
6 February 02:54 4.6 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [20]
6 February 03:04 4.7 N/A 17.9 km (11.1 mi) [21]
6 February 03:12 4.5 VI 12.6 km (7.8 mi) [22]
6 February 03:28 4.4 N/A 16.0 km (9.9 mi) [23]
6 February 03:45 4.8 VI 15.4 km (9.6 mi) [24]
6 February 04:04 4.3 N/A 14.1 km (8.8 mi) [25]
6 February 04:14 4.4 N/A 16.7 km (10.4 mi) [26]
6 February 04:16 4.5 V 13.2 km (8.2 mi) [27]
6 February 04:18 5.0 VI 14.5 km (9.0 mi) [28]
6 February 04:39 4.3 N/A 14.9 km (9.3 mi) [29]
6 February 04:47 4.4 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [30]
6 February 05:01 4.6 N/A 20.2 km (12.6 mi) [31]
6 February 05:36 4.6 N/A 10.6 km (6.6 mi) [32]
6 February 05:55 4.5 N/A 16.5 km (10.3 mi) [33]
6 February 06:26 5.0 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [34]
6 February 06:54 4.8 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [35]
6 February 07:08 4.6 N/A 13.4 km (8.3 mi) [36]
6 February 08:01 4.5 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [37]
6 February 08:52 4.8 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [38]
6 February 09:23 4.6 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [39]
6 February 09:36 4.3 IV 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [40]
6 February 10:35 5.8 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [41]
6 February 10:51 5.7 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [42]
6 February 11:01 5.0 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [43]
6 February 11:05 5.2 N/A 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [44]
6 February 11:11 4.9 N/A 18.0 km (11.2 mi) [45]
6 February 12:02 6.0 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [46]

Damage

Turkey

Destruction of the Galeria Business Center in Diyarbakır.

In total, around 3,471 buildings collapsed in ten provinces across Turkey.[47] Many buildings were destroyed in Adıyaman and Diyarbakır.[48] In Diyarbakır, a shopping mall collapsed.[49] The governor of Osmaniye said 34 buildings in the province had collapsed.[50]

About 130 building collapses also occurred in Malatya.[51] A well-known 13th century mosque in the province partially collapsed.[52] The ancient Gaziantep Castle was seriously damaged.[53] Fires broke out all over the region.[54]

In Adana, two apartment buildings, one of them 17-stories, collapsed, killing at least ten people.[55]

Video from Gaziantep

In Hatay Province, the runway of Hatay Airport was split and uplifted.[56] Two provincial hospitals and a police station were destroyed,[57] and a gas pipeline exploded.[58]

Syria

The opposition Syrian Civil Defense called the situation in the northwest part of the country "disastrous". Many buildings collapsed and people were trapped. Collapses occurred in the cities of Aleppo, Latakia, and Hama. In Damascus, many people fled from their homes onto the streets.[59] Many buildings in Syria had already been damaged by an almost 12-year-long civil war.[60] The Crusader-built castle Margat suffered damage, with part of a tower and parts of some walls collapsing.[59] The Citadel of Aleppo was also affected.[61]

Other countries

In Lebanon, residents were awakened from their sleep. Buildings in the country shook for up to 40 seconds. In Beirut, residents fled their homes and stayed in streets or drove in their vehicles to flee from buildings. Overall, damage in Lebanon was limited, with some buildings affected in the cities of El Minniyeh, El Minya, and Bourj Hammoud.[59][62][63] No casualties have however been reported so far.

The earthquake was also felt as far as Cyprus.[64] The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre said shaking was felt in Armenia, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Palestine, and Romania.[65][66][67] In Iraq many residents stayed outdoors while waiting for an announcement that it was safe to return to their homes. An aftershock hit hours later, causing buildings to be evacuated. No deaths or injuries have been reported.[68]

Estimation of losses

According to a professor of geophysics at the Kandilli Observatory, the death toll could be similar to the 1999 İzmit earthquake, in which 18,373 people died.[69] The United States Geological Survey PAGER service estimated a 35 percent probability of economical losses between US $1 billion and US $10 billion. The service estimated a 34 percent probability of deaths between 100 and 1,000; 31 percent probability of deaths between 1,000 and 10,000.[70] Meanwhile, Risklayer estimated a death toll of between 5,200 and 48,500, and an economic loss of around $20 billion USD.[71]

Casualties

In Turkey, at least 1,541 people across 10 provinces died and an additional 9,733 were injured.[72] Some people who were trapped under rubble live streamed their pleas for help on social media.[73] Prior to the magnitude 7.5 earthquake hitting Kahramanmaras, at least 70 deaths were confirmed in the city.[74] The Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reported that 2,818 buildings had collapsed.[75]

At least 871 people were killed[76] and over 2,000 were injured in Syria.[74][77] The Syrian Ministry of Health recorded 371 earthquake-related deaths and 1,089 injuries in government-held areas; including in the provinces of Aleppo, Latakia, Hama and Tartus.[78] More than 200 died in the cities of Aleppo, Hama and Latakia.[79][80] In rebel-held areas, 409 people died according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights[76], while 419 others were injured,[78] according to the Syrian Civil Defense.[77] In the village of Atmed, 11 people died and many residents were buried.[51] The President of the Syrian American Medical Society, Amjad Rass, said emergency rooms were packed with injured.[81] In Idlib Governorate, a hospital received 30 bodies.[82] A further 1,089 were injured in government-controlled areas, while in rebel-controlled areas the number of injured stood at 419.[77][83]

Tsunami alert

Small tsunami waves were recorded off the coast of Famagusta, Cyprus, without damage, according to the Geological Survey Department.[84]

The Civil Protection Department of Italy issued an alert, which was later withdrawn, reporting the risk of possible tsunami waves striking the coasts of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia.[85][86][87] Coastal residents in the aforementioned regions were advised to flee to higher ground and follow local authorities,[85][86] while state-owned train operator Trenitalia temporarily suspended rail services in the areas, which were later resumed the same morning.[86][87]

Response

Turkey

The wreckage of a collapsed building, Diyarbakır, Turkey.

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on Twitter "search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched" to the affected area. Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu urged residents to refrain from entering damaged buildings.[88]

The national government declared a "level four alert" to appeal for international aid.[68] According to the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, a total of 9,698 search and rescue personnel were dispatched to the area. An "air aid corridor" was established by the Turkish Armed Forces to mobilize search and rescue teams. Many military aircraft including an Airbus A400M aircraft transported search and rescue teams and vehicles to the area. Food, blankets and psychological teams were also sent.[89] Turkey send an official request to NATO and allies for assistance.[90]

In an official statement, Minister of Youth and Sports Mehmet Kasapoğlu announced that every national championship would be suspended with immediate effect, until further communications.[91][92] Minister of National Education Mahmut Özer ordered a week-long closure of all schools in the country.[93]

Emergency services in Turkey rushed to search for survivors trapped under many collapsed buildings. At least 2,470 people were rescued from rubble.[94] In Adana, people could be heard shouting from under debris. Cranes and emergency teams in Diyarbakir attended to a pancaked apartment building.[80]

Poor weather conditions including snow, rain and freezing temperations disrupted search and rescue efforts undertaken by rescue workers and civilians. Rescuers and volunteers wore winter clothing while searching for survivors.[95]

Erdoğan had phone calls with governors and mayors from his Justice and Development Party (AKP) but he did not contact mayors from the opposition political parties.[96]

Syria

The opposition Syrian Civil Defence described the situation as "disastrous" and urged residents to leave buildings and stay in the open. The organization declared an unofficial state of emergency.[79] Syrian media reported a large number of buildings collapsing in the northern Aleppo Governorate, as well as several in the city of Hama. In Damascus, many people fled from their homes onto the streets.[88][97] Syria's National Earthquake Centre said the earthquake is "the biggest earthquake recorded" in its operational history.[52] According to SANA, the state news agency, President Bashar al-Assad held an emergency meeting with his cabinet to organize a rescue plan in the most hit regions.[98]

The crippling sanctions have exacerbated the hardship of average Syrians, as nations and organizations will not be able to offer direct assistance for fear of being subjected to sanctions. There were demands to lift or suspend the sanctions in order to respond to the earthquake.[99][100]

International Humanitarian Effort

Countries

Leaders of many countries offered condolences. More than 40 countries offered practical support:[101]

  • Albania Prime Minister Edi Rama said a "solidarity rescue mission" would leave on 6 February.
  • Armenia Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said Armenia stood ready to provide assistance.[102]
  • Austria Austrian chancellor Karl Nehammer said Austria will send 84 soldiers from its Disaster Relief Unit to Turkey, and pledged €‎3 million for aid organisations.[103]
  • Azerbaijan Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev expressed announced that it will send a search and rescue team of 370 people to Turkey.[104]
  • Brazil Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva expressed solidarity with Turkey and Syria through his Twitter account.[105]
  • Canada Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau said Canada is ready to provide assistance.[106]
  • China China declared that they are ready to send aid to Turkey.[107]
  • Croatia Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković announced Croatia will send search and rescue team of 40 people to Turkey.[108]
  • Czech Republic Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala said: the Czech Republic would "provide help to Turkey via the 68 members of USAR team leaving today at 2 p.m."[109]
  • Egypt A written statement said "Egypt is ready to help to face this disaster"[110]
  • El Salvador President Nayib Bukele, said "My government is ready to provide all necessary assistance to the government of President Erdogan."[111]
  • France President of France Emmanuel Macron said France stands ready to provide emergency aid to the populations and added that their thoughts are with the bereaved families.[112]
  • Germany German chancellor Olaf Scholz and foreign minister Annalena Baerbock both pledged help.[112]
  • Greece Prime Minister of Greece Kyriakos Mitsotakis said the country is "mobilizing its resources and will assist immediately."[113] A team of 21 firefighters, 2 rescue dogs and a special rescue vehicle were dispatched to Turkey from Elefsina on a Lockheed C-130 Hercules. Following the team was a fire brigade officer-engineer, 5 doctors and rescuers from the National Center for Emergency Care.[114]
  • India Prime Minister Narendra Modi, said India "is ready to offer all possible assistance to cope with this tragedy."[115] Two teams from India's National Disaster Response Force comprising 100 personnel with specially trained dog squads and equipment were ready to be flown to the disaster area for search and rescue operations. Medical teams were being readied and relief material was being sent in coordination with the Turkish authorities.[116]
  • Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs Spokesperson Nasser Kanaani said, "As Iran, we are ready to send health and aid teams to our neighbor Turkey and Syria, with which we have good relations, in accordance with humanitarian, moral, religious and neighborly rights."[117]
  • Israel Israel's Defense Minister, Yoav Gallant, said the country is ready to offer assistance. He ordered the Israel Defense Forces and Ministry of Defense to prepare to provide emergency support via the Home Front Command's international rescue units.[118]
  • Italy Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani said, "I just met with Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu to express Italy's closeness and to have our civil protection ready." In the statement made by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Minister Tajani met with Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, expressed Italy's solidarity and offered the assistance of our civil defense".[119]
  • Japan The Japanese foreign ministry said it will send 75 rescue workers.[101]
  • Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Toqayev offered assistance and emergency aid to Turkey.[120]
  • Kosovo[a] President Vjosa Osmani, "We are ready to provide the necessary assistance through the Kosovo Security Force to overcome the consequences of the disaster."[121]
  • Lebanon Prime Minister Najib Mikati sent best thoughts to all the Lebanese for their safety after the earthquake that occurred at dawn and expressed his regret for what happened in the friendly countries surrounding Lebanon as a result of the earthquake that occurred.[122] The Lebanese General Directorate of Civil Defense dispatched 20 members to provide assistance in Turkey,[123], The Lebanese Army will send 20 members of the Engineering Regiment to the Republic of Turkey to participate in search and rescue operations. [124]
  • Malaysia Malaysian prime minister Anwar Ibrahim approved the deployment of 75 members of the SMART search and rescue team to assist in relief efforts.[125]
  • Netherlands Minister of Foreign Affairs Wopke Hoekstra announced that the Netherlands will send a search and rescue team to Turkey.[126]
  • Poland Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki offered his condolences to the families of the victims. [127] A special group of the State Fire Service, consisting of 76 firefighters and 8 rescue dogs, was sent to Turkey. [127][128]
  • Portugal Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa said on his Twitter account, "It was with dismay that I received the news of the earthquake that hit Turkey and Syria. My thoughts are with the families of the victims and everyone affected by this disaster. Portugal stands in solidarity with them and we are ready to help, in coordination with our partners." said.[129]
  • Qatar Qatar pledged rescuers and emergency supplies.[101]
  • Romania Two aircraft of the Romanian Air Force that have on board teams specialized in search and rescue interventions of the General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations of Romania (IGSU) and SMURD medical teams, consisting of 58 members, 4 rescue dogs, and related specialized equipment, left for Turkey on 6 February.[130][131]
  • Slovakia "Slovakia will participate in helping Turkey after the devastating earthquake that claimed hundreds of lives", temporary Prime Minister Eduard Heger announced. He said that thirteen Slovak firefighters and two mountain rescuers with dogs will travel to Turkey.[132]
  • Russia Russian President Vladimir Putin said Russia is ready to "provide the necessary assistance in dealing with the aftermath of this natural disaster". Russia Emergency Situations Ministry said that two airlifters and firefighting aircrafts (Ilyushin Il-76 cargo planes)[133] with 100 rescuers were on standby to help with relief efforts.[134]
  • Spain Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, "At the request of the European Civil Protection Mechanism, the Ministry of Interior, through the General Directorate of Civil Defense and Emergencies, activated the Military Emergency Unit and emergency air transport for support in search missions".[135]
  • Sweden Foreign Minister Tobias Billström said, "As Sweden's EU Presidency, we will reach out to Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu and Syria to coordinate EU efforts to assist these countries in this disaster."[136]
  • Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen, President of Taiwan announced a donation of $200,000 in disaster relief.[137] The Taiwanese government then sent a team of 40 people, 3 rescue dogs and 5 tons of equipment to assist in rescue operations.[138]
  • Ukraine Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy offered assistance.[112]
  • United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates pledged to set up a field hospital in Turkey.[101]
  • United Kingdom Foreign Minister James Cleverly said 76 search and rescue specialists, equipment and rescue dogs would arrive in Gaziantep.[139][140]
  • United States In a statement, National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan said the United States "stand ready to provide any and all needed assistance", and that president Joe Biden directed the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to "assess US response options".[141]
  • Uzbekistan The Ministry of Emergency Situations announced that a search-and-rescue team and humanitarian aid will be sent to Turkey by the order of President Mirziyoyev.[142]

Organisations

Aftermath

Mosques in Turkey were used as shelters for people unable to return to their homes amid freezing temperatures.[80]

The Turkish lira value struck a record low and Turkish stock markets fell.[144]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Template:Kosovo-note

References

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