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Mass stabbing

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A mass stabbing is a single incident in which multiple victims are harmed or killed in a knife-enabled crime. In such attacks, sharp objects are thrust at the victim, piercing through the skin and harming the victim.[1] Examples of sharp instruments used in mass stabbings may include kitchen knives, utility knives, sheath knives, scissors, samurai swords, screwdrivers, bayonets, axes, machetes and glass bottles.[1] Knife crime poses security threats to many countries around the world.[1]

There are many different factors causing mass stabbing. This may include social inequality, abuse of alcohol and drugs, easy access to weapons, social and cultural norms, religious and political reasons, among others.[2][3]

Many actions have been taken to address mass stabbing and knife crime. This may include enacting new legislation, social and education programs, medical interventions, among others.[2] However, mass stabbing and similar terrorist attacks carried out by Islamic extremists have resulted in rise of Islamophobia.[4]

Examples of mass stabbing cases include the 2014 Kunming attack, the 2016 Sagamihara stabbings, the 2017 London Bridge attack, and the 2019 Kawasaki stabbings.[5][6][7][8]

Definition

Mass stabbing can be defined from a number of different perspectives. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the verb ‘stab’ as an action that propels a pointed weapon with the intention of harm or murder.[9] A mass stabbing is an incident involving the use of pointed weapons to wound or kill multiple people.

Mass stabbing can be looked at from the scope of knife crime. Based on a publication by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, ‘knife-enabled crime’ is an incident where harm is threatened or caused with the use of bladed weapons.[10] The media also refers ‘knife crime’ as a stabbing incident or the illegal possession of knives by a person in the public.[10]

From a legal perspective, the phrase mass killing can be used to define mass stabbing. Based on section 2 of the Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 of the United States of America, which is signed into law and published by the US Congress on 13 January 2013, ‘mass killing’ is an individual occasion with 3 or more people murdered.[11]

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Mass stabbing can also be looked at from the perspective of mass murder. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States of America has defined mass murder as an incident where four or more people are killed in a single incident on a continuing basis without any significant time period in between each of the murders.[12]

Causes

A World Health Organisation (WHO) report states that past victimisation is one of the risk factors causing violence.[2] Children and young people with adverse experience are particularly prone to being perpetrators or victims of violence.[13]

Abuse of alcohol is another risk factor that cause people, particularly young people to involve in violence such as knife crime.[2] Research by WHO found that the incidence of violence was higher in countries with greater ease of access to alcohol.[2] Similarly, drug abuse is another possible cause of knife crime.[2] Illicit drug trade has been linked to the increasing incidence of knife crime.[2] Examples of drugs that are particularly linked to acts of violence include tobacco, cocaine and amphetamines.[2]

WHO has also stated that there is a strong correlation between violence and social inequality and deprivation.[2] The larger the differences in income between the high-income group and the low-income group, the higher the incidence of homicides.[2]

Another factor that may have led to knife crimes and violence among young people is the social and cultural norms in the environment they are exposed to.[2] This may be due to the exposure of young people to violent behaviour of family members, friends or other members of society, which lead them to think that acts of violence are normal and acceptable.[2] This group of people may have been exposed to various contents containing different forms of violence in the mass media which may have affected the behaviour of the young people.[2]

Spreading of religious extremism by terrorist groups, such as al-Qaeda and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (IS), may be another cause of mass stabbing.[13] Both terrorist groups used publications such as Dabiq of IS and Inspire of al-Qaeda to propagate the ideologies of the organisations and demonize their opponents, particularly the western democracy and their values.[13] The terrorist organisations have encouraged their followers to launch attacks with knives because it is a cheap and easy method which is difficult to be detected by authorities but yet capable to cause great harm to the general public.[14][15]

Political reasons may be another cause of mass stabbing. Various studies have been conducted by scholars and researchers to examine the relationship between political repression and terrorism.[16] In general, there is a lack of consensus on the relationship between repression and violence.[16] Some studies argued that political repression may turn non-violent groups to acts of violence.[16][17] However, another study showed that there was a positive correlation between repression and violence in the short-run, but the correlation turns negative in the long-run.[18]

Reactions to mass stabbings

Government and law enforcement

The Government of the United Kingdom has announced on 31 January 2019 that they will introduce the Knife Crime Prevention Orders through an amendment to the Offensive Weapons Bill in conjunction with the government’s effort in tackling knife crime.[19] The new preventative order can be placed on any person aged 12 or over, where curfews, geographical restrictions and social media restrictions may be imposed on the targets of the police.[19] Retailers are also forbidden from selling knives to any person aged 18 or below.[19] The law is aimed at reducing knife crimes especially among young people.[19] Criminal prosecution, fines or jail sentences may be applied on any person who breaches the law.[19]

Pressure from the public and changes in laws have also mandated tougher sentences from the judiciary on knife crime offences.[20] England and Wales saw 85% of their knife crime offenders jailed for at least three months.[20] The average jail sentence for these offenders was eight months in 2018, an increment of three months from the average a decade ago.[20] In Scotland, there was a threefold increase in average sentence for carrying a knife in 2015 when compared to the data from 10 years ago.[21]

Members of the law enforcement community has also lobbied the government for extra funding to tackle crimes.[22] The Government of the United Kingdom has also announced extra funding of £100m to security forces in England and Wales to tackle crimes, specifically knife crimes.[22]

Countries like Brazil and Australia have also introduced laws to restrict the sale of alcohol at specific times of a day.[2] Studies in Diadema, Brazil has shown that homicides were reduced by 44% in the course of three years with the introduction of a law that restricts trading hours for alcoholic products.[2]

Schools

Schools have also taken precautionary measure to prevent knife crime in school compounds. A WHO report states that creating safe learning environment in schools is critical in preventing violence and knife crime among young people.[2]

A direct approach taken by some schools in the United States of America was installing weapon detection systems in schools.[2] This is to prevent weapons such as guns and knives from being brought into schools and threaten the safety of the community.[2]

Another initiative taken by some schools is the introduction of bully-prevention programs in schools.[2] An example of such programs is the Olweus Program, which is originated from Norway and is currently implemented in Australia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.[2] The KiVa program in Finland is another successful anti-bullying program in Europe.[2]

Education programs aimed at reducing knife crime has also been introduced. For example, the Be Safe Project in the United Kingdom educates students about the legal, social and health implications of knife crime.[2]

Others

In Scotland, knife crime is treated as a public health issue and a public funded initiative was launched to address the root cause of knife crimes.[21] The initiative is participated by law enforcement agencies like the police, social services and other organisations.[21] For example, No Knives, Better Lives, an organisation launched in 2009, works with the Scottish police, schools and volunteers to raise awareness among young people on knife crime prevention.[21] Gang members were also invited to a meeting with the police, health professionals, victims and social service workers where they discussed the implications of knife crime and violence.[2][21] They were offered with assistance in employment, housing and education to help them depart from violence and knife crime.[2][21]

Parenting programs were launched in many countries around the world to improve parenting skills.[2] WHO has stated that interventions in parenting skills can be beneficial to parent-children relationship and prevent violence amongst young people.[2] Example of parenting program includes Nurse-Family Partnership, Triple P and The Incredible Years.[2]

Rise of Islamophobia

See also: Islamophobia

Some scholars and experts believe that knife crime, mass stabbing and terrorist attacks have caused a surge in Islamophobia.[4]

Based on a report by Tell Mama, there was a 26% increase in anti-Muslim attacks in the United Kingdom from 2017 to 2018.[23] Some experts have attributed the backlash against the Islamic religion and Muslims to the terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom which were carried out by Muslims.[23] Example of terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom include Manchester Arena Bombing, London Bridge attack and Westminster attack.[6][24] All of the attacks happened in the United Kingdom in 2017.[6][24]

Another research from California State University, San Bernardino, has found that there was a 78% rise in hate crimes against Muslims in the United States of America in 2015.[4] Police reports in 2016 also stated that hate crimes and violence against Muslim communities in the United States of America were on the rise.[4]

Example of mass stabbing cases

2014 Kunming attack

See also: 2014 Kunming attack
A view of Kunming Railway Station in Yunnan, China. Image is taken by 40fifw0 on 1 November 2008.

On March 1, 2014, a group of eight male and female attackers wielding knives attacked a railway station at Kunming, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in the southwest of China.[5] 31 people were killed and a further 141 were wounded from the knife attack at the crowded railway station.[25]

The attackers were reported to be wearing similar black clothing during the attack.[5] Cleavers, daggers and other knives were among the weapons used by the perpetrators of the attack.[26] Four attackers were shot dead by security forces, and the remaining four assailants, including a woman, were arrested.[25] All of the male attackers were executed in 2015, and the woman was sentenced to life imprisonment.[25]

Authorities and the official news service of China, Xinhua, said that the knife attack was an act of terrorism carried out by Uighur separatists from Xinjiang, a province at the far west of China.[26] The attack follows an attack at Tiananmen Square in Beijing in October 2013 which was also blamed on the Uighur separatists by the central government of China.[5] Muslim Uighurs are a minority ethnic group concentrated in Xinjiang, China, many of whom accuse the central government of institutionalised repression against them.[26] They also argue that Han Chinese immigrants from other regions of China have deprived Uighurs of jobs, resources, and opportunities in their homeland.[5] There is a resistance movement of Uighurs against the central government at Xinjiang.[26]

The incident is now known as '3-01' in China.[26] It was also called "China's 9-11" by the Global Times, a state-run media in China.[26] Authorities increased security in the Xinjiang region following the attack.[5]

2016 Sagamihara knife attack

See also: Sagamihara stabbings

At 2.20 am on 26 July 2016, a man launched a knife attack at a center for the disabled people at Sagamihara, a town west of Tokyo, Japan.[7] During the knife attack, 19 residents of the care center were killed, including nine men and ten women.[7] An additional 26 people were wounded during the incident.[27]

The suspect, Satoshi Uematsu, was a former employee of the care center.[28] He surrendered himself at a police station near the site of the attack shortly after the attack.[7]

According to NHK, Satoshi Uematsu has delivered a handwritten letter to a Japanese politician where he threatened to kill 470 severely disabled people.[28] He also advocated for legislation that would allow the disabled people to be euthanized with consents from their family members.[7] He was hospitalized but was subsequently released after two weeks.[7]

Charged with murder, the trial against Satoshi Uematsu ended in March 2020. Uematsu was sentenced to death.[29][30]

The care center is set to be demolished by local authorities at Kanagawa Prefecture and new care homes will be constructed.[27]

The Sagamihara attack was the worst mass killing case in Japan in decades.[7] Officials have ruled out the involvement of terrorism in the incident.[31] The incident sent a shocking wave across all of Japan, a country with one of the lowest crime rates in the world.[7]

2017 London Bridge attack

See also: 2017 London Bridge attack
Entrance to Borough Market in London. Picture is taken by Jeremy Keith from Brighton & Hove, United Kingdom, at Borough Market on 12 June 2010.

On 3 June 2017, three men launched an attack in central London shortly before 10 pm.[32] A vehicle was driven into pedestrians on London Bridge before crashing near Barrowboy and Banker pub.[32] The attackers subsequently attacked people around the nearby Borough Market.[32]

8 victims were killed and a further 48 people were injured.[32] 5 members of the police force were also injured during the incidence.[32]

The attackers were Khuram Shazad Butt, Rachid Redouane, and Youssef Zaghba.[32] All of them were shot dead by armed police near Wheatsheaf pub.[32][33] A total of 46 gunshots was fired during the police operation.[32] The attack lasted for less than 10 minutes.[33]

The IS terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attack on the following day.[6]

Investigations revealed that the attackers had bought their weapons, which were pink ceramic knives costing £4 each.[34] A court hearing in London revealed that the attackers had taken a large quantities of steroids before launching the attack in London.[35] The steroid was named as dehydroepiandrosterone.[35]

The attack came three months after an attacker rammed a vehicle into pedestrians on Westminster Bridge in March 2017.[6] 4 people were killed and 50 others were injured in this incident.[6] A police officer who was on duty at the nearby Palace of Westminster, the site of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, was fatally stabbed by the knife-wielding attacker.[36] The perpetrator was shot dead near the Parliament by the police.[6]

Data from the Home Office of the United Kingdom showed that the incidence of knife crime has been on the rise in England and Wales since 2014.[20] Knives are mostly used in assault and robbery in England and Wales in the year ending September 2018.[20] The incidence of homicides using knives in 2017-2018 was the highest since 1946 based on another set of data released by the Home Office.[20] While Prime Minister Theresa May has dismissed the correlation between the police numbers and rise of knife crimes, the Home Office Committee has said that the fall of staff numbers in security forces have pose difficulties to the police in coping with crimes and violence.[20]

See also

List of stabbings

References

  1. ^ a b c Nolan, Gary; Hainsworth, Sarah V.; Rutty, Guy N. (2018). "Forces generated in stabbing attacks: an evaluation of the utility of the mild, moderate and severe scale". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 132 (1): 229–236. doi:10.1007/s00414-017-1702-7. ISSN 0937-9827. PMC 5748396. PMID 29038886.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "European report on preventing violence and knife crime among young people" (PDF). World Health Organisation. 2010. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  3. ^ Simons, Greg (2016-01-01). "Islamic extremism and the war for hearts and minds". Global Affairs. 2 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1080/23340460.2016.1152446. ISSN 2334-0460.
  4. ^ a b c d Lichtblau, Eric (2016-09-17). "Hate Crimes Against American Muslims Most Since Post-9/11 Era". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Buckley, Chris (2014-03-01). "Attackers With Knives Kill 29 at Chinese Rail Station". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Harris, Rich; Lai, K. K. Rebecca; Specia, Megan; Peçanha, Sergio; Watkins, Derek; Benzaquen, Mercy; Almukhtar, Sarah (2017-06-03). "How the Attacks in London Unfolded". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Rich, Motoko (2016-07-25). "Japan Knife Attack Kills 19 at Center for Disabled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  8. ^ McCurry, Justin (2019-05-28). "Japan stabbing: two dead and 15 injured in attack on children in Kawasaki". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  9. ^ "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". www.oed.com. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  10. ^ a b "House of Commons - Knife Crime - Home Affairs Committee". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  11. ^ "Public Law 112-265 - Jan.14, 2013" (PDF). US Congress. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  12. ^ "Serial Murder". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  13. ^ a b c Simons, Greg (2016-01-01). "Islamic extremism and the war for hearts and minds". Global Affairs. 2 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1080/23340460.2016.1152446. ISSN 2334-0460.
  14. ^ Wright, Robin (2016-11-29). "The Hand of ISIS at Ohio State". ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  15. ^ "Latest Issue of Inspire Magazine Encourages Small Scale Attacks". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  16. ^ a b c Tschantret, Joshua (2018-07-04). "Repression, opportunity, and innovation: The evolution of terrorism in Xinjiang, China". Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (4): 569–588. doi:10.1080/09546553.2016.1182911. ISSN 0954-6553.
  17. ^ Lichbach, Mark Irving (1987). "Deterrence or Escalation? The Puzzle of Aggregate Studies of Repression and Dissent". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 31 (2): 266–297. doi:10.1177/0022002787031002003. ISSN 0022-0027. JSTOR 174013.
  18. ^ Rasler, Karen (1996). "Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution". American Sociological Review. 61 (1): 132–152. doi:10.2307/2096410. JSTOR 2096410.
  19. ^ a b c d e "Home Secretary announces new police powers to deal with knife crime". GOV.UK. 2019-01-31. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Shaw, Danny (2019-03-14). "Ten charts on the rise of knife crime". BBC. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Younge, Gary; Barr, Caelainn (2017-12-03). "How Scotland reduced knife deaths among young people". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  22. ^ a b correspondent, Jamie Grierson Home affairs (2019-03-13). "Ministers set aside extra £100m for police to tackle knife crime". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  23. ^ a b Marsh, Sarah (2018-07-20). "Record number of anti-Muslim attacks reported in UK last year". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  24. ^ a b "Arena bomb 'injured more than 800'". BBC. 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  25. ^ a b c Wong, Edward (2015-03-24). "China Executes 3 Over Deadly Knife Attack at Train Station in 2014". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Beech, Hannah (2014-03-02). "Deadly Terrorist Attack in Southwestern China Blamed on Separatist Muslim Uighurs". Time. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  27. ^ a b "Survivors and bereaved mark second anniversary of Sagamihara massacre". The Japan Times Online. 2018-07-26. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  28. ^ a b "Who is Japanese knife attack suspect Satoshi Uematsu?". BBC. 2016-07-26. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  29. ^ "Care Home Killer Sentenced to Death". NHK World. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  30. ^ "Satoshi Uematsu: Japanese man who killed 19 disabled people sentenced to death". BBC News. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  31. ^ "Japan knife attack leaves 19 dead". BBC. 2016-07-26. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h "London attack: What happened". BBC. 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  33. ^ a b Police, Vikram Dodd; correspondent, crime (2019-05-07). "London Bridge attack: inquest told of 'high and terrible drama'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-08. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  34. ^ Police, Vikram Dodd; correspondent, crime (2017-06-11). "London Bridge attackers bought knives from Lidl for £4 each, say police". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  35. ^ a b Weaver, Matthew; agencies (2018-02-09). "London Bridge attack trio 'had taken large quantities of steroids'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  36. ^ Bennhold, Katrin; Castle, Stephen (2017-03-22). "Deadly Attack Near U.K. Parliament; Car Plows Victims on Westminster Bridge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.


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