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2020 United States redistricting cycle

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The 2020 United States redistricting cycle will take place following the completion of the 2020 United States Census. In all fifty states, various bodies will re-draw state legislative districts. States that are apportioned more than one seat in the United States House of Representatives will also draw new districts for that legislative body.

The rules for redistricting vary from state to state, but all states draw new legislative and congressional maps either in the state legislature, in redistricting commissions, or through some combination of the state legislature and a redistricting commission. Though various laws and court decisions have put constraints on redistricting, many redistricting institutions continue to practice gerrymandering, which involves drawing new districts with the intention of giving a political advantage to specific groups.[1] Political parties prepare for redistricting years in advance, and partisan control of redistricting institutions can provide a party with major advantages.[2] Aside from the possibility of mid-decade redistricting,[3] the districts drawn in the 2020 redistricting cycle will remain in effect until the next round of redistricting following the 2030 United States Census.

United States House of Representatives

Reapportionment

See also: United States congressional apportionment
State Seats
Current Projected
 California 53 52
 Texas 36 39
 Florida 27 29
 New York 27 26
 Pennsylvania 18 17
 Illinois 18 17
 Ohio 16 15
 Georgia 14 14
 North Carolina 13 14
 Michigan 14 13
 New Jersey 12 12
 Virginia 11 11
 Washington 10 10
 Arizona 9 10
 Massachusetts 9 9
 Tennessee 9 9
 Indiana 9 9
 Missouri 8 8
 Maryland 8 8
 Wisconsin 8 8
 Colorado 7 8
 Minnesota 8 7
 South Carolina 7 7
 Alabama 7 6
 Louisiana 6 6
 Kentucky 6 6
 Oregon 5 6
 Oklahoma 5 5
 Connecticut 5 4
 Utah 4 4
 Iowa 4 4
 Nevada 4 4
 Arkansas 4 4
 Mississippi 4 4
 Kansas 4 4
 New Mexico 3 3
 Nebraska 3 3
 Idaho 2 3
 West Virginia 3 2
 Hawaii 2 2
 New Hampshire 2 2
 Maine 2 2
 Montana 1 2
 Rhode Island 2 1
 Delaware 1 1
 South Dakota 1 1
 North Dakota 1 1
 Alaska 1 1
 Vermont 1 1
 Wyoming 1 1

Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the United States House of Representatives and apportions Representatives to the states based on population, with reapportionment occurring every ten years. The decennial United States Census determines the population of each state. Each of the fifty states is guaranteed at least one representative, and the Huntington–Hill method is used to assign the remaining 385 seats to states based on the population of each state. Congress has provided for reapportionment every ten years since the passage of the Reapportionment Act of 1929.

Since 1913, the U.S. House of Representatives has consisted of 435 members, a number set by statute, though the number of Representatives temporarily increased in 1959. Reapportionment also affects presidential elections, as each state is guaranteed electoral votes equivalent to the number of Representatives and Senators representing the state.

Prior to the 2022 U.S. House elections, each state apportioned more than one Representative will draw new congressional districts based on the reapportionment following the 2020 Census. Based on projections of population growth, Northeastern and Midwestern states such as Pennsylvania, New York, Rhode Island, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, and Minnesota may lose seats, while Western and Southern states such as Oregon, Arizona, Colorado, Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia may gain seats.[4] The Southern states of Alabama and West Virginia may also lose seats.[4] For the first time in the state's history, it's hinted California could lose a district, and Montana might regain the second district it lost after the 1990 Census.[5]

Congressional redistricting methods

Main article: Redistricting
Congressional redistricting methods by state:
  •   Independent commission
  •   Politician commission
  •   Passed by the legislature with gubernatorial approval
  •   Passed by the legislature with no gubernatorial veto
  •   Passed by the legislature, simple majority veto override
  •   One at-large district

Each U.S. Representative represents one congressional district, which encompasses all or part of a single state. The states have wide latitude in the re-drawing of congressional districts, a process known as redistricting. State power over redistricting is subject to limits set by the U.S. Constitution, rulings of the federal judiciary and statutes passed by Congress. In the case of Wesberry v. Sanders, the Supreme Court of the United States established that states must draw districts that are equal in population "as nearly as is practicable." Subsequent court cases have required states to redistrict every ten years, although states can redistrict more often than that depending on their own statutes and constitutional provisions.[6] Since the passage of the 1967 Uniform Congressional Districts Act, most states have been barred from using multi-member districts; all states currently use single-member districts.[7] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 establishes protections against racial redistricting plans that would deny minority voters an equal opportunity to elect representatives of their choice. The Supreme Court case of Thornburg v. Gingles established a test to determine whether redistricting lines violate the Voting Rights Act. In some states, courts have required the creation of majority-minority districts.[8] Many states have also adopted other criteria, including compactness, contiguity, and the preservation of political subdivisions (such as cities or counties) or communities of interest.[9] Some states, including Arizona, require the drawing of competitive districts.[9]

In most states, the state legislature draws the new districts, but some states have established redistricting commissions.[10] Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Michigan, and Washington use independent commissions to draw House districts, while Hawaii and New Jersey use "politician commissions" to draw House districts.[10] In all other states with multiple House districts, the legislature draws district lines, although some states have advisory commissions that can play a major role in drawing lines, and other states have backup commissions if the state legislature is unable to draw the lines itself.[10] Most states draw new lines by passing a law the same way any other law is passed, but some states have special procedures.[10] Connecticut and Maine require a 2/3 super-majorities in each house of the state legislature for redistricting plans, while district lines are not subject to gubernatorial veto in Connecticut and North Carolina.[10] The Ohio redistricting process is designed to encourage the legislature to pass a map with bipartisan support, but the majority party can pass maps that last for four years (as opposed to the normal ten years) without the support of the minority party.[11] The legislatures of Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia can override gubernatorial vetoes with a simple majority vote,[12] giving governors in those states little leverage in the drawing of new district maps.

Every state with more than one congressional district must pass a new redistricting plan before the filing deadlines of the 2022 elections.[13] Alaska, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming are likely to continue to have only one representative in the House, and so will not have to draw new House districts. Rhode Island could also lose its second representative.[4] Montana currently has only an at-large representative but some projections show the state gaining a second representative.[14] In many states, districts are drawn with the intent to benefit certain political groups, including one of the two major political parties, in a practice known as gerrymandering. The elections preceding 2022 will determine which party controls the redistricting process in each state.[13]

Control of congressional redistricting

Partisan control of congressional redistricting after the 2020 elections, with the number of U.S. House seats each state has prior to reapportionment.
  Democratic control
  Republican control
  Split or bipartisan control
  Independent redistricting commission
  No redistricting necessary[a]

Congressional redistricting plans passed by legislature

The table shows the partisan control of states in which congressional redistricting is enacted through either a bill or a joint resolution passed by the legislature. States in which the governor can technically veto the bill, but that veto can be overridden by a simple majority of the state legislature, are marked as "simple maj. override".

Partisan control of congressional redistricting[16][17]
State Partisan control Final disposition
State Seats[18] Overall Governor Senate House
Alabama 7 Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican TBD
Arkansas 4 Republican Republican Republican Republican TBD
Connecticut 5 Split*‡ No veto Democratic Democratic TBD
Florida 27 Republican Republican Republican Republican TBD
Georgia 14 Republican Republican Republican Republican TBD
Illinois 18 Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic TBD
Indiana 9 Republican‡ Simple maj. override Republican Republican TBD
Iowa 4 Republican† Republican Republican Republican TBD
Kansas 4 Republican Democratic↑ Republican Republican TBD
Kentucky 6 Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican TBD
Louisiana 6 Split Democratic Republican Republican TBD
Maine 2 Split*† Democratic Democratic Democratic TBD
Maryland 8 Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Democratic TBD
Massachusetts 9 Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Democratic TBD
Minnesota 8 Split Democratic Republican Democratic TBD
Mississippi 4 Republican Republican Republican Republican TBD
Missouri 8 Republican Republican Republican Republican TBD
Nebraska 3 Nonpartisan Republican Nonpartisan TBD
Nevada 4 Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic TBD
New Hampshire 2 Republican Republican Republican Republican TBD
New Mexico 3 Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic TBD
New York 27 Democratic* Democratic Democratic Democratic TBD
North Carolina 13 Republican No veto Republican Republican TBD
Ohio 16 Republican† Republican Republican Republican TBD
Oklahoma 5 Republican Republican Republican Republican TBD
Oregon 5 Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic TBD
Pennsylvania 18 Split Democratic Republican Republican TBD
Rhode Island 2 Democratic† Democratic Democratic Democratic TBD
South Carolina 7 Republican Republican Republican Republican TBD
Tennessee 9 Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican TBD
Texas 36 Republican Republican Republican Republican TBD
Utah 4 Republican† Republican Republican Republican TBD
West Virginia 3 Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican TBD
Wisconsin 8 Split Democratic Republican Republican TBD
State Seats Control Governor Senate House Final disposition

An * indicates that a 2/3 super-majority vote is required in the legislature
A ↑ indicates that one party can override a gubernatorial veto because of a super-majority in the legislature
A † indicates that the state employs an advisory commission
A ‡ indicates that the state employs a backup commission

Congressional redistricting plans passed by commissions

States with redistricting commissions
State Seats[18] Type
Arizona 9 Independent commission
California 53 Independent commission
Colorado 7 Independent commission
Idaho 2 Independent commission
Hawaii 2 Politician commission
Michigan 14 Independent commission
New Jersey 12 Politician commission
Virginia 11 Hybrid commission
Washington 10 Independent commission

Five states with multiple members of the House of Representatives use independent commissions to draw Congressional districts. In Arizona and Washington, the four party leaders of the state house and state senate each select one member of the Independent Redistricting Commission, and these four members select a fifth member who is not affiliated with either party. In California, the Citizen's Redistricting Commission consists of five Democrats, five Republicans, and four individuals who are not members of either party. In Idaho, the four party leaders of the state house and state senate and the chairmen of the two most popular state parties (based on the results of the most recent gubernatorial vote) each select a member of the Commission for Reapportionment.[19]

Two states use politician commissions to draw Congressional districts. In Hawaii, the president of the state senate and the speaker of the state house each select two members of the Reapportionment Commission, while the minority parties in both chambers each appoint two members of the commission. The eight members of the commission then select a ninth member, who also chairs the commission. In New Jersey, the four party leaders of the state house and state senate and the party leaders of the two largest parties each choose two members of the Apportionment Commission, and the twelve members of the commission select a thirteenth member to chair the commission.[19]

One state, Virginia, uses a hybrid, bipartisan commission consisting of eight legislators and eight non-legislator citizens. The commission is evenly divided between Democrats and Republicans.[20]

If Montana receives a second district as a result of reapportionment, an independent commission will draw Congressional districts for the state.[21]

State legislatures

Each state draws new legislative district boundaries every ten years. Every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislative branch. Nebraska is also unique in that it has the only legislative body that is officially non-partisan.

Legislative redistricting methods

State legislative redistricting methods by state:
  •   Independent commission
  •   Politician commission
  •   Passed by the legislature with gubernatorial approval
  •   Passed by legislature with no gubernatorial veto
  •   Passed by legislature, simple majority veto override

The states have wide latitude in re-drawing legislative districts, but the U.S. Supreme Court case of Reynolds v. Sims established that states must draw districts that are "substantially equal" in population to one another. Federal court cases have established that deviation between the largest and smallest districts generally cannot be greater than ten percent. Some states have laws requiring less deviation. Court cases have also required states to redistrict every ten years, although states can redistrict more often than that depending on their own statutes and constitutional provisions.[6] States are free to employ multi-member districts, and different districts can elect different numbers of legislators.[22] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 establishes protections against racial redistricting plans that would deny minority voters an equal opportunity to elect representatives of their choice. The Supreme Court case of Thornburg v. Gingles established a test to determine whether redistricting lines violate the Voting Rights Act.[8] Many states have also adopted other criteria, including compactness, contiguity, and the preservation of political subdivisions (such as cities or counties) or communities of interest.[9] Some states, including Arizona, require the drawing of competitive districts,[9] while other states require the nesting of state house districts within state senate districts.[23]

Fifteen states use independent or politician commissions to draw state legislative districts. In the other states, the legislature is ultimately charged with drawing new lines, although some states have advisory or back-up commissions. Connecticut, Illinois, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas have backup commissions that draw district lines if the legislature is unable to agree on new districts. Iowa, Maine, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont employ advisory commissions. In Oregon, the Secretary of State will draw the legislative districts if legislature fails to do so. In Connecticut and Maine, a 2/3 super-majority vote in each house is required to create new districts, while in Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Mississippi, and North Carolina, the governor cannot veto redistricting plans.[24] The legislatures of Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia can override gubernatorial vetoes with a simple majority vote,[12] giving governors in those states little leverage in the drawing of new district maps.

Most states must pass redistricting plans by the time of the filing deadlines for the 2022 elections. The exceptions are Virginia and New Jersey, which must pass new plans in 2021, Louisiana and Mississippi which have a 2023 deadline, and Montana, which has a 2024 deadline.[13] In many states, legislative districts are drawn with the intent to benefit certain political groups, including one of the two major political parties. The elections preceding 2022 will determine which parties and individuals control the redistricting process in states where the legislature draws the legislative districts.[13]

Control of legislative redistricting

Partisan control of state legislative redistricting after the 2020 elections.
  Democratic control
  Republican control
  Split or bipartisan control
  Independent redistricting commission

State legislative redistricting plans passed by legislature

The table shows the partisan control of states in which state legislative redistricting is enacted via a bill passed by the legislature. States in which the governor can technically veto the bill, but that veto can be overridden by a simple majority of the state legislature, are marked as "simple maj. override".

Partisan control of state governments[16][25]
State Control Governor State Senate State House
Alabama Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Connecticut Split*‡ No veto Democratic Democratic
Delaware Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
Florida Republican No veto Republican Republican
Georgia Republican Republican Republican Republican
Illinois‡ Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
Indiana Republican‡ Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Iowa Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Kansas Republican Democratic↑ Republican Republican
Kentucky Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Louisiana Split Democratic Republican Republican
Maine Split*† Democratic Democratic Democratic
Maryland Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Democratic
Massachusetts Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Democratic
Minnesota Split Democratic Republican Democratic
Mississippi Republican‡ No veto Republican Republican
Nebraska Nonpartisan Republican Nonpartisan
Nevada Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
New Hampshire Republican Republican Republican Republican
New Mexico Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
New York Democratic*† Democratic Democratic Democratic
North Carolina Republican No veto Republican Republican
North Dakota Republican Republican Republican Republican
Oklahoma Republican‡ Republican Republican Republican
Oregon Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
Rhode Island Democratic† Democratic Democratic Democratic
South Carolina Republican Republican Republican Republican
South Dakota Republican Republican Republican Republican
Tennessee Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Texas Republican‡ Republican Republican Republican
Utah Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Vermont Split† Republican Democratic Democratic
West Virginia Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Wisconsin Split Democratic Republican Republican
Wyoming Republican Republican Republican Republican
State Control Governor State Senate State House

An * indicates that a 2/3 super-majority vote is required in the legislature
A ↑ indicates that one party can override a gubernatorial veto because of a super-majority in the legislature
A † indicates that the state employs an advisory commission
A ‡ indicates that the state employs a backup commission

State legislative redistricting plans passed by commission

States with redistricting commissions[25]
State Type Partisan control
Alaska Independent —
Arizona Independent —
Arkansas Politician Republican
California Independent —
Colorado Independent —
Hawaii Politician Bipartisan
Idaho Independent —
Michigan Independent —
Missouri Politician Bipartisan
Montana Independent —
New Jersey Politician Bipartisan
Ohio Politician Republican
Pennsylvania Politician Bipartisan
Virginia Hybrid Bipartisan
Washington Independent —

Eight states use independent commissions to draw state legislative districts. In Alaska, the governor appoints two individuals and the Speaker of the House, senate president, and Chief Justice of the Alaska Supreme Court each appoint one individual to the Redistricting Board. In Arizona, Montana, and Washington, the four legislative party leaders each appoint one member to the redistricting commission, and these four individuals choose a fifth member to chair the commission. California's Citizen's Redistricting Commission consists of five Democrats, five Republicans, and four individuals who are not members of either party. Idaho's Commission for Reapportionment consists of six individuals appointed by the chairmen of the two largest parties (based on the most recent gubernatorial vote) and the four state legislative party leaders.[26]

One state, Virginia, uses a hybrid, bipartisan commission consisting of eight legislators and eight non-legislator citizens. The commission is evenly divided between Democrats and Republicans.[20]

Six states, including Missouri, use politician commissions to draw state legislative districts. Arkansas's Board of Apportionment consists of the governor, secretary of state, and attorney general. The Ohio Redistricting Commission consists of the governor, auditor, secretary of state, and four individuals appointed by the state legislative party leaders. Hawaii's Reapportionment Commission consists of eight appointees of the state legislative party leaders, and these appointees select a ninth member to chair the commission. The New Jersey Apportionment Commission consists of twelve individuals appointed by the state legislative party leaders and the two major party chairmen, with these twelve individuals choosing a thirteenth member to chair the board. Pennsylvania's redistricting commission consists of four appointees chosen by the state legislative party leaders, and these four appointees choose a fifth member to chair the commission.[26]

In Missouri, the state auditor, state senate majority leader, and state senate minority leader choose a non-partisan state demographer to draw the maps for both chambers of the state legislature.[27] Missouri also has two redistricting commissions, one for each house, and each commission consists of individuals appointed by the governor based on lists created by the two major parties.[26] The demographer's proposed maps can be altered if 70% of the commissioners approve of the changes.[27]

Redistricting organizations and funds

Democrats were particularly unhappy with the results of the 2012 House elections in which Democratic House candidates received more votes than Republican House candidates, but Republicans retained control of the chamber.[28] Organizations such as the Democratic Governors Association and the Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee have established funds dedicated to helping Democrats in the 2020 round of redistricting.[28][29] Democrats also established the National Democratic Redistricting Committee to coordinate Democratic redistricting efforts.[30] Republicans established a similar group, the National Republican Redistricting Trust.[31]

Changes to the redistricting process since 2012

Federal court rulings

In the 2013 case, Shelby County v. Holder, the Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, which was a coverage formula that determined which states and counties required preclearance from the Justice Department before making changes to voting laws and procedures.[32] The formula had covered states with a history of minority voter disenfranchisement, and the preclearance procedure was designed to block discriminatory voting practices.[32] In the 2019 case of Rucho v. Common Cause, the Supreme Court held that claims of partisan gerrymandering present nonjusticiable political questions that cannot be reviewed by federal courts.[33]

In another 2019 case, Department of Commerce v. New York, the Supreme Court blocked the Trump administration from adding a question to the 2020 Census regarding the citizenship of respondents.[34]

State court rulings

In 2015, the Supreme Court of Florida ordered the state to draw a new congressional map on the basis of a 2010 state constitutional amendment that banned partisan gerrymandering.[35]

In 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court threw out the 2011 U.S. House of Representatives map on the grounds that it violated the state constitution; the court established new redistricting standards requiring districts to be compact and to minimize the splitting of counties and towns.[36]

In 2019, a North Carolina state court struck down the state's legislative districts on the grounds that the district had been created with the partisan intent of favoring Republican candidates.[37]

Ballot measures

In 2015, Ohio voters approved a ballot measure changing the composition of the commission charged with drawing state legislative districts, adding two legislative appointees to the commission and creating rules and guidelines designed to make partisan gerrymandering more difficult.[38] In May 2018, Ohio voters approved a proposal that modified the state's congressional redistricting processes.[11]

In 2018, voters in Colorado and Michigan approved of a proposal to establish an independent redistricting commission for congressional and state legislative districts in their respective states. Missouri voters approved of a proposal to have a "non-partisan state demographer" draw state legislative districts.[39] In Utah, voters approved the creation of a redistricting commission to draw congressional and state legislative districts, though the Utah state legislature retains the power to reject these maps.[40]

In 2020, voters in Virginia approved the establishment of a bipartisan redistricting commission for both congressional and state legislative redistricting. The commission consists eight legislators and eight non-legislator citizens, with the commission split evenly between Democrats and Republicans.[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ States labeled as "no redistricting necessary" currently only have one congressional district, and thus do not need to redistrict. However, some projections show that, prior to the next round of redistricting, Rhode Island could lose its second district and Montana could gain a second district.[15]

References

  1. ^ Miller, pp. 10-11
  2. ^ Miller, William J.; Walling, Jeremy (7 June 2013). The Political Battle over Congressional Redistricting. Lexington Books. pp. 1–4. ISBN 9780739169841. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  3. ^ Wilson, Reid (4 February 2015). "Nevada Republicans could take up mid-decade redistricting". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Skelley, Geoffrey (29 January 2015). "Updated 2020 Reapportionment Projections". Sabato's Crystal Ball. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  5. ^ Segers, Grace (2019-12-31). "2020 census: 10 states could lose congressional district after census, analysis finds". CBS News. Archived from the original on 2020-09-13. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  6. ^ a b Levitt, Justin; McDonald, Michael. "Taking the "Re" out of Redistricting: State Constitutional Provisions on Redistricting Timing" (PDF). The Georgetown Law Journal. 95 (4): 1247–1254. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  7. ^ Schaller, Thomas (21 March 2013). "Multi-Member Districts: Just a Thing of the Past?". Sabato's Crystal Ball. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  8. ^ a b Levitt, Justin. "Where are the lines drawn?". All About Redistricting. Loyola Law School. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d "REDISTRICTING CRITERIA". National Conference of State Legislatures. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d e Levitt, Justin. "Who draws the lines?". Loyola Law School. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  11. ^ a b Wilson, Reid (8 May 2018). "Ohio voters pass redistricting reform initiative". The Hill. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  12. ^ a b Haughey, John (14 November 2016). "State-By-State Guide To Gubernatorial Veto Types". CQ Roll Call. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  13. ^ a b c d "Election Dates for Legislators and Governors Who Will Do Redistricting". National Conference of State Legislatures. 25 May 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  14. ^ Kidston, Martin (6 June 2019). "Missoula gears up for 2020 Census count with committee formation". Missoula Current. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  15. ^ Tanzi, Alexandre (January 5, 2018). "These States Are Projected to Gain House Seats After 2020 Census". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  16. ^ a b "2018 State & Legislative Partisan Composition" (PDF). NCSL. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  17. ^ "Party control - congressional lines". All About Redistricting. Justin Levitt. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  18. ^ a b The number of U.S. Representatives the state has, prior to the 2022 redistricting.
  19. ^ a b "REDISTRICTING COMMISSIONS: CONGRESSIONAL PLANS". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  20. ^ a b c Weiner, Rachel (November 4, 2020). "Virginians approve turning redistricting over to bipartisan commission". Washington Post.
  21. ^ "Montana". All About Redistricting. Justin Levitt. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  22. ^ Goodman, Josh (7 July 2011). "The Disappearance of Multi-Member Constituencies". Governing. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  23. ^ Moncrief, Gary F. (2011). Reapportionment and Redistricting in the West. Lexington Books. p. 30. ISBN 9780739167618. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  24. ^ Levitt, Justin. "Who draws the lines?". Loyola Law School. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  25. ^ a b "Party control - state legislative lines". All About Redistricting. Justin Levitt. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  26. ^ a b c "REDISTRICTING COMMISSIONS: STATE LEGISLATIVE PLANS". NCSL. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  27. ^ a b Bailey, JJ (6 November 2018). "Voters approve Missouri Amendment 1, overhauling redistricting process and campaign finance". KMOV4. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  28. ^ a b Levitz, Eric (4 August 2015). "Democrats aim to 'unrig' congressional maps in 2020". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  29. ^ Sarlin, Benjy (26 August 2014). "Forget 2016: Democrats already have a plan for 2020". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  30. ^ Dovere, Edward-Isaac (17 October 2016). "Obama, Holder to lead post-Trump redistricting campaign". Politico. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  31. ^ Connolly, Griffin (29 September 2017). "Republican Group Ready to Spend Big on Redistricting". Roll Call. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  32. ^ a b Levitt, Justin. "Who draws the lines?-Preclearance". All About Redistricting. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  33. ^ Chung, Andrew; Hurley, Lawrence (June 27, 2019). "In major elections ruling, U.S. Supreme Court allows partisan map drawing". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  34. ^ Liptak, Adam (2019-06-27). "Supreme Court Leaves Census Question on Citizenship in Doubt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-06-27. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  35. ^ Prokop, Andrew (December 5, 2015). "Florida's Supreme Court has struck another blow against gerrymandering". Vox. Archived from the original on November 24, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  36. ^ Lai, Jonathan; Navratil, Liz. "Pennsylvania, gerrymandered: A guide to Pa.'s congressional map redistricting fight". Philly.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2019-06-29.
  37. ^ Mills Rodrigo, Chris (September 3, 2019). "North Carolina court strikes down state legislative map". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
  38. ^ Siegel, Jim (4 November 2015). "Voters approve issue to reform Ohio's redistricting process". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  39. ^ Moon, Emily (7 November 2018). "HOW DID CITIZEN-LED REDISTRICTING INITIATIVES FARE IN THE MID-TERMS?". Pacific Standard. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  40. ^ Rodgers, Bethany; Wood, Benjamin (February 22, 2020). "Utah's new anti-gerrymandering law is at risk, group warns". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
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