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Eagle syndrome

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Eagle syndrome
Other namesStyloid syndrome
Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of cervical spine showing ossification of the stylohyoid ligament on both sides

Eagle syndrome (also termed stylohyoid syndrome,[1] styloid syndrome,[2] styloid-stylohyoid syndrome,[2] or styloid–carotid artery syndrome)[3] is a rare condition commonly characterized but not limited to sudden, sharp nerve-like pain in the jaw bone and joint, back of the throat, and base of the tongue, triggered by swallowing, moving the jaw, or turning the neck. Since the brain to body's nerve connections pass through the neck, many seemingly random symptoms can be triggered by impingement or entanglement.[1] First described by American otorhinolaryngologist Watt Weems Eagle in 1937,[4] the condition is caused by an elongated or misshapen styloid process (the slender, pointed piece of bone just below the ear) and/or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament, either of which interferes with the functioning of neighboring regions in the body, giving rise to pain.[citation needed]

Signs and symptoms

Possible symptoms include:

Classic eagle syndrome is present on only one side, however, rarely, it may be present on both sides.[5]

In vascular Eagle syndrome, the elongated styloid process comes in contact with the internal carotid artery below the skull. In these cases, turning the head can cause compression of the artery or a tear inside the blood vessel, which restricts blood flow and can potentially lead to a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.[5] Sometimes, compression of the internal jugular vein can also occur and might lead to increased intracranial pressure.[7][8][9]

Cause

Eagle syndrome occurs due to elongation of the styloid process or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament. However, the cause of the elongation hasn’t been known clearly. It could occur spontaneously or could arise since birth. Usually normal stylohyoid process is 2.5–3 cm in length, if the length is longer than 3 cm, it is classified as an elongated stylohyoid process.[10]

Diagnosis

  • Radiograph, lateral view showing elongated stylohyoid process and stylohyoid ligament ossification
    Radiograph, lateral view showing elongated stylohyoid process and stylohyoid ligament ossification
  • Radiograph, lateral view showing joint-like formation in ossified stylohyoid ligament
    Radiograph, lateral view showing joint-like formation in ossified stylohyoid ligament
  • CT scan, coronal section showing bilateral extended styloid process and stylohyoid ligament ossification (incidental finding)
    CT scan, coronal section showing bilateral extended styloid process and stylohyoid ligament ossification (incidental finding)
  • 3D-reconstructed CT scan showing bilateral stylohyoid ligament ossification
    3D-reconstructed CT scan showing bilateral stylohyoid ligament ossification
  • 3D reconstructed CT scan showing elongated styloid process (right side)
    3D reconstructed CT scan showing elongated styloid process (right side)

Diagnosis is suspected when a patient presents with the symptoms of the classic form of "Eagle syndrome" e.g. unilateral neck pain, sore throat or tinnitus. Sometimes the tip of the styloid process is palpable in the back of the throat. The diagnosis of the vascular type is more difficult and requires an expert opinion. One should have a high level of suspicion when neurological symptoms occur upon head rotation. Symptoms tend to be worsened on bimanual palpation of the styloid through the tonsillar bed. They may be relieved by infiltration of lidocaine into the tonsillar bed. Because of the proximity of several large vascular structures in this area this procedure should not be considered to be risk free.

Imaging is important and is diagnostic. Visualizing the styloid process on a CT scan with 3D reconstruction is the suggested imaging technique.[11] The enlarged styloid may be visible on an orthopantogram or a lateral soft tissue X ray of the neck.

Treatment

In both the classic and vascular form, the treatment is surgical.[12] A partial styloidectomy is the preferred approach. Repair of a damaged carotid artery is essential in order to prevent further neurological complications.[citation needed] Regrowth of the stylohyoid process and relapse being a common occurrence is debatable.[6] Medical management may include the use of pain and anti-inflammatory medications, antidepressants, and/or corticosteroids. The overall success rate for treatment (medical or surgical) is about 80%.[13]

Epidemiology

Approximately 4% of the general population have an elongated styloid process, and of these about 4% give rise to the symptoms of Eagle syndrome.[4] Therefore, the incidence of stylohyoid syndrome may be about 0.16%.[4] More recent studies have reported the incidence of styloid elongation to be as high as 54%.[14]

Patients with this syndrome tend to be between 30 and 50 years of age but it has been recorded in teenagers and in patients > 75 years old. It is more common in women, with a male:female ratio ~ 1:2.[citation needed]

History

The condition was first described by American otorhinolaryngologist Watt Weems Eagle in 1937.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c Waldman SD (6 June 2013). Atlas of Uncommon Pain Syndromes. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-1-4557-0999-1.
  2. ^ a b Bumann A; Lotzmann U (2002). TMJ Disorders and Orofacial Pain: The Role of Dentistry in a Multidisciplinary Diagnostic Approach. Thieme. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-58890-111-8.
  3. ^ Hoffmann, E.; Räder, C.; Fuhrmann, H.; Maurer, P. (2013). "Styloid–carotid artery syndrome treated surgically with Piezosurgery: A case report and literature review". Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 41 (2): 162–166. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2012.07.004. PMID 22902881.
  4. ^ a b c d Petrović, B; Radak, D; Kostić, V; Covicković-Sternić, N (2008). "[Styloid syndrome: a review of literature]". Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 136 (11–12): 667–74. doi:10.2298/sarh0812667p. PMID 19177834.
  5. ^ a b c d e Kamal, A; Nazir, R; Usman, M; Salam, BU; Sana, F (November 2014). "Eagle syndrome; radiological evaluation and management". The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 64 (11): 1315–7. PMID 25831655.
  6. ^ a b Scully C (21 July 2014). Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences UK. ISBN 978-0-7020-5963-6.
  7. ^ Li, Min; Sun, Yuan; Chan, Chong Ching; Fan, Chunqiu; Ji, Xunming; Meng, Ran (2019-06-04). "Internal jugular vein stenosis associated with elongated styloid process: five case reports and literature review". BMC Neurology. 19 (1): 112. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1344-0. ISSN 1471-2377. PMC 6549290. PMID 31164090.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Dashti, S. R.; Nakaji, P.; Hu, Y. C.; Frei, D. F.; Abla, A. A.; Yao, T.; Fiorella, D. (March 2012). "Styloidogenic jugular venous compression syndrome: diagnosis and treatment: case report". Neurosurgery. 70 (3): E795-9. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182333859. PMID 21866063.
  9. ^ Aydin, E.; Quliyev, H.; Cinar, C.; Bozkaya, H.; Oran, I. (2018). "Eagle Syndrome Presenting with Neurological Symptoms". Turk Neurosurg. 28 (2): 219–225. doi:10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.17905-16.6. PMID 27858390.
  10. ^ Raina D, Gothi R, Rajan S (2009). "Eagle syndrome". Indian J Radiol Imaging. 19 (2): 107–8. doi:10.4103/0971-3026.50826. PMC 2765187. PMID 19881063.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Karam C, Koussa S (December 2007). "[Eagle syndrome: the role of CT scan with 3D reconstructions]". J Neuroradiol (in French). 34 (5): 344–5. doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2007.08.001. PMID 17997158.
  12. ^ Orhan KS, Güldiken Y, Ural HI, Cakmak A (April 2005). "[Elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome): literature review and a case report]". Agri (in Turkish). 17 (2): 23–5. PMID 15977090.
  13. ^ "Eagle syndrome". rarediseases. Genetic and rare diseases information center. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  14. ^ Öztunç, Haluk; Evlice, Burcu; Tatli, Ufuk; Evlice, Ahmet (December 2014). "Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of styloid process: a retrospective study of 208 patients with orofacial pain". Head & Face Medicine. 10 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1746-160X-10-5. ISSN 1746-160X. PMC 3943457. PMID 24528515.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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