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Virtuality (product)

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For other uses, see Virtuality (disambiguation).
The 1991 Virtuality 1000CS arcade unit showing the headset and space joystick controller. The unit has original "W Industries" branding with virtuality embossed and the word "cyber" prominently displayed on the side.
Launch of the Ford Galaxy in VR, created by Imagination in 1995

Virtuality was a range of virtual reality machines produced by Virtuality Group, and found in video arcades in the early 1990s.[1] The machines delivered real-time VR gaming via a stereoscopic VR headset, joysticks, tracking devices and networked units for a multi-player experience.

Virtuality Group was originally founded in 1985 as W Industries, named after Dr. Jonathan D Waldern.[2][3] Work by Waldern at the Human Computer Interface Research Unit of Leicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University) had produced a system that could deliver a stereoscopic view of a three-dimensional scene. The image was viewed on a moveable screen using active shutter glasses, with head and hand tracking incorporating acoustic sensors to determine the user's position.[4] Waldern subsequently sought to commercialise the visualisation technology.

The Virtuality 1000SU VR system was launched in 1990 at the Computer Graphics ’90 exhibition held at Alexandra Palace in London.[5] The first two networked VR systems were sold to British Telecom Research Laboratories to experiment with networked telepresence applications. Many other systems were sold to corporations including Ford, IBM, Mitsubishi and Olin. Virtual reality systems created by the company included a VR attraction in partnership with Creative Agency Imagination for the launch of the 1995 Ford Galaxy and a virtual trading floor for the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE).[5]

There were two types of units, referred to by the company as "pods". In one version the player stood up (SU) and in the other they sat down (SD). Both unit types used a virtual reality headset as a display (described as a "visette" in Virtuality documentation) that contained a pair of LCD screens with a resolution of 276x372 per eye. Four speakers and a microphone were also built into the headset.[6]

The availability of Virtuality systems coincided with a rise in public interest in virtual reality technology in the early 1990s, exemplified by the movie Lawnmower Man. An arcade gaming variant of the 1000SU for public use called the 1000CS was released in 1991. The CS postfix referred to "cyberspace" branding which was consistent with language being used in popular media to describe VR environments at the time.

The SU/CS units used a Polhemus "Fast Track" magnetic source built into a waist-high ring that surrounded the player, with a receiver integrated within a 6dof free-moving controller (branded as the "space Joystick"). The headset position was also magnetically tracked. In the SD design the player controlled the game with fixed joysticks, a steering wheel, or aircraft yoke, depending on the requirements of the title being played.

Virtuality entered bankruptcy in 1997 and company assets were sold to Cybermind Interactive Europe. By this time about 1,200 Virtuality arcade machines were in use.[7] The arcade assets were acquired by Arcadian VR in 2004 and then by VirtuosityTech in 2012.[8][9]

1000 Series

The original 1000CS and 1000SD Virtuality units were powered by a Commodore Amiga 3000 with 4MB of fast RAM and a CD-ROM. The Amiga included a pair of graphics accelerators (one for each eye) based around the Texas Instruments TMS34020 GSP (Graphics System Processor) chips with a TMS34082 floating point co-processor. Each of these cards could deliver about 40 Mflops with a capability to render 30,000 polygons/s at 20FPS. The CS version featured 6dof hand tracking delivered by a Polhemus Fastrack unit.[10]

1000CS games

Screenshot of the Virtuality Dactyl Nightmare VR game showing several checker board platforms rendered in flat shaded polygons. A green pterodactyl flies overhead having just released a player avatar.
Virtuality Dactyl Nightmare VR game running on original 1000CS hardware

There were four original games for the 1000CS unit:[11]

  • Dactyl Nightmare - A first-person multi-player shooter featuring a map on several levels where players compete in deathmatch or capture the flag game modes. A pterodactyl flies overhead and occasionally swoops down to pick up unwary players. Players are represented by 3D human avatars drawn with polygons, the player can look down and see their own representation, and carry weapons that fire projectiles reacting to gravity.[12]
  • Grid Busters - Robot shoot-em-up.
  • Hero - Locked door puzzle.
  • Legend Quest - Fantasy adventure.

1000SD games

Virtuality's release surprised the existing VR industry. Despite crude graphics, it offered what Computer Gaming World in 1992 described as "all the necessary hallmarks of a fully immersive system at what, to many, is a cheap price. The main complaint ... has so far been its lack of resolution and software support".[17]

2000 Series

The 2000SU and SD models were introduced in 1994 with texture mapping and other enhanced graphics capabilities.[18] These versions were powered by a 33Mhz Intel 486DX based SBC host. A 1993 designed Virtuality proprietary card, known as the Expality PIX 1000, was used for graphics processing. The graphics card contained a pair of Motorola 88110 RISC processors, 8MB of DRAM and 4MB of VRAM. The graphics processors delivered around 200 MIPS and used a secondary card with a pair of Brooktree RAMDACs for analogue video output to the headset. It was possible to enhance the system performance by adding additional graphics processing cards. An Ensonic Soundscape card was used to deliver the audio.[19]

Positioning was delivered by a Polhemus InsideTrak magnetic tracking card that could position multiple objects at a range up to 76cm from a transmitter in 6dof with a static accuracy of about 1.3cm and 2 degrees of rotation. A range of up to 1.5m was possible with reduced precision.[20]

Games available for the system included:

  • Buggy Ball - A game of football played using cars in an arena in a similar style to Rocket League.[21][22]
  • Dactyl Nightmare SP[23]
  • Dactyl Nightmare 2 - Race for the Eggs[24][25]
  • Zone Hunter - a first-person on-rails shooter similar to Virtua Cop[26][27][28]
  • Pac-Mac VR
  • Shoot for Loot - a VR game show where the player competes with another contestant in various mini-games.[29][30][31]
  • Missile Command - a VR recreation of the classic arcade game.
  • Ghost Train - the player rides a cart on rails through a mine.[32][33]
  • Virtuality Boxing - a boxing sports simulator[34][35]
  • Sphere - a capture-the-flag style title where the player controls a tank and has to capture a sphere while avoiding being hit by other players.[23][36]
  • X-Treme Strike - a space combat game[37]

3000 Series

The 3000 series was similar to the 2000 Series machines but used an upgraded Intel Pentium based host and included a rifle shaped VR controller. The machines were offered in two versions, the SU-3000 was supplied with a generic rifle controller and the "Total Recoil" version had a replica Winchester controller that featured a CO2-powered blowback mechanism.[38] The "Total recoil" version shipped with the game package "Quickshot Carnival" which featured clay shooting and other target practice.[39] The SU-3000 version shipped with the game "Zero Hour", which was a first-person on-rails shooter that was tailor-made for the gun controller.

Space Glove

A Virtuality peripheral called the "Space Glove" was available by 1992 that could position the user's hands and also provided finger tracking. An enhanced version was subsequently released called the "Virtuality Force Feedback Glove" that contained pneumatic actuators delivering tactile feedback such that virtual objects could have a physical presence.[40]

Sega Netmerc VR

Virtuality co-developed the VR arcade game Netmerc (also known as TecWar) with Sega in 1994 for Sega's Model 1 hardware although few cabinets were ever produced. This was a first-person shooting title where the player glides through various environments firing a machine gun at mecha style robots and other enemies.[41][42][43]

Atari Jaguar VR Headset

In 1994 Virtuality was commissioned by Atari to develop a VR headset for the Jaguar games console. A prototype version was produced by 1995 and expected to be on sale by Christmas of that year however the device was never commercially released.[44][45]

The headset was capable of tracking based on an infra-red signal received from a base station with at least a 120 degree field of view. Connections were included with the future intent of adding additional base stations for the full 360 degrees.[46] At least one game title was produced by Virtuality for the peripheral, which was a VR version of Missile Command and a demonstration version of Zone Hunter was shown working.[47][48][49]

The unused Jaguar VR technology was sold to two companies. The Japanese toy manufacturer Takara released the Dynovisor TAK-8510 headset.[50] A headset was released in August 1998 by Philips as the Scuba Visor.[51][52] Both companies combined sold more than 160,000 headsets.[53]

Project Elysium

Cover page from an informational brochure for Virtuality's Project Elysium

Virtuality applied their technology to non-gaming use cases. Project Elysium was a virtual reality system developed in 1995 by Virtuality for IBM for use in architectural and construction applications to give builders and clients an idea of how things would look once they were built, among other uses.[54][55] The system included a visette (headset) and hand-held control device called the V-Flexor.[56][57]

References

  1. ^ "First US Virtuality center opens in St. Louis". Play Meter. 18 (6): 30. May 1992.
  2. ^ DigiLens Inc. "Waldern Virtuality" – via YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  3. ^ Davies, Hunter (November 22, 1993). "The Hunter Davies Interview: Dr Waldern's Dream Machines". The Independent. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  4. ^ Lamb, John (September 1985). "Solid modelling enters a new dimension". Design. p. 11. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  5. ^ a b vradmin (2018-04-17). "Virtuality – A New Reality of Promise, Two Decades Too Soon". Virtual Reality Society. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  6. ^ "Human Interface Technology Lab". washington.edu.
  7. ^ Webb, Marcus (February 1998). "Q-Zar and Champions File Bankruptcy; CIE Gets Virtuality Assets" (PDF). Next Generation. No. 38. Imagine Media. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-04-04.
  8. ^ "Arcadian Virtual Reality, L.L.C. - ABOUT US". arcadianvr.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  9. ^ "About Us". VirtuosityTech.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  10. ^ "Retro VR - History". www.retro-vr.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  11. ^ "Home - Virtuality.com". web.archive.org. 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  12. ^ Virtual Reality 1991, retrieved 2023-10-02
  13. ^ https://archive.org/details/theone-magazine-33/page/n112/mode/1up
  14. ^ Virtuality - Exorex Demo & Promotional Video (1000SD), retrieved 2023-10-02
  15. ^ Virtual Reality Tomorrows World BBC 1990, retrieved 2023-10-02
  16. ^ MegaZone Magazine (June 1992). MegaZone Magazine Issue 22.
  17. ^ Engler, Craig E. (November 1992). "Affordable VR by 1994". Computer Gaming World. p. 80. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  18. ^ Webb, Marcus (March 1995). "Arcadia". Next Generation (3). Imagine Media: 31.
  19. ^ SU2000 Technical Manual
  20. ^ "SU2000 - Documentation". arianchen.de. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  21. ^ "Buggy Ball, V.R. game by Virtuality, Ltd. (1994)". www.arcade-history.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  22. ^ Buggy Ball: a game by Virtuality, retrieved 2023-10-10
  23. ^ a b "Arcadian Virtual Reality, L.L.C." www.arcadianvr.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  24. ^ "Dactyl Nightmare 2: Race For The Eggs!, V.R. game by Virtuality, Ltd. (1994)". www.arcade-history.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  25. ^ Virtuality - Dactyl Nightmare 2 Promotional Video, retrieved 2023-10-11
  26. ^ "Zone Hunter arcade video game by Virtuality (1994)". www.arcade-history.com.
  27. ^ "Zone Hunter". Next Generation (10). Imagine Media: 130. October 1995.
  28. ^ Virtuality Zone Hunter, retrieved 2023-10-02
  29. ^ Shoot for Loot, by Virtuality, retrieved 2023-10-10
  30. ^ "Shoot For Loot, V.R. game by Virtuality, Ltd. (1994)". www.arcade-history.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  31. ^ "Arcadian Virtual Reality, L.L.C." www.arcadianvr.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  32. ^ Ghost Train: a game by Virtuality, retrieved 2023-10-10
  33. ^ "SU 2000 GHOST TRAIN 2". www.arcadianvr.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  34. ^ Virtuality Boxing, retrieved 2023-10-10
  35. ^ Virtuality Boxing, retrieved 2023-10-11
  36. ^ Tone (2010-05-20). "Virtuality Sphere (HQ)". V-Rtifacts. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  37. ^ "SD 2000 EXTREME STRIKE". www.arcadianvr.com. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  38. ^ Webb, Marcus (February 1996). "Arcadia". Next Generation. No. 14. Imagine Media. p. 29. Three target shooting games are available for its new 'Total Recoil' system, which features a realistic Model 101 shotgun from the Winchester rifle company. The pneumatic gun gives a real, physical kickback when you fire it.
  39. ^ Hidden Below. "Virtuality Quickshot Carnival RM footage" – via YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  40. ^ Booty, Frank (April 1992). "Virtual Reality". Electronics: The Maplin Magazine: 40–41.
  41. ^ "Netmerc, Arcade Video game by SEGA Enterprises, Ltd. (1994)". www.arcade-history.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  42. ^ SEGA NETMERC (Unreleased prototype) - Real MODEL 1 Playthrough - CPU,CITY route, retrieved 2023-10-10
  43. ^ "The Strange (and Rare) Videogame Pics Page". faberp.tripod.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
  44. ^ Horsman, Matthew (March 17, 1995). "Virtuality Ties up Atari Deal". The Independent. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  45. ^ "Incredibly Rare Working Prototype 'Atari Jaguar Virtual Reality Headset' Hardware Surfaces On eBay". 2013.
  46. ^ Atari Jaguar VR prototype, retrieved 2023-10-10
  47. ^ "JagCube - Jaguar VR Information!". jagcube.atari.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  48. ^ "Jaguar VR & Missile Command 3D Source Code - Atari Jaguar Programming - AtariAge Forums". web.archive.org. 2023-09-10. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  49. ^ Rare Footage of the Jaguar VR in Action, retrieved 2023-10-10
  50. ^ Feature: A Brief History of Virtual Reality
  51. ^ Philips Scuba Visor
  52. ^ "A Brief History of Virtual Reality | AUSRETROGAMER". ausretrogamer.com. 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  53. ^ DigiLens founder departs…
  54. ^ Camara, Antonio, and Raper, Jonathan. "Spatial Multimedia and Virtual Reality". CRC Press, 1999. p. 133.
  55. ^ DYE, LEE (22 February 1995). "Technology is finding important places in medicine, engineering and many other realms" – via LA Times.
  56. ^ Craig, Sherman, and Will. "Developing Virtual Reality Applications: Foundations of Effective Design". Morgan Kaufmann (publisher), 2009, p. 326.
  57. ^ commons:File:Project Elysium pg 3.jpg[better source needed][dead link]
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